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1453 CE: The Fall of Constantinople
HIST 302 Spring 2012
by 1350
• Expansion of Serbia
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Rise of the Ottomans
• Western Turks called Oghuz
1242 Seljuks conquered by Mongols
1280 Ertugrul
– son Osman
1301 ruled a small military state in W. Anatolia
– 1345 took Gallipoli and crossed in Europe
– 1389 Battle of Kosovo
• control over all European Byzantine territory
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Manual II Palaeologus (r. 1391-1425) • military command as
young man
• became hostage with Ottomans
– leaves to fight in Byzantine Civil War
1391 Becomes Emperor
1400 European tour to save Constantinople
1399-1402 Emperor Manuel II travels across Europe, seeking aid for his beleaguered empire
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1402 Ottomans move capital to Edirne
• threaten Constantinople
– (last bastion)
• numerous attempts to take the City
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Development of the Ottoman System (1280-1547)
Successful Acculturation of Anatolia
90% by 15th century
• collapse of Anatolian society
13th-14th C. Bishops and Metros from their sees
– Church land was confiscated
– Hospitals, schools, monasteries, orphanages destroyed
• Turks built up their own:
– mosques, caravanceries, colleges, hospitals
Less Successful in Europe Ottoman policy after Fall favored Christian • Orthodox Church reformed • jurisdiction and property confirmed • Allowed to worship Census of 1520-30 of Balkan population • 19% Muslim • 81% Christian
– Muslim pop highest in Bosnia (45%) – Sofia-66.4% Muslim – Edirne-82% Muslim
Wave of Islamification in mid-17th century • Albania, Macedonia, Crete
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Last Throws of Roman Empire
1424 Byzantines forced to sign unfavorable peace treaty
– pay tribute to the sultan Murad II
• 1425 Manual II dies
Istanbul that point onwards, the capital of the Ottoman Europe
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