36
Exploring the Americas
1400ndash1625Why It Matters
Although the English have been the major influence on United States history they areonly part of the story Beginning with Native Americans and continuing through time
people from many cultures came to the Americas
The Impact TodayThe Americas today consist of people from cultures around the globe Native Americans
Spanish Africans and others discussed in Chapter 2 have all played key roles in shapingthe culture we now call American
The American Journey Video The chapter 2 video ldquoExploring the Americasrdquopresents the challenges faced by European explorers and discusses the reasons they cameto the Americas
1497bull John Cabot sails to
Newfoundland
1429bull Joan of Arc defeats
the English at Frenchtown of Orleacuteans
c 1456bull Johannes Gutenberg
uses movable metaltype in printing
c 1500bull Songhai Empire rises in Africa
bull Rome becomes a major centerof Renaissance culture
1513bull Balboa crosses the
Isthmus of Panama
CHAPTER 2 Exploring the Americas
1400 1450 1500
1492bull Christopher Columbus
reaches America
AJ-36
null
43572304
37
c 1570bull Iroquois form
League of Five Nations
1607bull Jamestown
settled
1517bull Martin Luther
promotes Church reform
1522bull Magellanrsquos crew
completes first world voyage
HISTORY
Chapter OverviewVisit tajglencoecom andclick on Chapter 2mdashChapter Overviews to pre-view chapter information
Founding of Maryland by Emanuel Leutze Native Americans lived in NorthAmerica long before the Europeans arrived
CHAPTER 2 Exploring the Americas
1550 1600
1534bull Cartier claims
Canada forFrance
1620bull Pilgrims found
Plymouth
1588 bull England defeats
Spanish Armada
Fran
ce
France
England
Spain
Spain
Step 1 Fold the paper from the top right cornerdown so the edges line up Cut off the leftover piece
Evaluating Information Study FoldableMake this foldable to help you learn aboutEuropean exploration of the Americas
Reading and Writing As you read ask yourselfwhy England France and Spain were exploringthe Americas Write your questions under eachappropriate pyramid wall
Step 2 Fold the triangle in half Unfold
Step 3 Cut up one fold line and stop at themiddle Draw an X on one tab and label theother three
Step 4 Fold the X flap under the other flap andglue together
Fold a triangleCut off the extra
edge
This makes a three-sidedpyramid
The foldswill form an Xdividing four
equal sections
1271Marco Polo travels toChina from Italy
1324Mansa Musa makes a pilgrimage to Makkah
c 1400Renaissance spreadsthroughout Europe
Main IdeaNew knowledge and ideas led Euro-peans to explore overseas
Key Termsclassical Renaissance technologyastrolabe caravel pilgrimagemosque
Reading StrategyDetermining Cause and Effect Asyou read the section re-create thediagram below and identify three reasons Europeans increased over-seas exploration
Read to Learnbull how technology made long sea
voyages possiblebull how great civilizations flourished
in Africa
Section ThemeCulture and Traditions The spirit of the Renaissance changed the wayEuropeans thought about the world
A ChangingWorld
In 1271 Marco Polo set off from the city of Venice on a great trek across Asia toChina Only 17 years old at the time Polo journeyed with his father and uncle bothVenetian merchants Traveling on camels for more than three years the merchantscrossed almost 7000 miles (11265 km) of mountains and deserts Finally theyreached the palace of Kublai Khan (KOObullbluh KAHN) the Mongol emperor ofChina There Marco Polo spent 17 years working for the Khan and learning muchabout Chinarsquos advanced culture
Expanding HorizonsFor centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire the people of western
Europe were isolated from the rest of the world Their world dominated by theCatholic Church was divided into many small kingdoms and city-states
Meanwhile the religion known as Islam swept across the Middle East andAfrica The followers of Islam are known as Muslims As Muslim power grew
Marco Polo
38 CHAPTER 2 Exploring the Americas
Causes of Europeanexploration
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1200 1300 1400
AJ-38
null
81397285
39CHAPTER 2 Exploring the Americas
European Christians became fearful of losingaccess to the Holy Land the birthplace of Chris-tianity in what is now Israel
Beginning in 1095 the Europeans launchedthe first of nine expeditions known as the Cru-sades to regain control of their holy sites TheCrusades brought west Europeans into contactwith the Middle East Arab merchants sold spicessugar silk and other goods from China and Indiato the Europeans As European interest in Asiagrew Marco Polo returned from China In 1296he began writing an account of his trip describingthe marvels of Asia Polorsquos Travels was widelyread in Europe Little did he realize that 200years later his book about the East would inspireChristopher Columbus and others to sail in theopposite direction to reach the same destination
EconomicsThe Growth of Trade
Merchants could make a fortune sellinggoods from the Orient Wealthy Europeansclamored for cinnamon pepper cloves andother spices They also wanted perfumes silksand precious stones
Buying the goods from Arab traders in theMiddle East the merchants sent them overlandby caravan to the Mediterranean Sea and thenby ship to Italian ports The cities of VeniceGenoa and Pisa prospered and became centersof the growing East-West trade The Arab mer-chants however charged very high prices Asdemand for Asian goods increased Europeansbegan looking for a route to the East thatbypassed the Arab merchants
The Growth of IdeasIn the 1300s a powerful new spirit emerged in
the Italian city-states and spread throughoutEurope The development of banking and theexpansion of trade with Asia made Italian mer-chants wealthy These citizens were able to pur-sue an interest in the regionrsquos past and learnmore about the glorious civilizations of ancientRome and Greece
Because they wanted to improve their knowl-edge of people and of the world Italians studiedthe classicalmdashancient Greek and Romanmdash
$
works with new interest Scholars translatedGreek manuscripts on philosophy poetry andscience Many thinkers of this period began totake a more experimental approach to sciencethey tested new and old theories and evaluatedthe results
Influenced by the classical texts a great manyauthors began to write about the individual andthe universe Artists studied the sculpture andarchitecture of the classical world They particu-larly admired the harmony and balance in Greekart with its realistic way of portraying people
The RenaissanceThis period of intellectual and artistic cre-
ativity became known as the Renaissance (REH
bullnuhbullSAHNTS) A French word meaningldquorebirthrdquo it refers to the renewed interest inclassical Greek and Roman learning Over thenext two centuries the Renaissance spreadnorth south and west reaching Spain andnorthern Europe in the 1400s
The spirit of the Renaissance dramaticallychanged the way Europeans thought aboutthemselves and the world It encouraged themto pursue new ideas and set new goals it pavedthe way for an age of exploration and discovery
Describing What cultures influencedthe Renaissance
Powerful Nations EmergeDuring the 1400s the population of western
Europe began to increase Merchants andbankers in the growing cities wanted to expandtheir businesses through foreign trade If theycould buy spices and silks from the East directlywithout going through the Arab and Italiancities they could earn huge profits They lookedfor alternatives to the overland route throughthe Middle East
The development of large nation-states inwestern Europe helped expand trade and inter-est in overseas exploration For many yearsEurope had been a patchwork of small statesPolitical power was divided among local lordsand few people traveled outside their region
AJ-39
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2638991
ldquoLand hordquo The tools that early explorers used tosail the uncharted seas were much different fromthe instruments used today One early navigationtool was the astrolabe A sailor held the astrolabevertically located a star through its sights andmeasured the starrsquos elevation above thehorizon A shiprsquos approximate latitudecould be identified this way
Today navigation satellites do the work of anastrolabemdashand more The NAVSTAR GlobalPositioning System (GPS) satellites werelaunched by the United States in 1993 Fromspace the GPS can track the location of avehicle on the earth to within a few metersof its actual position
Astrolabe to Satellite
Satellites transmitscientific data
Sailors used the astro-labe for navigation
By the 1400s however a new type of central-ized state was emerging in western EuropeStrong monarchs came to power in Spain Por-tugal England and France They began toestablish national laws courts taxes andarmies to replace those of local lords Theseambitious kings and queens sought ways toincrease trade and make their countriesstronger and wealthier
Explaining What resulted from theemergence of large nation-states
Technologyrsquos ImpactAdvances in technologymdashthe use of scientific
knowledge for practical purposesmdashpaved theway for European voyages of exploration In the1450s the introduction of movable type and theprinting press made it much easier to printbooks Now more people could have access tobooks and to new information After its publica-tion in print form in 1477 many Europeans readMarco Polorsquos Travels
GeographyBetter Maps
Maps were a problem for early navigatorsMost maps were inaccurate because they weredrawn from the often-mistaken impressions oftraders and travelers Little by little cartogra-phers or mapmakers gradually improvedtheir skills
Using the reports of explorers and informa-tion from Arab geographers mapmakers mademore accurate land and sea maps These mapsshowed the direction of ocean currents Theyalso showed lines of latitude which measuredthe distance north and south of the Equator
Better instruments were developed for navi-gating the seas Sailors could determine theirlatitude while at sea with an astrolabe aninstrument that measured the position of starsEuropeans also acquired the magnetic compassa Chinese invention that began to be widelyused in Europe and the Middle East in the 1200sThe compass allowed sailors to determine theirdirection when they were far from land
Better ShipsAdvances in ship design allowed ship-
builders to build sailing vessels capable of longocean voyages The stern rudder and the trian-gular sail made it possible for ships to sail intothe wind Both of these new features came fromthe Arabs In the late 1400s the Portuguesedeveloped the three-masted caravel The caravelsailed faster than earlier ships and carried morecargo and food supplies It also could float inshallow water which allowed sailors to exploreinlets and to sail their ships up to the beach to
40 CHAPTER 2 Exploring the Americas
AJ-40
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16650511
41CHAPTER 2 Exploring the Americas
make repairs A Venetian sailor calledthe caravels ldquothe best ships thatsailed the seasrdquo
By the mid-1400s the Italian portsfaced increased competition for for-eign trade Powerful countries likePortugal and Spain began searchingfor sea routes to Asia launching a newera of exploration Portugal began itsexploration by sending ships downthe west coast of Africa which Euro-peans had never visited before
Explaining How didthe caravel affect overseas exploration in thefifteenth and sixteenth centuries
African KingdomsPowerful kingdoms flourished in
Africa south of the Sahara between400 and 1600 The region was richwith natural resources Africansmined gold copper and iron oreTrade with Islamic societies in NorthAfrica brought both wealth andIslamic ideas and customs to theWest African kingdoms
City-states on the east coast of Africa also ben-efited from trade There Arab traders from theMiddle East brought cotton silk and porcelainfrom India and China to exchange for ivory andmetals from the African interior
As the Portuguese sailed south along theAfrican coastline in the mid-1400s they set uptrading posts From these they traded for goldand for slaves
GhanamdashA Trading EmpireBetween 400 and 1100 a vast trading empire
called Ghana emerged in West Africa Welllocated between the salt mines of the Sahara andthe gold mines to the south Ghana prosperedfrom the taxes the leaders of the empire imposedon trade
Caravans with gold ivory and slaves fromGhana crossed the Sahara to North Africa Mus-lim traders from North Africa loaded caravans
N
S
EW
1000 kilometers0Lambert Equal-Area projection
1000 miles0
10degE0deg10degW
0deg
10degS
10degN
20degN
30degN
Nil
eRi
ver
ATLaNTIC
OCEaN
Mediterranean Sea
Ghat
Tripoli
Taghaza
TunisAlgiers
FezMarrakechAgadir
Timbuktu
NianiKano
El Fasher Sennar
Cairo
Cyrene
Wealthy African trading kingdoms existed before Europeanssailed west to find riches1 Location What direction is Ghat from Timbuktu2 Comparing What African kingdom covered the smallest
area
with salt cloth and brass and headed back toGhana As a result of their trading contactsmany West Africans became Muslims
In 1076 people from North Africa calledAlmoravids attacked Ghana and disrupted itstrade routes While Ghana fought the Almoravidsnew trade routes and gold mines opened up to theeast bypassing Ghana Ghana then began todecline and new states emerged in the region
MalimdashA Powerful KingdomMali one of the new states grew into a pow-
erful kingdom The people of Mali developedtheir own trade routes across the desert to NorthAfrica By the late 1200s Malirsquos expanded terri-
Ghana (c 400ndash1200)
Mali (c 1250ndash1500)
Songhai (c 1500ndash1600)
Trade route
African Trading Kingdoms
AJ-41
null
1751786
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Write sentences in which
you use the following groups ofterms classical and Renaissancetechnology astrolabe and caravelpilgrimage and mosque
2 Reviewing Facts Name three tech-nological advances that furtheredEuropean exploration Describe howthese advances helped explorers
Reviewing Themes3 Culture and Traditions How did the
Islamic religion spread to the earlykingdoms of Africa What is thename of the holy book of Islam
Critical Thinking4 Drawing Conclusions Why do you
think the Renaissance began in Italyand not in another part of Europe
5 Comparing Re-create the diagrambelow and compare three Africankingdoms In the outer spacesdescribe each kingdom In theshared space identify similaritiesbetween them
Analyzing Visuals6 Geography Skills Review the map
of the African trading kingdoms onpage 41 Which of the trading king-doms was established earliest In which region of Africa did thethree trading kingdoms develop
tory included the former kingdom of Ghana Thecountry was mainly agricultural but gold minesenriched the kingdom
Malirsquos greatest king Mansa Musa ruled from1312 to 1337 He was described at the time asldquothe most powerful the richest the most fortu-nate the most feared by his enemies and themost able to do good to those around himrdquo
In 1324 Musa a Muslim made a grand pilgrimage to the Muslim holy city of Makkah(also spelled Mecca) in western Saudi Arabia Apilgrimage is a journey to a holy place Arabwriters reported that Musa traveled with a hugemilitary escort Ahead of him marched 500 royalservants who carried gold to distribute alongthe way Musa returned to Mali with an Arabarchitect who built great mosques Muslimhouses of worship in the capital of TimbuktuUnder Mansa Musa Timbuktu became animportant center of Islamic art and learning
The Songhai EmpireSome years later the Songhai (SAWNGbullhy)
people who lived along the Niger River rose upagainst Mali rule They built a navy to control theNiger and in 1468 captured Timbuktu In the late1400s Askigraveya Muhammad brought the Songhai
42 CHAPTER 2 Exploring the Americas
Science Select a technologicaladvance that has occurred duringyour lifetime Compare its effectsto the effects of one of the techno-logical advances described in Sec-tion 1 Which has had the greaterimpact on society Explain
empire to the height of itspower Askigraveya strength-ened his country andmade it the largest in thehistory of West AfricaHe built many schoolsand encouraged tradewith Europe and Asia
Plan of GovernmentDevoted to Islam Askigraveya introduced laws
based on the teachings of the holy book of Islamthe Quran He appointed Muslim judges touphold Islamic laws Askigraveya also developed asophisticated plan for his countryrsquos governmentHe divided Songhai into five provinces Foreach province he appointed a governor a taxcollector a court of judges and a trade inspectorEveryone in Songhai used the same weights andmeasures and followed the same legal system
In the late 1500s the North African kingdomof Morocco sent an army across the Sahara toattack Songhai gold-trading centers Armedwith guns and cannons the Moroccans easilydefeated the Songhai
Identifying Which African kingdomthrived between AD 400 and AD 1100
MaliGhana
Songhai
HISTORY
Student Web ActivityVisit tajglencoecom andclick on Chapter 2mdashStudent Web Activitiesfor an activity on Africankingdoms
AJ-42
null
1694311
More than 150 years after the death of Marco Polo a young Italian sea captainmdashChristopher Columbusmdashsat down to read Polorsquos Travels with interest Columbus readwhat Polo had to say about the islands of Cipangu or present-day Japan According toPolo Cipangu lay some 1500 miles (2414 km) off the eastern shore of Asia Becausethe earth is round Columbus reasoned a person sailing west from Europe shouldquickly reach Cipangu It could be much closer than anyone thought
Unfortunately Marco Polomdashand therefore Columbusmdashwas wrong
Seeking New Trade RoutesThe maps that Columbus and the first European explorers used did not
include America They showed three continentsmdashEurope Asia and Africamdashmerged together in a gigantic landmass or large area of land This landmasswas bordered by oceans Some explorers thought that the Western (Atlantic)and Eastern (Pacific) Oceans ran together to form what they called the OceanSea At the time no one realized that another huge landmass was missing fromthe maps They also did not realize that the oceans were as large as they are
Main IdeaIn search of trade routes Portugueseexplorers ushered in an era of over-seas exploration
Key Termsline of demarcation strait circumnavigate
Reading StrategyOrganizing Information As you readthe section re-create the diagrambelow and identify explorers whenthey traveled and where they went
Read to Learnbull how Portugal led the way in over-
seas explorationbull about Columbusrsquos plan for sailing
to Asia
Section ThemeGeography and History In 1400Europeans had a limited knowledgeof the geography of the world
Early Exploration
c 1000Leif Eriksson lands in present-day Newfoundland
1488Bartholomeu Diasreaches the Indian Ocean
1492Columbus landsin the Americas
1498Vasco da Gamareaches India
1519Magellan beginscircumnavigationof the world
Compass
Explorer Date(s) Region
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1000 1200 1400 1600
43CHAPTER 2 Exploring the Americas
AJ-43
null
923159
Portugal took the lead in exploring theboundaries of the known world Because Portu-gal lacked a Mediterranean port it could not bepart of the profitable trade between Asia andEurope The countryrsquos ambitious rulers wantedto find a new route to China and India
The Portuguese also hoped to find a moredirect way to get West African gold The goldtraveled by caravan across the desert to NorthAfrica then by ship across the MediterraneanPortuguese traders needed a better route
Early Portuguese VoyagesPrince Henry of Portugal laid the ground-
work for a new era of exploration He was fasci-nated by what lay beyond the knownboundaries of the world In about 1420 he set upa center for exploration on the southwestern tipof Portugal ldquowhere endeth land and where
beginneth seardquo Known as Henry the Navigatorthe prince brought astronomers geographersand mathematicians to share their knowledgewith Portuguese sailors and shipbuilders
As Portuguese ships moved south along thecoast of West Africa they traded for gold andivory and established trading posts Because ofits abundance of gold the area came to beknown as the Gold Coast In the mid-1400s thePortuguese began buying slaves there as well
King John II of Portugal launched new efforts to realize the Portuguese dream of atrading empire in Asia If the Portuguese couldfind a sea route around Africa they could tradedirectly with India and China In the 1480s theking urged Portuguese sea captains to explorefarther south along the African coast
Bartholomeu DiasIn 1487 the king sent Bartholomeu Dias to
explore the southernmost part of Africa As Diasapproached the area he ran into a terrible stormthat carried him off course and around the south-ern tip of Africa Dias wrote that he had beenaround the ldquoCape of Stormsrdquo On learning ofDiasrsquos discovery King John II renamed thissouthern tip of land the Cape of Good Hopemdashhehoped that the passage around Africa might leadto a new route to India
Vasco da GamaThe first Portuguese voyages to India were
made years later In July 1497 after much prepa-ration Vasco da Gama set out from Portugalwith four ships Da Gama sailed down the coastof West Africa rounded the Cape of Good Hopeand visited cities along the coast of East AfricaHe engaged an Arab pilot who knew the IndianOcean well With the pilotrsquos help Da Gamasailed on to India He reached the port of Calicutin 1498 completing the long-awaited eastern searoute to Asia
The Portuguese EmpireEvents moved quickly after that Pedro
Alvares Cabral following Da Gamarsquos routeswung so wide around Africa that he touchedBrazil By claiming the land for his king he gave
44 CHAPTER 2 Exploring the Americas
The mid-1400s in Europe were a time of adventure greatlearning and curiosity about the world
Analyzing Information What did European missionar-ies try to accomplish
bull European desire for new traderoutes
bull Growing power and wealth of European nations
bull Competition for trade
bull Missionariesrsquo desire to convert others to Christianity
bull Knowledge grows about otherregions
bull Europeans and Native Americansclash
bull Enslavement of Africans
bull Rivalry in the Americas grows
AJ-44
null
19179411
Portugal a stake in the Americas MeanwhilePortuguese fleets began to make annual voyagesto India returning with cargoes that made Lis-bon the marketplace of Europe
Analyzing Why was Portugal interested in exploration
Columbus Crosses the AtlanticChristopher Columbus had a different plan
for reaching Asia He thought he could get thereby sailing west Born in Genoa Italy in 1451Columbus became a sailor for Portugal He hadtraveled as far north as the Arctic Circle and asfar south as the Gold Coast
In the 1400s most educated people believedthe world was round A more difficult matterwas determining its size Columbus was amongthose who based their estimates of the earthrsquossize on the work of Ptolemy an ancient Greekastronomer Columbus believed Asia was about2760 miles (4441 km) from Europemdasha voyageof about two months by ship Ptolemy howeverhad underestimated the size of the world
The Viking VoyagesSeveral centuries before Columbus northern
Europeans called Vikings had sailed west andreached North America In the 800s and 900sViking ships visited Iceland and Greenland andestablished settlements According to Norse
Two or three sails on the foremastand mainmast allowed the ship toldquocatch the windrdquo
Strong hands wereneeded to climbthe rigging into thecrowrsquos nest orlookout platform
1
2
3 Stones and bricks pro-vided ballast to keep theship from tipping overThese stones would bereplaced with cargo inthe Americas Many colonial streets and sidewalks were pavedwith ballast stones
4
Food and water werestored in the hold
Spanish galleonswere about 140 feet(43 meters) long
5
crowrsquos nestcrowrsquos nest
foremast
The crowrsquos nest servedas a lookout
Elaborate living quarters for the captain were placed within the high sterncastle The rest of the crew slept on deck
1
mainmast1
2
3
4
sterncastle
ballast
hold5
SpanishGalleonIn the late 1500s and early1600s Spanish galleons car-ried gold and silver fromthe West Indies to SpainThatrsquos not all these shipscarried however The threatof pirates prompted theSpanish galleons to carryweapons as part of theircargo What powered theSpanish galleons
45
ballast
hold
sterncastle
AJ-45
null
10004775
sagas or traditional stories a Viking sailor namedLeif Eriksson explored a land west of Greenlandknown as Vinland about the year 1000 OtherNorse sagas describe failed attempts by theVikings to settle in Vinland Historians think thatVinland was North America Archaeologists havefound the remains of a Viking settlement in New-foundland No one is sure what other parts ofNorth America the Vikings explored
The Viking voyages to other lands were notwell known Europeans did not ldquodiscoverrdquo theAmericas until Columbus made his great voyage
Spain Backs ColumbusFor most of the 1400s Spanish monarchs
devoted their energy to driving the Muslims outof their country With the fall of the last Muslimkingdom in southern Spain in 1492 King Ferdi-nand and Queen Isabella of Spain could focuson other goals The Spanish had been watchingthe seafaring and trading successes of neighbor-
ing Portugal with envy They too wanted toshare in the riches of Asian trade Columbusneeded a sponsor to finance his ambitious proj-ect of a westward voyage to Asia He visitedmany European courts looking for supportAfter years of frustration he finally found asponsor in Spain
Queen Isabella a devout Christian wasfinally persuaded by her husbandrsquos minister offinance to support the expedition for two rea-sons First Columbus had promised to bringChristianity to any lands he found Second if hefound a way to Asia Spain would become verywealthy She promised Columbus a share of anyriches gained from lands he discovered on hisway to Asia
Columbusrsquos First VoyageOn August 3 1492 Columbus set out from
Palos Spain He had two small ships the Nintildeaand the Pinta and a larger one the Santa Mariacuteacarrying a total of about 90 sailors The smallfleet stopped at the Canary Islands for repairs and to stock up on supplies then sailed west-ward into the unknown
The ships had good winds but after a monthat sea the sailors began to worry Columbuswrote that he was
ldquohaving trouble with the crew I am toldthat if I persist in going onward the best courseof action will be to throw me into the seardquo
Columbus however was determined He toldthe men ldquoI made this voyage to go to the Indiesand [I] shall continue until I find them withGodrsquos helprdquo To convince the crew that they hadnot traveled too far from home Columbus alteredthe distances in his shiprsquos log (See page 959 of the
Primary Sources Library for another log entry by Columbus)
ldquoTierra TierrardquoOn October 12 1492 at 200 in the morning a
lookout shouted ldquoTierra TierrardquomdashldquoLandLandrdquo He had spotted a small island part ofthe group now called the Bahamas Columbuswent ashore claimed the island for Spain andnamed it San Salvador Although he did notknow it Columbus had reached the Americas
46 CHAPTER 2 Exploring the Americas
Financed by Spainrsquos Queen Isabella the voyages of Columbus led to an exchange of goods betweenEurope and the Americas On what islands ofthe Americas did Columbus first set ashore
History
AJ-46
null
19707137
CHAPTER 2 Exploring the Americas
Who Had the Right to Claim the Americas
Who owned the land of the Americas before the Europeans arrivedDid it belong to the people who already lived there or was it there tobe taken by the Europeans While reading the excerpts below noticethe difference in opinions about who owned the rights to the land of the Americas
Letter from Christopher Columbus to the
King and Queen of Spain March 4 1493
I come from the Indies with the armada
Your Highnesses gave me I found innumer-
able [many] people and very many islands of
which I took possession in Your Highnessesrsquo
name by royal crier and with Your Highnessesrsquo
royal banner unfurled and it was not
contradicted
And I continued to enter very many
harbors in each of which I placed a very
large cross in the most appropriate spot as
I had done in all the other [harbors] of the
other islands
Speech by Chief Red Jacket leader of the SenecaNation to a white missionary 1805There was a time when our forefathers owned this great
island Their seats extended from the rising to the setting ofthe sun The Great Spirit had made it for the use of IndiansHe had created buffalo the deer and other animals forfood He had made the bear and beaver and their skinsserved us for clothing The white people brother had now found our country
Tidings were carried back and more came amongst us Yetwe did not fear them We took them to be friends Brother our seats were once large and yours were verysmall You have now become a great people and we havescarcely a place left tospread our blanketsYou have got our coun-try but you are not
satisfied You want toforce your religionupon us
ChristopherColumbus
47
Learning From History1 According to Christopher Columbus
who owned the land that heexplored in the Americas
2 How did the relationship betweenEuropeans and Native Americansseem to change as more and moreEuropeans came to America
Columbus explored the area forseveral months convinced he hadreached the East Indies the islands offthe coast of Asia Today the Carib-bean Islands are often referred to asthe West Indies Columbus called thelocal people Indians He noted thatthey regarded the Europeans withwonder and often touched them tofind out ldquoif they were flesh and boneslike themselvesrdquo
When Columbus returned toSpain in triumph Queen Isabellaand King Ferdinand received himwith great honor and agreed tofinance his future voyages Colum-bus had earned the title of Admiralof the Ocean Sea
Columbusrsquos Later VoyagesColumbus made three more voy-
ages from Spain in 1493 1498 and1502 He explored the Caribbeanislands of Hispaniola (present-dayHaiti and the Dominican Republic)Cuba and Jamaica and he sailedalong the coasts of Central Americaand northern South America Heclaimed the new lands for Spain andestablished settlements
Columbus originally thought thelands he had found were in AsiaLater explorations made it clear thatColumbus had not reached Asia atall He had found a part of the globeunknown to Europeans Asians andAfricans In the following years theSpanish explored most of theCaribbean region In time their voy-ages led to the establishment of theSpanish Empire in the Americas
Dividing the WorldBoth Spain and Portugal wanted to
protect their claims and they turnedto Pope Alexander VI for help In 1493the pope drew a line of demarcationan imaginary line running down the
AJ-47
null
10830202
N
S
EW
1000 kilometers0Lambert AzimuthalEqual-Area projection
1000 miles0
30degN
45degN
15degN0deg
15degS
30degS
15˚W30˚W45˚W60˚W75˚W90˚W 0˚
Gulf ofMexico
pacific
Ocean Caribbean Sea
Atlantic
Ocean
SOUTHAMERICA
NORTHAMERICA
EUROPE
AFRICA
ENGLAND
FRANCE
SPAINPORTUGAL
NETHERLANDS
SCANDINAVIAGREENLAND
ICELAND
LABRADOR
NEWFOUNDLAND
BRAZIL
Into the Unknown 1492September 6 Columbuss three ships set sail from the Canary IslandsSeptember 20ndash24 Variable winds force Columbus to change courseOctober 10 Columbus promises to turn back if they do not sight land soonOctober 12 Land is sighted Columbus names the land San Salvador
Verrazano explored the Atlanticcoast from present-day Cape FearNorth Carolina to perhaps as farnorth as Newfoundland
John Cabot suggested that a voyageacross the Atlantic could be quickenedby sailing at a more northerly latitudethan Columbuss route
GeographyExploring America
In 1499 explorer Amerigo Vespucci beganmapping South Americarsquos coastline Vespucciconcluded that South America was a continentnot part of Asia By the early 1500s Europeangeographers had begun to call the continentAmerica in honor of Amerigo Vespucci WhileEuropean geographers discussed Vespuccirsquosfindings others continued to explore America
middle of the Atlantic from the North Pole to theSouth Pole Spain was to control all the lands tothe west of the line Portugal was to have controlof all lands to the east of the line Portugal how-ever protested that the division favored SpainAs a result in 1494 the two countries signed theTreaty of Tordesillas (TOHRbulldaybullSEEbullyuhs) anagreement to move the line farther west Thetreaty divided the entire unexplored worldbetween Spain and Portugal
48
European sea captains explored North America South Americaand the islands of the Caribbean Sea1 Movement Who was the first English explorer to sail to
the Americas2 Evaluating Information John Cabotrsquos suggestion was
true Explain why
European Voyages of Exploration
SPANISH
Christopher Columbus (1492ndash1504) Amerigo Vespucci (1499ndash1500)
PORTUGUESE
Pedro Cabral (1500)
ENGLISH
John Cabot (1497ndash98) Martin Frobisher (1576ndash78)
FRENCH
Giovanni da Verrazano (1524) Jacques Cartier (1535)
DUTCH
Henry Hudson (1609)
CHAPTER 2 Exploring the Americas
AJ-48
null
6619481
49CHAPTER 2 Exploring the Americas
Vasco Nuacutentildeez de Balboa (balbullBOHbulluh) gov-ernor of a Spanish town in present-day Panamahad heard stories of the ldquogreat watersrdquo beyondthe mountains In 1513 he formed an exploringparty and hiked through the steaming junglesAfter many days of difficult travel the Spaniardclimbed a hill and saw a vast body of waterWhen he reached the waterrsquos edge Balboawaded in and claimed it and the adjoininglands for Spain Balboa was the first Europeanto see the Pacific Ocean from the Americas
Sailing Around the WorldThe Spanish wanted to find a sea route
through or around South America to Asia In1519 they hired Ferdinand Magellan a Por-tuguese mariner to lead an expedition of fiveships Sailing from Spain Magellan headed westacross the Atlantic Ocean and then south alongthe eastern coast of South America
By late November 1520 Magellan had foundand sailed through the narrow twisting seapassage to the Pacific This strait still bears his name At the end of the strait Magellanexclaimed ldquoWe are about to stand [go] into anocean where no ship has ever sailed beforerdquoHe named the ocean the Pacific which meansldquopeacefulrdquo
Checking for Understanding
1 Key Terms Write a short paragraphin which you use the following termsline of demarcation strait circum-navigate
2 Reviewing Facts Who were the firstEuropeans to reach the Americas andwhen did they arrive
Reviewing Themes
3 Geography and History Whatnations signed the Treaty of Torde-sillas What was the purpose of theline of demarcation How did thetreaty affect European exploration of the Americas
Critical Thinking
4 Making Inferences For years manyhistory books claimed that ldquoColum-bus discovered Americardquo Why doyou think Native Americans mightdisagree with the word ldquodiscoveredrdquoin this statement What might be abetter word
5 Organizing Information Re-createthe diagram below and identify theregions Columbus explored
Analyzing Visuals
6 Geography Skills Review the mapof European voyages of explorationon page 48 then answer the ques-tions that follow When did Verra-zano make his voyage For whatcountry did he sail How did Cabotrsquosroute to the Americas differ from thatof Columbus
Regions Columbusexplored
Spanish banner 1492 ChristopherColumbus proudly carried the Spanishbanner of Castile and Leoacuten to theshores of the Bahamas The flagrsquos castle represented Queen IsabellaThe lion symbolized her husbandKing Ferdinand
Americarsquos Flags
Magellan expected to reach Asia in just a fewweeks after rounding South America but thevoyage across the Pacific lasted four months Thecrew ran out of food and ate sawdust rats andleather to stay alive Magellan was killed in askirmish in the Philippines but some of his crewcontinued Their trip had taken almost threeyears Only one of the five original ships and 18of the more than 200 crew members completedthe difficult journey These men were the first tocircumnavigate or sail around the world
Describing Why did Spain financeColumbusrsquos voyage
Geography Draw a map of theworld as you think Columbus mighthave seen it in 1492 Rememberhis error in calculating distance
49CHAPTER 2 Exploring the Americas
Vasco Nuacutentildeez de Balboa (balbullBOHbulluh) gov-ernor of a Spanish town in present-day Panamahad heard stories of the ldquogreat watersrdquo beyondthe mountains In 1513 he formed an exploringparty and hiked through the steaming junglesAfter many days of difficult travel the Spaniardclimbed a hill and saw a vast body of waterWhen he reached the waterrsquos edge Balboawaded in and claimed it and the adjoininglands for Spain Balboa was the first Europeanto see the Pacific Ocean from the Americas
Sailing Around the WorldThe Spanish wanted to find a sea route
through or around South America to Asia In1519 they hired Ferdinand Magellan a Por-tuguese mariner to lead an expedition of fiveships Sailing from Spain Magellan headed westacross the Atlantic Ocean and then south alongthe eastern coast of South America
By late November 1520 Magellan had foundand sailed through the narrow twisting seapassage to the Pacific This strait still bears his name At the end of the strait Magellanexclaimed ldquoWe are about to stand [go] into anocean where no ship has ever sailed beforerdquoHe named the ocean the Pacific which meansldquopeacefulrdquo
Checking for Understanding
1 Key Terms Write a short paragraphin which you use the following termsline of demarcation strait circum-navigate
2 Reviewing Facts Who were the firstEuropeans to reach the Americas andwhen did they arrive
Reviewing Themes
3 Geography and History Whatnations signed the Treaty of Torde-sillas What was the purpose of theline of demarcation How did thetreaty affect European exploration of the Americas
Critical Thinking
4 Making Inferences For years manyhistory books claimed that ldquoColum-bus discovered Americardquo Why doyou think Native Americans mightdisagree with the word ldquodiscoveredrdquoin this statement What might be abetter word
5 Organizing Information Re-createthe diagram below and identify theregions Columbus explored
Analyzing Visuals
6 Geography Skills Review the mapof European voyages of explorationon page 48 then answer the ques-tions that follow When did Verra-zano make his voyage For whatcountry did he sail How did Cabotrsquosroute to the Americas differ from thatof Columbus
Regions Columbusexplored
Spanish banner 1492 ChristopherColumbus proudly carried the Spanishbanner of Castile and Leoacuten to theshores of the Bahamas The flagrsquos castle represented Queen IsabellaThe lion symbolized her husbandKing Ferdinand
Americarsquos Flags
Magellan expected to reach Asia in just a fewweeks after rounding South America but thevoyage across the Pacific lasted four months Thecrew ran out of food and ate sawdust rats andleather to stay alive Magellan was killed in askirmish in the Philippines but some of his crewcontinued Their trip had taken almost threeyears Only one of the five original ships and 18of the more than 200 crew members completedthe difficult journey These men were the first tocircumnavigate or sail around the world
Describing Why did Spain financeColumbusrsquos voyage
Geography Draw a map of theworld as you think Columbus mighthave seen it in 1492 Rememberhis error in calculating distance
AJ-49
null
124862785
Morning Girl
50
Iswam closer to get a betterlook and had to stop myselffrom laughing The strangers
had wrapped every part of theirbodies with colorful leaves andcotton Some had decorated theirfaces with fur and wore shinyrocks on their heads Compared tous they were very round Theircanoe was short and square andin spite of all their dipping andpulling it moved so slowly Whata backward distant island theymust have come from But reallyto laugh at guests no matter howodd would be impolite espe-cially since I was the first to meetthem If I was foolish they wouldthink they had arrived at a foolishplace
I kicked toward the canoe andcalled out the simplest thing
ldquoHellordquo The man stared at me as though
hersquod never seen a girl before thenshouted something to his rela-tives They all stopped paddlingand looked in my direction
ldquoHellordquo I tried again ldquoWel-come to home My name is
Morning Girl rdquo
All the fat people in the canoebegan pointing at me and talkingat once In their excitement theyalmost turned themselves overand I allowed my body to sinkbeneath the waves for a momentin order to hide my smile
When I came up they were stillwatching the way babies dowide eyed and with their mouthsuncovered They had much tolearn about how to behave Itwas clear that they hadnrsquot trav-eled much before
From Morning Girl by Michael DorrisText copy 1992 by Michael Dorris Reprintedwith permission from Hyperion Books forChildren
ANALYZING LITERATURE
Chief rsquos chair Taino people
1 Recall and Interpret How does Morning Girl describe thestrangers
2 Evaluate and Connect AreMorning Girlrsquos impressions of thevisitors positive or negativeExplain
Interdisciplinary Activity
Descriptive Writing Imagine thatyou are an explorer who arrived inAmerica with Columbus Describethe people and climate youencounter in America Compare theway people live in America to yourway of life in Europe
Michael Dorris (1945ndash1997)
A Modoc NativeAmericanMichael Dorriswas an edu-cator a socialactivist and anaward-winning
author Morning Girl portraysthe lives of the Taino people ofthe Bahamas
READ TO DISCOVER
Morning Girl is the fictionalstory of a young Native Ameri-can woman who meets Colum-bus and his crew as they arrivein the Bahamas in 1492 Whilereading this passage pay partic-ular attention to plot the char-actersrsquo actions and points ofview and the tone of the story
READERrsquoS DICTIONARY
backward undevelopedMorning Girl a young Taino
woman
Morning Girl
50
Iswam closer to get a betterlook and had to stop myselffrom laughing The strangers
had wrapped every part of theirbodies with colorful leaves andcotton Some had decorated theirfaces with fur and wore shinyrocks on their heads Compared tous they were very round Theircanoe was short and square andin spite of all their dipping andpulling it moved so slowly Whata backward distant island theymust have come from But reallyto laugh at guests no matter howodd would be impolite espe-cially since I was the first to meetthem If I was foolish they wouldthink they had arrived at a foolishplace
I kicked toward the canoe andcalled out the simplest thing
ldquoHellordquo The man stared at me as though
hersquod never seen a girl before thenshouted something to his rela-tives They all stopped paddlingand looked in my direction
ldquoHellordquo I tried again ldquoWel-come to home My name is
Morning Girl rdquo
All the fat people in the canoebegan pointing at me and talkingat once In their excitement theyalmost turned themselves overand I allowed my body to sinkbeneath the waves for a momentin order to hide my smile
When I came up they were stillwatching the way babies dowide eyed and with their mouthsuncovered They had much tolearn about how to behave Itwas clear that they hadnrsquot trav-eled much before
From Morning Girl by Michael DorrisText copy 1992 by Michael Dorris Reprintedwith permission from Hyperion Books forChildren
ANALYZING LITERATURE
Chief rsquos chair Taino people
1 Recall and Interpret How does Morning Girl describe thestrangers
2 Evaluate and Connect AreMorning Girlrsquos impressions of thevisitors positive or negativeExplain
Interdisciplinary Activity
Descriptive Writing Imagine thatyou are an explorer who arrived inAmerica with Columbus Describethe people and climate youencounter in America Compare theway people live in America to yourway of life in Europe
Michael Dorris (1945ndash1997)
A Modoc NativeAmericanMichael Dorriswas an edu-cator a socialactivist and anaward-winning
author Morning Girl portraysthe lives of the Taino people ofthe Bahamas
READ TO DISCOVER
Morning Girl is the fictionalstory of a young Native Ameri-can woman who meets Colum-bus and his crew as they arrivein the Bahamas in 1492 Whilereading this passage pay partic-ular attention to plot the char-actersrsquo actions and points ofview and the tone of the story
READERrsquoS DICTIONARY
backward undevelopedMorning Girl a young Taino
woman
AJ-50
null
12695248
51CHAPTER 2 Exploring the Americas
1519Hernaacuten Corteacuteslands in Mexico
1532Francisco Pizarrocaptures Atahualpa
1541De Soto crosses the Mississippi River
1565Spain establishes fort atSt Augustine Florida
Would you like to visit a place described in the following way ldquoA river [stretched] two leagues wide in which there were fishes as big as horses The lordof the country took his afternoon nap under a great tree on which were hung a greatnumber of little gold bells The jugs and bowls were [made] of goldrdquo
ldquo[It was] a land rich in gold silver and other wealth great cities and civilizedpeople wearing woolen clothesrdquo
Spanish ConquistadorsStories of gold silver and kingdoms wealthy beyond belief greeted the early
Spanish explorers in the Americas The reports led them far and wide in searchof fabulous riches
Known as conquistadors (kahnbullKEESbulltuhbulldawrs) these explorers receivedgrants from the Spanish rulers They had the right to explore and establish set-tlements in the Americas In exchange they agreed to give the Spanish crownone-fifth of any gold or treasure discovered This arrangement allowed Spanishrulers to launch expeditions with little risk If a conquistador failed he lost hisown fortune If he succeeded both he and Spain gained wealth and glory
Main IdeaIn the sixteenth century Spain estab-lished and governed a vast empire inthe Americas
Key Termsconquistador tribute pueblo mission presidio encomiendaplantation
Reading StrategyOrganizing Information As youread the section re-create the diagram below and identify Spanishconquistadors along with theregions they explored
Read to Learnbull how the great Aztec and Inca
Empires came to an endbull how Spain governed its empire in
the Americas
Section ThemeCulture and Traditions The conquis-tadors conquered mighty empires inthe Americas
Spain in America
Conquistadorrsquos armor
Conquistador Region Explored
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1500 1530 1560
AJ-51
null
81188324
N
SE
W
500 kilometers0Azimuthal Equidistant projection
500 miles0
140degW 40degN
120degW 100degW 80degW
60degW
20degN
0deg
TR
OPIC
OF
CA
NC
ER
EQU
AT
OR
Colorado R
Caribbean Sea
Gulf ofMexico
Atlantic
Ocean
pacific
Ocean
Rio G
randeA
r kans as R
Missis
s ippiR
FROM SPAIN
CUBAHISPANIOLA PUERTO
RICO
FLORIDA
NORTH AMERICA
St Augustine
Havana
MexicoCity
El Paso
Santa Fe
Spanish explorers claimed Florida the Caribbean islands andthe southwestern region of North America1 Movement Which conquistador explored areas along
the southern half of the Mississippi River2 Analyzing Information Who was the first explorer to
cross the Rio GrandeCorteacutes Conquers the AztecWhen Hernaacuten Corteacutes landed on the east coast
of what we now know as Mexico in 1519 he waslooking for gold and glory He came with about500 soldiers some horses and a few cannonsCorteacutes soon learned about the great AztecEmpire and its capital of Tenochtitlaacuten
In building their empire the Aztec had con-quered many cities in Mexico These cities wereforced to give crops clothing gold and preciousstones to the Aztec as tribute Corteacutes formedalliances with nearby cities against the Aztec
Corteacutes marched into Tenochtitlaacuten in Novem-ber with his small army and his Native Americanallies The Aztec emperor Montezuma (MAHN
bulltuhbullZOObullmuh)mdashalso spelled Moctezumamdash
welcomed Corteacutes and his soldiers and providedthem with food and a fine palace HoweverCorteacutes took advantage of the Aztecrsquos hospitalityand made Montezuma his prisoner
In the spring of 1520 the Aztec rebelledagainst the Spanish During the fighting Mon-tezuma was hit by stones and later died Thebattle lasted for days Eventually the Spanishwere forced to leave Tenochtitlaacuten Corteacutes how-ever was determined to retake the city Hewaited until more Spanish troops arrived thenattacked and destroyed the Aztec capital in1521 An Aztec poem describes the awful scene
52 CHAPTER 2 Exploring the Americas
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1620158015401500
Valu
e of
gol
d an
d sil
ver
in m
illio
ns o
f pes
os
8
42
58
American Wealth Sent to SpainPonce de Leon 1513
Cabeza de Vaca 1528
De Soto 1539
Coronado 1540
Onate 1598
Modern-day boundaries
Spanish Explorers 1513ndash1598
AJ-52
null
102921074
53CHAPTER 2 Exploring the Americas
ldquoWithout roofs are the houses And red are their walls with blood Weep my friendsKnow that with these disasters We have lost our Mexican nationrdquo
The Aztec Empire disintegrated and Spainseized control of the region
Pizarro Conquers PeruThe conquistador Francisco Pizarro sailed
down the Pacific coast of South America withabout 180 Spanish soldiers Pizarro had heardtales of the incredibly wealthy Inca Empire inwhat is now Peru In 1532 Pizarro captured theInca ruler Atahualpa (ahbulltahbullWAHLbullpah)and destroyed much of the Incan army
The following year the Spanish falsely accusedAtahualpa of crimes and executed him The Incawere used to obeying commands from theirrulers Without leadership they were not able tofight effectively Within a few years Pizarro hadgained control of most of the vast Inca Empire
Why Spain SucceededThe conquistadorsrsquo victories in Mexico and
Peru were quick and lasting How could Corteacutesand Pizarro with only a few hundred Spanishsoldiers conquer such mighty empires
First the Spanish arrived with strangeweaponsmdashguns and cannonsmdashand fearsomeanimals They rode horses and had huge fero-cious dogs To the Native Americans the Spanishseemed almost like gods Second many NativeAmericans hated their Aztec overlords andassisted the conquistadors in overthrowing them
Finally disease played an extremely large rolein the Spanish conquest Native Americans hadno immunity to the diseases the Europeans hadunknowingly brought with them Epidemics ofsmallpox and other diseases wiped out entirecommunities in the Americas and did much to weaken the resistance of the Aztec and Inca
Analyzing How were the Spanishable to defeat mighty Native American empires
Who celebrated the first Thanksgiving We all knowthat the Pilgrims celebrated the first Thanksgiving Or didthey On April 30 1598 long before the Pilgrims came toNorth America Spanish colonists held a thanksgivingfeast near present-day El Paso Texas Juan de Ontildeate hadled 400 men and their families across the desert fromMexico After they reached the Rio Grande Ontildeate toldthem to feast and give thanks for the abundance of thenew land
The First Thanksgiving
Spain in North AmericaMexico and Peru were rich in silver and gold
Hoping to find similar wealth to the north con-quistadors explored the southeastern and south-western parts of North America
Juan Ponce de Leoacuten made the first Spanishlanding on the mainland of North Americaarriving on the east coast of present-day Floridain 1513 According to legend Ponce de Leoacutenhoped to find not only gold but the legendaryfountain of youth ldquoa spring of running water ofsuch marvelous virtuerdquo that drinking it ldquomakesold men young againrdquo Ponce de Leoacutenrsquos explo-ration led to the first Spanish settlement in whatis now the United States In 1565 the Spanishestablished a fort at St Augustine Florida
The Seven Cities of CibolaMany other conquistadors searched for quick
riches None ever achieved this goal and severallost their lives trying Aacutelvar Nuacutentildeez Cabeza deVaca (cahbullBAYbullsah day VAHbullcah) was part ofa Spanish expedition to Florida in 1528
After encountering troubles in Florida theexpedition led by Paacutenfilo de Narvaacuteez sailedalong the coast toward Mexico However inNovember 1528 three of the five boats were lostin a storm The two boats that survived wentaground on an island near present-day TexasWithin a few months only a handful of the ship-wrecked explorers were still alive
AJ-53
null
2186506
A Mexican nun JuanaIneacutes de la Cruz mayhave been the firstwoman in the Americasto write about womenrsquosrights What is remark-able about Sor Juana(ldquoSisterrdquo Juana) is thatshe was a famous writerat a time when mostwomen were not taughtto read Her poems and
stories were well knownin Mexico her playswere performed in theroyal palace of Mexicoand her books were pop-ular in Spain
An archbishop of theChurch however did notapprove of women freelyexpressing their opin-ions He threatened toput her on trial for violat-
ing Church rules unlessshe followed a strict vowof poverty and sold herbooks and belongings
Although she gave theappearance of obediencean unfinished poemfound in her belongingsafter her death showedthat she continued toexercise her talent
To survive Cabeza de Vaca and an enslavedAfrican named Estevanico became medicinemen Cabeza de Vaca later wrote that theirmethod of healing was ldquoto bless the sick breath-ing on themrdquo and to recite Latin prayers
In 1533 the Spaniards set off on foot on a great1000-mile journey across the Southwest Arriv-ing in Mexico in 1536 Cabeza de Vaca relatedtales he had heard of seven cities with walls ofemerald and streets of gold
The stories inspired Hernando de Soto wholed an expedition to explore Florida and lands tothe west For three years De Soto and his troopswandered around the southeastern area of thepresent-day United States following stories ofgold As the Spaniards traveled they tookadvantage of the native peoples Their usualmethod was to enter a village take the chiefhostage and demand food and supplies
De Soto crossed the Mississippi River in1541 describing it as ldquoswift and very deeprdquoAfter traveling as far west as present-day Okla-homa De Soto died of fever His men buriedhim in the waters of the Mississippi
Francisco Vaacutesquez de Coronado also wantedto find the legendary ldquoSeven Cities of CibolardquoAfter traveling through areas of northern Mex-
ico and present-day Arizona and New Mexicothe expedition reached a town belonging to theZuni people in early summer 1540 They real-ized at once that there was no gold Members ofthe expedition traveled west to the ColoradoRiver and east into what is now Kansas Theyfound nothing but ldquowindswept plainsrdquo andstrange ldquoshaggy cowsrdquo (buffalo) DisappointedCoronado returned to Mexico
Explaining How did stories of theldquoSeven Cities of Cibolardquo affect Spanish exploration
Spanish RuleSpanish law called for three kinds of settle-
ments in the Americasmdashpueblos missions andpresidios Pueblos or towns were established ascenters of trade Missions were religious com-munities that usually included a small town sur-rounding farmland and a church A presidio orfort was usually built near a mission
Juan de Ontildeate (day ohn bull YAH bull tay) was sentfrom Mexico to gain control over lands to thenorth and to convert the inhabitants In 1598Ontildeate founded the province of New Mexico andintroduced cattle and horses to the Pueblo people
54 CHAPTER 2 Exploring the Americas
AJ-54
null
15757036
Social ClassesA class system developed in Spainrsquos empire
The upper class consisted of people who hadbeen born in Spain called peninsulares Thepeninsulares owned the land served in theCatholic Church and ran the local governmentBelow them were the creoles people born in theAmericas to Spanish parents Lower in the classstructure were the mestizos (mehbullSTEEbullzohs)people with Spanish and Native American par-ents Still lower were the Native Americansmost of whom lived in great poverty At the verybottom were enslaved Africans
In the 1500s the Spanish government grantedeach conquistador who settled in the Americas anencomienda the right to demand taxes or laborfrom Native Americans living on the land Thissystem turned the Native Americans into slavesGrueling labor in the fields and in the gold andsilver mines took its toll Many Native Americansdied from malnutrition and disease
A Spanish priest Bartolomeacute de Las Casascondemned the cruel treatment of the NativeAmericans He pleaded for laws to protect themLas Casas claimed that millions had diedbecause the Spanish ldquomade gold their ultimateaim seeking to load themselves with riches inthe shortest possible timerdquo
Because of Las Casasrsquos reports in 1542 theSpanish government passed the New Lawswhich forbade making slaves of Native Ameri-cans Although not always enforced the lawsdid correct the worst abuses
The Plantation SystemSome Spanish settlers made large profits by
exporting crops and raw materials back to SpainIn the West Indies the main exports were tobaccoand sugarcane To raise these crops the Spanishdeveloped the plantation system A plantationwas a large estate The Spanish used NativeAmericans to work their plantations
Las Casas suggested replacing them withenslaved Africansmdasha suggestion he bitterly regret-ted later He thought the Africans could endure thelabor better than the Native Americans
By the mid-1500s the Spanish were bringingthousands from West Africa to the AmericasThe Portuguese did the same in Brazil TheAfricans who survived the brutal ocean voyagewere sold to plantation owners By the late1500s plantation slave labor was an essentialpart of the economy of the colonies
Describing Whom did Las Casas tryto protect
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Write three true and
three false statements using each ofthe following terms once conquis-tador tribute pueblo missionpresidio plantation Indicate whichstatements are false
2 Reviewing Facts What three kindsof settlements did Spain establish inthe Americas How did they differ
Reviewing Themes3 Culture and Traditions What
groups made up the class system inSpanish America
Critical Thinking4 Analyzing Primary Sources One
conquistador explained ldquoWe came toserve God and the king and also toget richrdquo In what way do you thinkconquistadors planned to serve ldquoGodand the kingrdquo
5 Determining Cause and EffectRe-create the diagram below and list causes of Spainrsquos success in con-quering Native American empires
Analyzing Visuals6 Geography Skills Review the map
of Spanish exploration on page 52What expedition traveled fromFlorida to the Mississippi RiverThrough what regions did the Coronado expedition travel
CHAPTER 2 Exploring the Americas 55
Geography Using cookbooks asreferences create an all-Americandinner menu that features onlyfoods introduced to Europeans byNative Americans
Spainrsquos success
AJ-55
null
15056886
San Pedro River
Altar R
iver
Gila River
Santa Cruz River
Magdalena River
So
no
raR
iver
SanM
iguel River
Nuestra Sentildeorade los Dolores
Gu
l fo
fC
al i f o
rn
i a
Baja California
United StatesMexico
N
S
WE
ampGEOGRAPHY HISTORY
Using an astrolabe likethis one to establish lati-tude Father Kino care-fully mapped the region
A typical Spanish mission sur-rounded a large open courtyard
Workshop
Church
Crops
Granary
Living quarters
56
AJ-56
null
34481618
1 Where did Father Kino establish his missions Why
2 How did the introduction of food crops and domesticanimals affect the development of the Southwest
L E A R N I N G f r o m G E O G R A P H Y
PADRE ONHORSEBACKMISSIONARY AND EXPLORER Eusebio Kino(yoobullSAYbullbebulloh KEEbullno) was an Italian who studiedastronomy mapmaking and mathematics beforebecoming a Jesuit priest In 1681 he went to Mexicowith the Spaniards to map the area and convertNative Americans to Catholicism
MISSIONARY IN THE PIMERIacuteA ALTA
After several years in Mexico City and Baja California Father Kino was sent to establish missions in the ldquoPimeriacutea Altardquomdashthe Upper Pima Countrymdashpartof present-day Sonora Mexico and southern Arizona
In March 1687 Father Kino established his first mission Nuestra Sentildeora de los Dolores at Cosari Hehelped start more than 20 missions along the SanMiguel Magdalena and Altar rivers
Father Kino and other missionaries changed the faceof Pimeriacutea Alta forever The priests converted thousandsof Native Americans to Christianity By introducing live-stock wheat European fruit and other new crops themissionaries altered the economy of the region
EXPLORER AND MAPMAKER
Kino traveled so much he wasknown as the ldquopadre on horse-backrdquo He covered thousands ofmiles tending to the needs of hisconverts and exploring andmapping the Sonoran Desertand California
To Mexico City
Statue of Father Kino
San Xavier del Bac a mis-sion started by FatherKino in 1700 still standstoday outside of Tucson
Father Kinos Missions
Presentndashday boundary
Mission
0 50 miles
0 50 kilometers
Spaniards introducedwheat and other crops
57
AJ-57
null
9017397
1497John Cabot lands inNewfoundland
1517Martin Luther starts theProtestant Reformation
1535Jacques Cartier sails up the St Lawrence River to Montreal
1609Henry Hudson sailsthe Hudson River
Main IdeaRivalries between countries the searchfor a Northwest Passage to Asia andearly trading activities led to increasedexploration of North America
Key Termsmercantilism Columbian ExchangeNorthwest Passage coureur de bois
Reading StrategyDetermining Cause and Effect Asyou read the section re-create thediagram below and provide an effectfor each cause
Read to Learnbull how the Protestant Reformation
affected North Americabull why the activities of early traders
encouraged exploration
Section ThemeGlobal Connections Europeannations competed for overseas landand resources
Exploring North America
In 1517 Martin Luther a German priest nailed a list of complaints about theCatholic Church on the door of a local church Luther declared that the Bible was theonly true guide for Christians He rejected many Church practicesmdasheven the authorityof the popemdashbecause they were not mentioned in the Bible Luther also believed thatfaith rather than good deeds was the way to salvation
Church officials tried to get Luther to take back his statements ldquoI cannot go againstmy consciencerdquo he replied ldquoHere I stand I cannot do otherwise God help merdquo
A Divided ChurchMartin Lutherrsquos actions led to incredible changes in Europe Before he voiced
his beliefs the countries of Europe had their differences but they were boundtogether by a common church For centuries Catholicism had been the mainreligion of western Europe In the 1500s however Lutherrsquos opposition to thepolicies of the Roman Catholic Church emerged
58 CHAPTER 2 Exploring the Americas
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1450 1500 1550 1600
Exploration of North America
Causes Effects
Protestant Reformation
Search for NW passage
Early trading activities
Martin Luther
AJ-58
null
692771
59CHAPTER 2 Exploring the Americas
Within a few years Luther had many follow-ers They broke away from Catholicism to begintheir own Christian churches Martin Lutherrsquosprotests were the start of a great religious andhistorical movement known as the ProtestantReformation
Protestantism Spreads in EuropeFrom Germany Lutherrsquos ideas spread rapidly
John Calvin a French religious thinker alsobroke away from the Catholic Church LikeLuther Calvin rejected the idea that good workswould ensure a personrsquos salvation He believedthat God had already chosen those who wouldbe saved
In England King Henry VIII also left theCatholic Church but not for religious reasonsPope Clement VII had refused Henryrsquos requestto declare his first marriage invalid In 1534 the English Parliament working with the king
denied the authority of the pope and recognizedthe king as the head of the Church of EnglandDuring the rule of Henryrsquos daughter QueenElizabeth I further reforms firmly establishedEngland as a Protestant nation
Religious Rivalries in the AmericasThroughout western Europe people and
nations divided into Catholics and ProtestantsWhen these Europeans crossed the Atlanticthey took along their religious differences
Spanish and French Catholics worked tospread their faith to the Native Americans TheSpanish settled in the southwestern and south-eastern regions of North America and theFrench settled in the northeast Dutch andEnglish Protestants established colonies in landsalong the Atlantic coast between the French andthe Spanish settlements Some of the Englishsettlements were founded by Protestants whowanted to practice their beliefs in peace
Explaining What role did religionplay in the exploration of North America
Economics
Economic RivalryReligion was only one of the factors that
pushed European nations across the AtlanticOcean The promise of great wealth was equallystrong especially as other Europeans watchedSpain gain riches from its colonies
According to the economic theory of mercantilism a nationrsquos power was based on itswealth Rulers tried to increase their nationrsquostotal wealth by acquiring gold and silver andby developing trade Mercantilism providedgreat opportunities for individual merchantsto make money It also increased rivalrybetween nations
Several countries in Europe competed foroverseas territory that could produce wealthThey wanted to acquire colonies in the Ameri-cas that could provide valuable resources suchas gold and silver or raw materials Thecolonies would also serve as a place to sellEuropean products
$
In 1676 Kateri Tekakwitha a 20-year-old Mohawkwoman accepted Christianity from French Catholicmissionaries What region of North Americawas settled by the French
History
AJ-59
null
16671411
The Columbian ExchangeTrade between the continents known as the Columbian Exchange
changed life on both sides of the Atlantic
Europeans establishedlarge plantations workedby Native Americans andby Africans
Europeans brought wheat grapesand livestock to the AmericasEuropeans also introduced diseasesto which the Native Americanswere not immune
From Native Americans Euro-peans acquired foods such ascorn potatoes tomatoes beansand chocolate
Easy-to-grow food crops suchas the potato fed Europersquosgrowing population Somefoods such as corn also spread to Asia and Africa
The Columbian Exchange
60 CHAPTER 2 Exploring the Americas
The Columbian ExchangeThe voyages of Columbus and other explor-
ers brought together two parts of the globe thatpreviously had had no contact the continents ofEurope Asia and Africa in one hemisphere andthe Americas in the other The contact led to anexchange of plants animals and diseases thataltered life on both sides of the Atlantic Scholarsrefer to this as the Columbian Exchange
A Northwest PassageThe Treaty of Tordesillas had divided the
Americas between Spain and Portugal It did notallow for claims by other nationsmdashso EnglandFrance and the Netherlands ignored the treatyDuring the 1500s and early 1600s these countriessent explorers to chart the coast of North Amer-ica They wanted to profit from trade and colo-nization as well The voyage to Asiamdasheitheraround the southern tip of Africa or aroundSouth Americamdashwas long and difficult For thisreason the three countries hoped to discover aNorthwest Passage to Asiamdasha more direct waterroute through the Americas
In 1497 England sent John Cabot an Italianto look for a northern route to Asia Cabot prob-
ably landed on the coast of present-day New-foundland England used Cabotrsquos voyage as thebasis for its claims to North America
In 1524 France hired an Italian Giovanni daVerrazano to look for the northern sea route Ver-razano explored the coast of North America frompresent-day Nova Scotia down to the Carolinas
In 1535 French explorer Jacques Cartier(KARbulltyay) sailed up the St Lawrence Riverhoping it would lead to the Pacific He got as faras the Huron village of Hochelaga Cartier wrotethat from the mountain next to the village ldquoonesees a very great distancerdquo He named the peakMont-Royal which means ldquoroyal mountainrdquoThis is the site of the city now called MontrealCartier had heard stories about gold but hefound neither gold nor a sea route to Asia
Hudsonrsquos DiscoveriesThe Netherlands too wanted to find a passage
through the Americas They hired Henry Hudson an English sailor to explore In 1609 hediscovered the river that now bears his name Inhis ship the Half Moon Hudson sailed north onthe Hudson River as far as the site of present-dayAlbany Deciding that he had not found a passage
AJ-60
null
1496806
500 kilometers0Lambert Equal-Area projection
500 miles0N
S
EW
11
22
80degW90degW120degW 110degW 100degW 70degW 60degW 50degW
50degN
40degN
30degN
20degN
Ohio R
Miss i ssippi R
LakeMichigan
Lake Erie
LakeOntario
LakeChamplain
Lake SuperiorLake
Huron
StL
awre
nceR
Gulf of Mexico
ATLaNTIC
OCEaN
Hudson Bay
1678
ndash82
166 9 ndash71
NEWFOUNDLAND
AP
PAL A
CH
I AN
MO
UN
TA
I NS
Quebec
Three RiversMontreal
FortFrontenac
FortDetroit
St Ignace
French Explorers 1535ndash1682
Cartier searched for a northwest passage to AsiaHe explored the St Lawrence waterways to MontrealHe discovered that Newfoundland was a singlelarge island
La Salle became the first European to trace theMississippi River to its mouth the Gulf of MexicoLa Salle claimed the Mississippi River valley for France
11
22
Cartier 1535ndash1536
Champlain 1609ndash1615
La Salle 1669ndash1671 1679ndash1682
Marquette and Joliet 1673
French territory Settlement
English territory Fort
Spanish territory
to India he turned backThe following year Hud-son tried again this time sent by England
Sailing almost due west from northern Eng-land Henry Hudson and his crew discovered ahuge bay now called Hudson Bay Hudsonthought he had reached the Pacific Ocean Aftermonths of searching for an outlet from the bayhowever the crew rebelled Hudson his sonJohn and a few sailors were set adrift in a smallboatmdashand never seen again
French Open Trading PostsFrance had shown little interest in building an
empire in the Americas Its rulers were preoccu-pied by political and religious conflicts at homeThe French viewed North America as an oppor-tunity for profits from fishing and fur tradingrather than as a place to settle
Furs were popular in Europe and traderscould make large profits from beaver peltsacquired in North America A group of French
Explorers from France followed rivers and lakes into the interiorof North America1 Movement Which early French explorer traveled up the
St Lawrence River2 Making Inferences Why didnrsquot the French explore
east of the Appalachian Mountains
AJ-61
null
59298378
Checking for Understanding
1 Key Terms Write a sentence inwhich you correctly use each of the following terms mercantilismColumbian Exchange Northwest Passage coureur de bois
2 Reviewing Facts What were EnglishFrench and Dutch explorers search-ing for while charting the coast ofNorth America
Reviewing Themes
3 Global Connections How did Frenchgoals in the Americas differ from thegoals of other European nations
Critical Thinking
4 Identifying Central Issues How didthe economic theory of mercantilisminfluence the exploration and settle-ment of North America by Europeans
5 Determining Cause and EffectRe-create the diagram below andexplain how the Columbian Exchangeaffected both sides of the AtlanticOcean
Analyzing Visuals
6 Geography Skills Review the mapFrench Explorers 1535ndash1682 onpage 61 Which of the Frenchexplorers traveled farthest southAlong what river did Marquette andJoliet travel
traders made an agreement with the NativeAmericans to trade fur In 1608 the group sentSamuel de Champlain to establish a settlementin Quebec in what is now Canada Champlainmade several trips to the region and discoveredLake Champlain He described the beautifulscenery and abundant wildlife and the NativeAmericans he met there
From Quebec the French moved into otherparts of Canada where they built trading poststo collect furs gathered by Native Americansand French trappers The trappers were calledcoureurs de bois (kubullRUHR duh BWAH) mean-ing ldquorunners of the woodsrdquo
Dutch SettlementsLike other European countries the Nether-
lands was also eager to claim its share of worldtrade Until Hudsonrsquos voyage there had been noDutch exploration in North America Hudsonrsquosvoyage became the start for Dutch claims on the continent
Although the Netherlands was a small coun-try its large fleet of trading ships sailed all overthe world In 1621 the Dutch West India Company set up a trading colonymdashNewNetherlandmdashin the area Hudson had exploredIn 1624 the company sent 30 families to settlethe area They settled at Fort Orange (later
Albany) on the Hudson River and on Burling-ton Island in New Jersey Shortly after that FortNassau was established just opposite wherePhiladelphia stands today
The center of the new colony was NewAmsterdam located on the tip of ManhattanIsland where the Hudson River enters New YorkHarbor In 1626 Peter Minuit the governor of thecolony paid the Manhates people 60 Dutchguilders in goods for the island The goods proba-bly included cloth and valuable tools such as axeshoes and awls Like Portugal Spain and Francethe Netherlands started colonies in the Americas
Analyzing Why was the idea of aNorthwest Passage important
62 CHAPTER 2 Exploring the Americas
Flag of New France Settlers inNew France often flew this flag ofthe French Royal Navy They alsoflew the French Royal Bannerwhich was blue instead of white
Americarsquos Flags
Columbian Exchange
Effects on Effects the Americas on Europe
Persuasive Writing Write a letterto an explorer who searched for aNorthwest Passage Explain whythis discovery is important for yournation Keep your letter focusedand concise
Checking for Understanding
1 Key Terms Write a sentence inwhich you correctly use each of the following terms mercantilismColumbian Exchange Northwest Passage coureur de bois
2 Reviewing Facts What were EnglishFrench and Dutch explorers search-ing for while charting the coast ofNorth America
Reviewing Themes
3 Global Connections How did Frenchgoals in the Americas differ from thegoals of other European nations
Critical Thinking
4 Identifying Central Issues How didthe economic theory of mercantilisminfluence the exploration and settle-ment of North America by Europeans
5 Determining Cause and EffectRe-create the diagram below andexplain how the Columbian Exchangeaffected both sides of the AtlanticOcean
Analyzing Visuals
6 Geography Skills Review the mapFrench Explorers 1535ndash1682 onpage 61 Which of the Frenchexplorers traveled farthest southAlong what river did Marquette andJoliet travel
traders made an agreement with the NativeAmericans to trade fur In 1608 the group sentSamuel de Champlain to establish a settlementin Quebec in what is now Canada Champlainmade several trips to the region and discoveredLake Champlain He described the beautifulscenery and abundant wildlife and the NativeAmericans he met there
From Quebec the French moved into otherparts of Canada where they built trading poststo collect furs gathered by Native Americansand French trappers The trappers were calledcoureurs de bois (kubullRUHR duh BWAH) mean-ing ldquorunners of the woodsrdquo
Dutch SettlementsLike other European countries the Nether-
lands was also eager to claim its share of worldtrade Until Hudsonrsquos voyage there had been noDutch exploration in North America Hudsonrsquosvoyage became the start for Dutch claims on the continent
Although the Netherlands was a small coun-try its large fleet of trading ships sailed all overthe world In 1621 the Dutch West India Company set up a trading colonymdashNewNetherlandmdashin the area Hudson had exploredIn 1624 the company sent 30 families to settlethe area They settled at Fort Orange (later
Albany) on the Hudson River and on Burling-ton Island in New Jersey Shortly after that FortNassau was established just opposite wherePhiladelphia stands today
The center of the new colony was NewAmsterdam located on the tip of ManhattanIsland where the Hudson River enters New YorkHarbor In 1626 Peter Minuit the governor of thecolony paid the Manhates people 60 Dutchguilders in goods for the island The goods proba-bly included cloth and valuable tools such as axeshoes and awls Like Portugal Spain and Francethe Netherlands started colonies in the Americas
Analyzing Why was the idea of aNorthwest Passage important
62 CHAPTER 2 Exploring the Americas
Flag of New France Settlers inNew France often flew this flag ofthe French Royal Navy They alsoflew the French Royal Bannerwhich was blue instead of white
Americarsquos Flags
Columbian Exchange
Effects on Effects the Americas on Europe
Persuasive Writing Write a letterto an explorer who searched for aNorthwest Passage Explain whythis discovery is important for yournation Keep your letter focusedand concise
AJ-62
null
12047444
63
Reading a Time Line
Social StudiesSocial Studies
C02-10Ctimeline tk
Why Learn this SkillKnowing the relationship of time to events is
important in studying history A time line is a visualway to show chronological order within a timeperiod Most time lines are divided into sections representing equal time intervals For example a time line showing 1000 years might be dividedinto ten 100-year sections Each event on a time lineappears beside the date when the event took place
Learning the SkillTo read a time line follow these stepsbull Find the dates on the opposite
ends of the time line to know the time span Also note theintervals between dates on thetime line
bull Study the order of eventsbull Analyze relationships among
events or look for trends
Practicing the SkillAnalyze the time line of Magellanrsquos voyage belowUse it to answer the questions that follow
1 What time span is represented
2 How many years do each of the sections represent
3 Did Magellanrsquos voyage to the Spice Islands occurbefore or after his voyage to the Philippines
4 How long did Magellanrsquos voyage around theworld take
c 1480Magellan is bornin Sabrosa Portugal
c 1490Spends early years as apage at Portuguese court
c 1506Travels to Spice Islands on exploratory expeditions
1510Promoted to captain
1517Offers services to king of Spain
Sept 20 1519Sails from Spain with five ships
April 7 1521Lands in the Philippines
April 27 1521Magellan is killed duringan inter-island dispute
Sept 6 1522One ship reaches Spain with valuable cargo
1480 1490 1500 1510 1520
Magellan
Applying the SkillMaking a Time Line List 10 key events thathave occurred in your life and the dates on whichthese events occurred Write the events in chrono-logical order on a time line
Glencoersquos Skillbuilder InteractiveWorkbook CD-ROM Level 1 providesinstruction and practice in key social studies skills
AJ-63
null
8578563
64
Reviewing Key TermsExamine the groups of words below Then write sentencesexplaining what each group has in common1 Renaissance astrolabe caravel2 conquistador mission presidio3 mercantilism Northwest Passage
Reviewing Key Facts4 Why were Europeans interested in Asia5 What three large African kingdoms south of the
Sahara flourished between 300 and 16006 What European leader set up a center for exploration
in Portugal7 Where did the earliest Portuguese explorers sail8 Which country supported Columbus on his quest to
find a water route to Asia9 List the major accomplishments of Vasco da Gama
Juan Ponce de Leoacuten and John Cabot10 What was the main reason the Spanish wanted to con-
quer the Aztec and the Inca11 How did the Spanish colonial system of encomiendas
affect Native Americans12 What movement created religious rivalries in Europe
that carried over into exploration of the Americas13 What were explorers searching for during their explo-
rations of the North American coast
Critical Thinking14 Analyzing Primary Sources Read the Two View-
points on page 47 What does Red Jacket mean byldquothis great islandrdquo
15 Drawing Conclusions Why do you think the Carib-bean Islands are often referred to as the West Indies
16 Analyzing Information Study the feature on theColumbian Exchange on page 60 What foods wereshipped to Europe
17 Determining Cause and Effect Re-create the diagrambelow and identify three reasons for voyages of exploration and three effects that resulted from the exploration
Voyages ofexploration
Exploring the Americas
c 1000bull Leif Eriksson lands in
present-day Newfoundland
1488bull Bartholomeu Dias reaches Indian Ocean
1492bull Columbus lands in the Americas
1498bull Vasco da Gama
reaches India
1519bull Magellan begins circum-
navigation of the world
bull Hernaacuten Corteacutes lands in Mexico
1532bull Francisco Pizarro
captures Atahualpa
1535bull Jacques Cartier sails up the
St Lawrence River to Montreal
1541bull De Soto crosses the
Mississippi River
1565bull Spain establishes fort at
St Augustine Florida
1609bull Henry Hudson sails the
Hudson River
Geography and History ActivityStudy the map above and answer the questions that follow18 Place In what present-day states were the Spanish
missions located19 Location Near what city was the northernmost Spanish
mission located20 Location In which direction would a traveler leaving
Mexico City journey to reach San Diego
Practicing SkillsReading a Time Line Study the time line on pages 36ndash37then answer the following questions21 What is the time span covered on this time line22 In which century does the greatest number of events take
place on this time line23 What event occurred in 1522
Technology Activity24 Using Word Processing Software Search the library for
information on boats and sailing Using word processingsoftware prepare a report about a navigational instru-ment that is in use today Describe how it would havebeen helpful to an explorer such as Magellan
CHAPTER 2 Exploring the Americas 65
Self-Check QuizVisit tajglencoecom and click on Chapter 2mdashSelf-Check Quizzes to prepare for the chapter test
HISTORY
CityMissionPresent-
300 kilometers0Lambert Equal-Area projection
300 miles0
N
S
EW
110˚W 100˚W 90˚W
30˚N
40˚N
pacificOcean Gulf of
Mexico
COLO
TEXAS
MEXICO
N MEX
UTAH
ARIZ
NEV
CALIF
Mexico City
Santa Fe
El Paso
San DiegoLosAngeles
San Francisco
San Antonio
Missions in New Spain by the 1800s
CityMissionPresent-day boundary
Directions Choose the bestanswer to the following question
Juana Ineacutes de la Cruz was an unusual womanbecause she was famous as a
A writerB princeC farmerD warrior
Test-Taking TipEliminate answers that donrsquot make sense For instance a woman could not be a prince so B could not be the
correct answer
Standardized Test Practice
Citizenship Cooperative Activity25 Interviewing In a group of three find out if any people
in your community have come from other countriesInterview these people and ask them about the politicalsystem of the country they came from Prepare an oralreport for the class
Economics Activity26 Ask family members and other adults about prices paid
for common products in years past Ask about groceryitems haircuts cars and so on Compare these priceswith current prices Ask adults if they notice any otherchanges in products from past to present such asincreased or decreased reliability or performance
Alternative Assessment27 Portfolio Writing Activity Choose an explorer discussed
in this chapter Use library resources to research theexplorerrsquos life and achievements Prepare an interviewwith that explorer Plan the questions to ask and theanswers you would expect the explorer to give Write the interview as a magazine article
Geography and History ActivityStudy the map above and answer the questions that follow18 Place In what present-day states were the Spanish
missions located19 Location Near what city was the northernmost Spanish
mission located20 Location In which direction would a traveler leaving
Mexico City journey to reach San Diego
Practicing SkillsReading a Time Line Study the time line on pages 36ndash37then answer the following questions21 What is the time span covered on this time line22 In which century does the greatest number of events take
place on this time line23 What event occurred in 1522
Technology Activity24 Using Word Processing Software Search the library for
information on boats and sailing Using word processingsoftware prepare a report about a navigational instru-ment that is in use today Describe how it would havebeen helpful to an explorer such as Magellan
CHAPTER 2 Exploring the Americas 65
Self-Check QuizVisit tajglencoecom and click on Chapter 2mdashSelf-Check Quizzes to prepare for the chapter test
HISTORY
CityMissionPresent-
300 kilometers0Lambert Equal-Area projection
300 miles0
N
S
EW
110˚W 100˚W 90˚W
30˚N
40˚N
pacificOcean Gulf of
Mexico
COLO
TEXAS
MEXICO
N MEX
UTAH
ARIZ
NEV
CALIF
Mexico City
Santa Fe
El Paso
San DiegoLosAngeles
San Francisco
San Antonio
Missions in New Spain by the 1800s
CityMissionPresent-day boundary
Directions Choose the bestanswer to the following question
Juana Ineacutes de la Cruz was an unusual womanbecause she was famous as a
A writerB princeC farmerD warrior
Test-Taking TipEliminate answers that donrsquot make sense For instance a woman could not be a prince so B could not be the
correct answer
Standardized Test Practice
Citizenship Cooperative Activity25 Interviewing In a group of three find out if any people
in your community have come from other countriesInterview these people and ask them about the politicalsystem of the country they came from Prepare an oralreport for the class
Economics Activity26 Ask family members and other adults about prices paid
for common products in years past Ask about groceryitems haircuts cars and so on Compare these priceswith current prices Ask adults if they notice any otherchanges in products from past to present such asincreased or decreased reliability or performance
Alternative Assessment27 Portfolio Writing Activity Choose an explorer discussed
in this chapter Use library resources to research theexplorerrsquos life and achievements Prepare an interviewwith that explorer Plan the questions to ask and theanswers you would expect the explorer to give Write the interview as a magazine article
- The American JourneymdashIllinois Edition
-
- Illinois Learning Standards for Social Science
- How Does The American Journey Help Me Learn the Standards
- How Does The American Journey Help Me Test My Knowledge of Social Science
- The Illinois Constitution A Summary
- Table of Contents
-
- Previewing Your Textbook
- Scavenger Hunt
- How Do I Study History
- The Structure of Illinois Government
- Constitution Test Practice
- Reading Skills Handbook
-
- Identifying Words and Building Vocabulary
- Reading for a Reason
- Understanding What You Read
- Thinking About Your Reading
- Understanding Text Structure
- Reading for Research
-
- National Geographic Reference Atlas
-
- United States Political
- United States Physical
- United States Territorial Growth
- North America Physical
- North America Political
- Middle East PhysicalPolitical
- World Political
- United States Facts
-
- Geography Handbook
-
- What Is Geography
- How Do I Study Geography
- How Do I Use Maps
- How Does Geography Influence History
- Geographic Dictionary
-
- Be an Active Reader
- Unit 1 Different Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1625
-
- Chapter 1 The First Americans Prehistory to 1492
-
- Section 1 Early Peoples
- Section 2 Cities and Empires
- Section 3 North American Peoples
- Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 2 Exploring the Americas 1400ndash1625
-
- Section 1 A Changing World
- Section 2 Early Exploration
- Section 3 Spain in America
- Section 4 Exploring North America
- Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 2 Colonial Settlement 1587ndash1770
-
- Chapter 3 Colonial America 1587ndash1770
-
- Section 1 Early English Settlements
- Section 2 New England Colonies
- Section 3 Middle Colonies
- Section 4 Southern Colonies
- Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 4 The Colonies Grow 1607ndash1770
-
- Section 1 Life in the Colonies
- Section 2 Government Religion and Culture
- Section 3 France and Britain Clash
- Section 4 The French and Indian War
- Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 3 Creating a Nation 1763ndash1791
-
- Chapter 5 Road to Independence 1763ndash1776
-
- Section 1 Taxation Without Representation
- Section 2 Building Colonial Unity
- Section 3 A Call to Arms
- Section 4 Moving Toward Independence
- The Declaration of Independence
- Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 6 The American Revolution 1776ndash1783
-
- Section 1 The Early Years
- Section 2 The War Continues
- Section 3 The War Moves West and South
- Section 4 The War Is Won
- Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 7 A More Perfect Union 1777ndash1790
-
- Section 1 The Articles of Confederation
- Section 2 Convention and Compromise
- Section 3 A New Plan of Government
- Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
-
- Civics in Action A Citizenship Handbook
-
- Section 1 The Constitution
- Section 2 The Federal Government
- Section 3 Citizens Rights and Responsibilities
- Handbook Assessment
-
- The Constitution of the United States
-
- Unit 4 The New Republic 1789ndash1825
-
- Chapter 8 A New Nation 1789ndash1800
-
- Section 1 The First President
- Section 2 Early Challenges
- Section 3 The First Political Parties
- Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 9 The Jefferson Era 1800ndash1816
-
- Section 1 The Republicans Take Power
- Section 2 The Louisiana Purchase
- Section 3 A Time of Conflict
- Section 4 The War of 1812
- Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 10 Growth and Expansion 1790ndash1825
-
- Section 1 Economic Growth
- Section 2 Westward Bound
- Section 3 Unity and Sectionalism
- Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 5 The Growing Nation 1820ndash1860
-
- Chapter 11 The Jackson Era 1824ndash1845
-
- Section 1 Jacksonian Democracy
- Section 2 Conflicts Over Land
- Section 3 Jackson and the Bank
- Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 12 Manifest Destiny 1818ndash1853
-
- Section 1 The Oregon Country
- Section 2 Independence for Texas
- Section 3 War with Mexico
- Section 4 New Settlers in California and Utah
- Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 13 North and South 1820ndash1860
-
- Section 1 The Norths Economy
- Section 2 The Norths People
- Section 3 Southern Cotton Kingdom
- Section 4 The Souths People
- Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 14 The Age of Reform 1820ndash1860
-
- Section 1 Social Reform
- Section 2 The Abolitionists
- Section 3 The Womens Movement
- Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 6 Civil War and Reconstruction 1846ndash1896
-
- Chapter 15 Road to Civil War 1820ndash1861
-
- Section 1 Slavery and the West
- Section 2 A Nation Dividing
- Section 3 Challenges to Slavery
- Section 4 Secession and War
- Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 16 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
-
- Section 1 The Two Sides
- Section 2 Early Years of the War
- Section 3 A Call for Freedom
- Section 4 Life During the Civil War
- Section 5 The Way to Victory
- Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 17 Reconstruction and Its Aftermath 1865ndash1896
-
- Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
- Section 2 Radicals in Control
- Section 3 The South During Reconstruction
- Section 4 Change in the South
- Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 7 Reshaping the Nation 1858ndash1914
-
- Chapter 18 The Western Frontier 1858ndash1896
-
- Section 1 The Mining Booms
- Section 2 Ranchers and Farmers
- Section 3 Native American Struggles
- Section 4 Farmers in Protest
- Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 19 The Growth of Industry 1865ndash1914
-
- Section 1 Railroads Lead the Way
- Section 2 Inventions
- Section 3 An Age of Big Business
- Section 4 Industrial Workers
- Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 20 Toward an Urban America 1865ndash1914
-
- Section 1 The New Immigrants
- Section 2 Moving to the City
- Section 3 A Changing Culture
- Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 8 Reform Expansion and War 1865ndash1920
-
- Chapter 21 Progressive Reforms 1877ndash1920
-
- Section 1 The Progressive Movement
- Section 2 Women and Progressives
- Section 3 Progressive Presidents
- Section 4 Excluded from Reform
- Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 22 Overseas Expansion 1865ndash1917
-
- Section 1 Expanding Horizons
- Section 2 Imperialism in the Pacific
- Section 3 Spanish-American War
- Section 4 Latin American Policies
- Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 23 World War I 1914ndash1919
-
- Section 1 War in Europe
- Section 2 Americas Road to War
- Section 3 Americans Join the Allies
- Section 4 The War at Home
- Section 5 Searching for Peace
- Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 9 Turbulent Decades 1919ndash1945
-
- Chapter 24 The Jazz Age 1919ndash1929
-
- Section 1 Time of Turmoil
- Section 2 Desire for Normalcy
- Section 3 A Booming Economy
- Section 4 The Roaring Twenties
- Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 25 The Depression and FDR 1929ndash1941
-
- Section 1 The Great Depression
- Section 2 Roosevelts New Deal
- Section 3 Life During the Depression
- Section 4 Effects of the New Deal
- Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 26 World War II 1939ndash1945
-
- Section 1 Road to War
- Section 2 War Begins
- Section 3 On the Home Front
- Section 4 War in Europe and Africa
- Section 5 War in the Pacific
- Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 10 Turning Points 1945ndash1975
-
- Chapter 27 The Cold War Era 1945ndash1954
-
- Section 1 Cold War Origins
- Section 2 Postwar Politics
- Section 3 The Korean War
- Section 4 The Red Scare
- Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 28 America in the 1950s 1953ndash1960
-
- Section 1 Eisenhower in the White House
- Section 2 1950s Prosperity
- Section 3 Problems in a Time of Plenty
- Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Era 1954ndash1973
-
- Section 1 The Civil Rights Movement
- Section 2 Kennedy and Johnson
- Section 3 The Struggle Continues
- Section 4 Other Groups Seek Rights
- Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 30 The Vietnam Era 1960ndash1975
-
- Section 1 Kennedys Foreign Policy
- Section 2 War in Vietnam
- Section 3 The Vietnam Years at Home
- Section 4 Nixon and Vietnam
- Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 11 Modern America 1968ndashPresent
-
- Chapter 31 Search for Stability 1968ndash1981
-
- Section 1 Nixons Foreign Policy
- Section 2 Nixon and Watergate
- Section 3 The Carter Presidency
- Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 32 New Challenges 1981ndashPresent
-
- Section 1 The Reagan Presidency
- Section 2 The Bush Presidency
- Section 3 A New Century
- Section 4 The War on Terrorism
- Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
-
- Appendix
-
- What Is an Appendix and How Do I Use One
- Primary Sources Library
- Presidents of the United States
- Documents of American History
- Supreme Court Case Summaries
- Gazetteer
- Glossary
- Spanish Glossary
- Index
- Acknowledgements and Photo Credits
-
- Feature Contents
-
- Primary Sources Library
- Documents of Americas Heritage
- More Abouthellip
- What Life Was Likehellip
- National Geographic Geography amp History
- Americas Literature
- Two Viewpoints
- Technology and History
- Linking Past amp Present
- What Ifhellip
- Hands-On History Lab Activity
- TIME Notebook
- Why It Matters
- Causes and Effects
- SkillBuilder
-