www.ccsenet.org/mas Modern Applied Science Vol. 6, No. 5; May 2012
ISSN 1913-1844 E-ISSN 1913-1852 34
Fatigue Behavior of Resistance Spot-Welded Unequal Sheet Thickness Austenitic Stainless Steel
Triyono1, Jamasri2, M. N. Ilman2 & R. Soekrisno2 1 Mechanical Engineering Department, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia 2 Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
Correspondence: Triyono, Mechanical Engineering Department, Sebelas Maret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A Surakarta, Indonesia. Tel: 62-27-163-2163. E-mail: [email protected]
Received: December 5, 2011 Accepted: April 7, 2012 Online Published: May 1, 2012
doi:10.5539/mas.v6n5p34 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v6n5p34
The research is financed by the Ministry of Research and Technology of Indonesia and Indonesian Railway Industry
Abstract
This paper presents a comparative study on the fatigue strength of resistance spot-welded unequal and equal sheet thickness austenitic stainless steel. Lap joints of 3.0-1.0 mm and 1.0-1.0 mm thick austenitic stainless steel were made using the same resistance spot welding schedule with current, weld time and electrode force of 4.7 kA, 20 cycles and 6 kN respectively. The sinusoidal wave form with a constant stress amplitude was selected in the fatigue tests whereas the stress ratio and frequency used were 0.1 and 8 Hz respectively. Fatigue strength and tensile-shear load bearing capacity of 3.0-1.0 mm joint were higher than that of 1.0-1.0 mm joint, although its nugget diameter was smaller. The joint stiffness was the controlling factor of the fatigue strength of resistance spot-welded unequal sheet thickness austenitic stainless steel.
Keywords: resistance spot welding, unequal sheet thickness, fatigue, austenitic stainless steel
1. Introduction
Austenitic stainless steels are used for a very broad range of applications especially in automotive, railway vehicle, ship body, and airplane structures when an excellent combination of strength and corrosion resistance in aqueous solutions at ambient temperature is required. Stiffened thin plate construction where the thinner plate is reinforced by thicker plate called a frame, is generally applied to the structures. Gean et al. (1999) have claimed that it is a cost-effective way of achieving a high-performance vehicle structure because it remains suited to low-volume manufacture. This structure is typically joined by the resistance spot welding (RSW) process. The advantages of using RSW are that it is a quicker joining technique, suitable for automation, no filler material is required, and that the low heat input implies less risk for altered dimensions during welding.
Many standards and recommendations are developed by individual companies, such as Ford Motor Company and General Motors. Professional organizations such as the American Welding Society (AWS), Society of Automotive Engineering (SAE), the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) also contribute to a significant portion of the standards. Because of the drastic differences in design, understanding and perception of weld quality, automobile manufacturers and others tend to have very different requirements on weld quality. Zhang and Hongyan (2006) have concluded that in general, spot weld size is enveloped between 3√ and 6√ (t is the thickness of the sheets in millimeters). This recommendation is very useful in finding good weld schedules for equal sheet thickness welding. However, in automotive body application, the majority of welds are between two dissimilar thicknesses. In this case, schedules for welding unequal sheet thickness are generally developed by and practiced within individual manufacturers. Some researchers also have proposed the spot welding unequal sheet thickness researches to evaluate these recommendations. The joint of unequal thickness of the same metal may produce a strength problem due to the heat unbalance (Hasanbasoglu & Kacar, 2007) and have the unique failure mechanism (Pouranvari & Marashi, 2010).
Despite various applications of spot welded unequal thickness in automotive body, reports in the literature dealing with its mechanical behaviors, especially the fatigue behaviors are limited. In fact, Gean et al. (1999)
www.cc
Publish
have foand thuthe preweldin
2. Exp
2.1 Ma
Two ty3.0-1.0resistanin Tabl
Table 1
Mater
SUS3
Table 2
Mat
SUS3
A mobused wrecommcalled wcurrentdetermforce wthe actu
2.2 Me
The traprocedhydroc
The Vithe met
2.3 Ten
The teservo-hspecim
csenet.org/mas
hed by Canadian
ound that the sus fatigue cracesent work is ng austenitic sta
erimental Pro
aterials and We
ypes of austeni0 mm joint andnce spot weldile 1 and 2 resp
1. The chemica
rial C
304 0,0
2. The mechan
terial Yield
304
bile spot weldinwith the elecmendations, thwelding schedt possible with
mined welding were 4.7 kA, 2ual conditions
etallography an
ansverse sectidure. The micrchloric acid and
ickers microhatallographic sp
nsile-Shear Tes
ensile test of hydraulic SHI
men are illustrat
n Center of Scien
spot welded joicks are easily ito investigate ainless steel.
ocedure
Welding Process
tic stainless std the other is ing (RSW). Thectively.
al composition
Ni
076 8,183
nical properties
d Strength (MP
305
ng machine Wtrode diamete
he spot-weld nudule required tohout causing eschedule used
20 cycles and in the Indones
nd Microhardn
ons of weld prostructure of d 30 ml water.
ardness measurpecimens with
sts
base metal aIMADZU united in Figure 1
Figure 1
Moder
nce and Educati
int provides a initiated at thiand analyze f
ses
eel joints, one 1.0 mm and 1
he chemical co
n of test materi
Cr
18,107
s of test materi
Pa) Tensile
(M
6
WT-300SB equer of 25 mmugget diametero produce a weexpulsion bothd for making th6 kN respectivsian Railway I
ness Measurem
passing througf austenitic sta Microstructur
rements acrossh a load of 500
and tensile-shversal testing
1.
. Dimension o
rn Applied Scien
ion
localized conns location undfatigue behavi
is the joint be1.0 mm thick omposition and
ials, Wt-%
Mn
0,252 0
ials
e Strength
MPa)
670
uipment producm and a curv
r was selectedeld nugget sizeh in the 3.0-1.he test samplevely. FortunateIndustry.
ments
gh the weld nainless steel wre investigation
s the weld nugg.
hear tests of machine. Th
of tensile-shear
nce
nection which der fluctuating ior of the une
etween 3.0 mmjoint called 1.d mechanical p
P Si
0,031 0,38
Elongation (%
55
ced by Mitsubved surface rd between 3 ane was determin0 mm joints a
es including wely, this weldin
nugget were prwas revealed bns were carried
gget, HAZ, and
the spot-weldhe geometry a
r test specimen
Vol
it is a source oloading. Therqual sheet thi
m and 1.0 mm t.0-1.0 mm joinproperties of t
Cu
89 0,209
%) Electr
bishi Electric Cadius of 100
nd 10.4 mm. Thned. This was and 1.0-1.0 mmeld current, wng schedule w
repared by staby using 10 md out using an
d the base met
ded joint werand dimension
ns (in mm)
l. 6, No. 5; May
of stress concerefore, the objeckness resista
thick hereinaftnt, were lap joest materials a
Mo
0,486
rical Resistivit
(μΩ cm)
72
Corporation Ja0 mm. Based he welding pardone using them joints sampeld time and e
was in accordan
andard metalloml nitric acids
optical micros
tal were carrie
re performed ns of a typic
y 2012
35
entration, ective of
ance spot
ter called oined by are given
V
0,22
ty
apan was on the
rameters e highest ples. The electrode nce with
ographic s, 20 ml scopy.
ed out on
using a cal RSW
www.ccsenet.or
36
These samplesregion at the corder to provid
2.4 Fatigue Te
The fatigue teSHIMADZU spot-welded te
These sampleto provide symends of the spratio and frequuntil fracture Applied force
3. Results and
The weld prof
Figure 3. W
It can be seenBecause of thgenerated in t
rg/mas
s were similar center of the asde a tensile-sh
ests
ests were perfotesting machinest samples we
s were similarmmetry and topecimen. A sinuency used weoccurred or torange and num
d Discussion
file of 3.0-1.0 m
Weld profile of
n from Figure he unbalanced the thicker pla
to the samplessembly represhear loading co
formed at roomne with a softwere made accor
Figure 2. Dim
r to the sampleo prevent a monusoidal waveere 0.1 and 8 H
o a maximum 2mber of cycles
mm joint is sh
f 3.0-1.0 mm th
3(a) that the heat resulting
ate (Hasanbaso
Modern Appli
s used in a wosents the nuggeondition, 38 mm
m temperature ware package srding to the Fr
mension of fat
es used in a wooment being ape input with a Hz respectivel2x106 cycles. Ss to failure wer
hown in Figure
hick joints (a)
nugget is asymg from unequaloglu & Kacar,
ied Science
ork which was et. The overlapm long shims w
in laboratory specifically desrench standard
tigue test speci
ork which waspplied at the wconstant load
ly. Specimens Specimens thare recorded and
e 3.
macrograph (b
mmetric wherel thickness of 2007). Heat l
ISS
carried out byp is equal to thwere attached
conditions ussigned for runn
d A03-405 as sh
imens (in mm)
s carried out byweld, 60mm lo
amplitude wawere exposed
at survived 2x1d S-N curves f
b) nugget corn
e its centre leathe joined maloss in thicker
Vol. 6, No.
SSN 1913-1844
y Gean et al. (1he width of theat both ends o
sing a 40 kN sning fatigue tehown in Figure
)
y Gean et al. (ong shims weras selected whd to a constant 106 cycles are for the joints w
ner (c) nugget (
ans to the thicaterials, more tr plate is smal
5; May 2012
E-ISSN 1913-185
1999). The dare metal sheet. Iof the specimen
servo-hydrauliests. The double 2.
(1999). In ordere glued at bothereas the stres
load amplitudcalled run out
were obtained.
(d) interface
cker workpiecethermal will bller than that i
52
rk In n.
ic le
er th ss de s.
e. be in
www.cc
Publish
thinnerplate. Fsurfacethickne(Wang be elonnon-un3(d) shaffecte
Differespot wseparatinterfac
Figu
In addimm joiwere aprimarimateriathickne
The ha
Figu
csenet.org/mas
hed by Canadian
r plate. This coFurther evaluae indentation wess causes theet al., 2010). T
ngated paralleniform manner hows interfaced zone (HAZ)
ent from the melded equal shtion, nugget mce of nugget an
ure 4. Weld pro
ition, accordinints were spotlso the same, hily attributed tals were foundess (Zhang & H
ardness profiles
ure 5. Microhar
n Center of Scien
ondition causesation of Figurewas very sligh
e edge of sheeThe microstruel to irregularr from all the se microstructu.
microstructure heet thickness
microstructure nd base metal
ofile of 1.0-1.0
ng to the macrot welded usinghowever that ato the asymmetd to be much hHongyan, 2006
s of weld nugg
rdness distribu
Moder
nce and Educati
s penetration ie 3(a) shows tht. The asymmets warp to thecture of weld nr direction as ides of the sur
ure where the
of spot weldeaustenitic staihas regular diras seen in Figu
0 mm thick joi
oscopic examing the same weat the joint inttry nugget of 3higher than a m6). Therefore,
get, HAZ (heat
ution of the spo
rn Applied Scien
ion
s almost 100%that separationmetry of tempe thinner sheenugget has a cshown in Fig
rrounding solidbase metal an
d unequal sheinless steel shorection and wure 4.
ints: (a) macro
nation (Figureelding scheduleerface were 8.3.0-1.0 mm joiminimum nuggthe weld nugg
t affected zone
ot welded equa
nce
% on the thicken of the sheetsperature field det and makes tcolumnar strucgure 3(c). It d, in both the end the nugget
eet thicknessesows that the nuide heat affect
ograph (b) nugg
e 3 and Figuree, the nugget .3 mm and 8.9int. The measuget diameter o
get sizes of all
e), and the base
al and unequal
Vol
er plate and vers is about 20 distribution inthe sheet sepature in which tshows that so
electrode and sare separated
, the microstruugget is symmted zone (HAZ
get corner (c) n
4) when the 3diameter at ce
9 mm respectivured weld nuggof the 3-6 timewelded materi
e metal are sho
thickness aust
l. 6, No. 5; May
ry slight on themm (Figure 3
n spot welded aration is highthe grains are olidification osheet directionsd by very narr
ucture investigmetry, there is Z) band appea
nugget (d) inte
.0-1.0 mm andenter of total thvely. This diffeget sizes for ales the root of tials were accep
own in Figure
tenitic stainles
y 2012
37
e thinner 3(b)) and
unequal h enough found to
occurs in s. Figure row heat
gation of no sheet
ars at the
erface
d 1.0-1.0 hickness erence is l welded the sheet ptable.
5.
ss steel
j
www.ccsenet.or
38
The hardness The highest hHowever, hardjoint because ocarbon, mangathe carbon conbeen used in hardness of thmicrostructure
Interesting phhardness comhardness. ThisHardness prof
In order to destudy, the tenstainless steel
As can be see1.0-1.0 mm joThis result difOzyurek (200welded joint.
It seems that stiffness. As krotation of the
Figure 7. Defo
When there w
rg/mas
of nugget for bhardness value dness of the nuof the chemicaanese that affentent exceeds this study had
he thinner sheee.
henomenon occmpared to base
s could be attrfile of thin she
etermine the lonsile shear loaare compared
Figure
en from Figureoint even thouffers from the
08). They foun
the enhancemknown when te joint. Figure
ormation mech
was certain amo
both 3.0-1.0 mof weld nugg
ugget of 3.0-1al compositionects the hardenabout 0.08% (d less than thet of the 3.0-1.
curs in a thin se metal unlessributed to the et was more in
oad range on thad bearing ca and results ar
e 6. Tensile she
e 6, the tensileugh its nugget results obtaine
nd that increas
ment in tensile tensile load wa7 shows the de
hanism of lap j
ount of rotation
Modern Appli
mm and 1.0-1.0gets was over 2.0 mm joint di
n of base metalnability. Spot w(AWS, 1982; O
hat of percent 0 mm joint co
sheet of the 3.s the nugget easymmetric nu
nfluenced by st
he fatigue testapacity of spoe given graphi
ear load bearin
e shear load bediameter at th
ed from a woring of the nug
shearing load as applied in aeformation me
joint during loload distributi
n, the tensile s
ied Science
0 mm joint was250 HV 0.5 wid not show mls in which the
welds in thin shOzyurek, 2008carbon. In ad
ompared to bas
0-1.0 mm joinedge in whichugget that occtrain hardening
ts, the strengthot welded equically in Figure
ng capacity of
earing capacityhe joint interfark which was cgget diameter
bearing capaca lap joint, theechanism of lap
ading, (a) low on in a lap join
stress called pe
ISS
s found to be hwhich was obs
many differenceere is not so muheet can have r8). As seen in ddition, there wse metal becau
nt where there h its hardness curred on the ug due to electr
h of weldmentual and uneque 6.
spot welded m
y of 3.0-1.0 mface is smaller carried out by increased tens
city of 3.0-1.0e eccentricity op joint during
load level, (b)nt
eeling stress (i
Vol. 6, No.
SSN 1913-1844
higher than thaerved on the e
es compared touch alloying elrelatively highTable 1, base was no signifiuse there was n
was no signifvalue was sim
unequal sheet rode indentatio
t was also deteual sheet thick
materials
mm joint is highand it fail onVural and Ak
sile-shear stren
0 mm joint is aof the load paloading.
) plastic hinges
.e. the normal
5; May 2012
E-ISSN 1913-185
at of base metaedge of nuggeo that of 1.0-1.lements such a
h hardness whemetals that haicant change ino change in it
ficant change imilar to nuggethickness join
on.
ermined. In thikness austeniti
her than that on the thin sheekkus (2004) anngth of the spo
attributed to itath resulted in
s, (c) schemati
stress acting i
52
al. et. .0 as en ad in ts
in et
nt.
is ic
of et. nd ot
ts a
ic
in
www.cc
Publish
the throdeformat the peeling
Since ltest (Nbearing
The S-N
F
All datfatiguethan 1.was 0.7
Nordbehave bcalcula
where range-chigher
csenet.org/mas
hed by Canadian
ough-thicknesmation in sheet
nugget circumg stress of 3.0-
Figure 8. The
load bearing cNordberg, 2006g capacity than
N curves, the r
Figure 9. Comp
ta points belone life of the spe0-1.0 mm join7 kN.
erg (2006) hasbeen analyzed.ated as follows
t1 > t2. The Scycle relation and increasing
n Center of Scien
ss direction of thickness dire
mference (Nor1.0 mm joint w
(a) fracture mode
capacity of spo6) this mechan 1.0-1.0 mm j
results of fatig
parison of fatig
nged to a meanecimens increants. The endur
s proposed a l Line load is
s:
S-N curve in as seen in Fig
g to much high
Moder
nce and Educati
the joint, expection. Increasrdberg, 2006).was smaller th
e of tensile she
ot welds undernism can expoint.
ue test of the s
gue strength of
n value of threeases as expecteance limit of 3
line load meththe load divid
e (
Figure 9 wilgure 10. At hiher at lower loa
rn Applied Scien
ion
ressed as P sining of the join. Due to the an that of 1.0-
ear test sample
r coach-peel teplain why 3.0-
spot welded jo
f 3.0-1.0 mm a
e tests. As showed. The 3.0-1.03.0-1.0 mm joi
hod when fatigded by the wi
3214 t 3 )
ll has slightlyigh loads fatigads than that o
nce
n θ) formed arnt rotation incrhigher stiffne1.0 mm joint a
s: (a) 3.0-1.0 m
est is much lo-1.0 mm joint
ints are presen
and 1.0-1.0 mm
wn in Figure 90 mm joints exints was 2.9 kN
gue data of disidth of the joi
1
2
t
t
y different patgue strength oof the 1.0-1.0 m
Vol
round the nugeased peeling ss, joint rotatias shown in Fi
(b) mm joint (b) 1
ower than that t has a higher
nted in Figure 9
m joint based o
9, while the loaxhibited much hN whereas tha
scontinuous joint, and the w
ttern if it is dof the 3.0-1.0 mmm joint.
l. 6, No. 5; May
gget and causestress that led ion and consegure 8.
.0-1.0 mm join
of under tensr tensile shear
9.
on the load ran
ad range decrehigher fatigue
at of 1.0-1.0 m
oints like spot width of the jo
displayed in lmm joint was
y 2012
39
d plastic necking
equently,
nt
ile-shear ring load
nge
eases, the strength
mm joints
welding int, e, is
(1)
ine load s slightly
www.ccsenet.or
40
Figure 10.
Similar to tenalso attributed3.0-1.0 mm jooccurred just Consequently,initiated on bostarted in the b
After initiatiopropagating thin Figure 12(acircumferencebehavior is siKhanna, 2007
Figu
rg/mas
Comparison o
nsile shearing ld to its stiffnesoint can be uson thin sheet
, crack of 3.0-oth sheet side base metal adj
(a)
Figure 1
on, the crack hrough the wida). Different fre due to high imilar to fractu7).
ure 12. The frac
of fatigue stren
load bearing css. The explansed to explaint and it was s-1.0 mm joint as shown in Facent to the HA
1. Initial crack
propagation dth of the thin rom fracture of
peel stress anure of coach p
(a) cture mode of
Modern Appli
ngth of 3.0-1.0
capacity, the enation of the e that in fatigusmaller than tinitiated just
igure 11. For bAZ area.
k location: (a)
of 3.0-1.0 mmsheet. Finally
f 3.0-1.0 mm jnd led to the peel samples
fatigue test sam
ied Science
mm and 1.0-1
enhancement inenhancement inue strength. Duthat of 1.0-1.0on the thin shboth 3.0-1.0 m
(b)
3.0-1.0 mm jo
m joint occury, this mechanioint, cracks ofpull out fractuat high load t
mples: (a) 3.0-
ISS
.0 mm joint ba
n fatigue strenn tensile shearue to the high0 mm joint wheet side wher
mm and 1.0-1.0
oint (b) 1.0-1.0
rred through tism led to the tf 1.0-1.0 mm jure mode as that reported i
(b)-1.0 mm joint
Vol. 6, No.
SSN 1913-1844
ased on the lin
ngth of 3.0-1.0ring load bear
her stiffness, rwhich rotated oreas that of 1.0 mm joint spe
mm joint
the thickness tearing fracturoint propagateshown in Figuin a previous
(b) 1.0-1.0 mm
5; May 2012
E-ISSN 1913-185
ne load range
0 mm joint waring capacity orotation of joinon both sheet0-1.0 mm joinecimens, crack
and continuere mode as seeed at the nuggeure 12(b). Thistudy (Long &
m joint
52
as of nt s. nt ks
ed en et is &
www.ccsenet.org/mas Modern Applied Science Vol. 6, No. 5; May 2012
Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education 41
Given SEM views in Figure 13 and Figure 14 are the comparison of the last fracture surfaces of the 3.0-1.0 mm and 1.0-1.0 mm joint specimens which were subjected to same load of 3.4 kN. As seen in Figure 13(a), crack of 3.0-1.0 mm joint initiated on the inside of thin sheet. On the more half of thickness, it propagated slowly due to low peel stress and induced ductile fracture characterized by intergranular cracking. Ductile fracture changed to brittle fracture characterized by transgranular cracking on the remaining thickness due to increased peel stress. The embrittlement of stainless steel was attributed to strain-induced martensite forming during the fatigue tests (Vural et al., 2006). Different view was given by fracture surface of 1.0-1.0 mm joint specimen as shown in Figure 13(b). It displayed brittle fracture characterized by transgranular cracking on the entire thickness due to high peel stress.
(a) (b) Figure 13. Initial crack of fatigue test samples: (a) 3.0-1.0 mm joint (b) 1.0-1.0 mm joint
(a) (b) Figure 14. Crack propagation zone: (a) 3.0-1.0 mm joint (b) 1.0-1.0 mm joint
On the crack propagation zone, brittle fracture characterized by transgranular cracking was observed on both 3.0-1.0 mm and 1.0-1.0 mm joint specimens. They displayed wave of plastic deformation as shown in Figure 14. However, plastic deformation intensity of 1.0-1.0 mm joint was higher than that of 3.0-1.0 mm joint. It was indicated by the number of waves in the same observation area as seen in Figure 14.
4. Conclusions
Fatigue of resistance spot welded unequal sheet thickness austenitic stainless steel has been studied. Due to significant thickness difference, the asymmetric weld nugget, high microhardness on the edge of nugget and tearing fatigue fracture mode were observed. The fatigue strength of 3.0-1.0 mm joint was higher than that of 1.0-1.0 mm joint, although its nugget diameter was smaller. The endurance limit of 3.0-1.0 mm and 1.0-1.0 mm joint were 2.9 kN and 0.7 kN respectively. Ductile and brittle fractures were observed on 3.0-1.0 mm fatigue specimens whereas 1.0-1.0 mm fatigue specimens failed to fully brittle fracture mode. The joint stiffness was the controlling factor of the fatigue strength of resistance spot-welded unequal sheet thickness austenitic stainless
www.ccsenet.org/mas Modern Applied Science Vol. 6, No. 5; May 2012
ISSN 1913-1844 E-ISSN 1913-1852 42
steel.
5. Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude for the financial support of the Ministry of Research and Technology of Indonesia and Indonesian Railway Industry.
References
American Welding Society. (1982). Metals and their weldabilty, Welding handbook(7th ed.), 4. United States of America.
Gean, A., Westgate, S. A., Kucza, J. C., & Ehrstrom, J. C. (1999). Static and Fatigue Behavior of Spot Welded 5182-0 Aluminium Alloy Sheet. Welding Journal, 78(3), 80s-86s.
Hasanbasoglu, A., & Kacar, R. (2007). Resistance Spot Weldability of Dissimilar Materials (AISI 316L-DIN EN 10130-99 Steels). Material and Design, 28, 1794-1800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2006.05.013
Long, X., & Khanna, S. K. (2007). Fatigue properties and failure characterization of spot welded high strength steel sheet. International Journal of Fatigue, 29, 879-886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2006.08.003
Nordberg, H. (2006). Fatigue Properties of Stainless Steel Lap Joints. SAE Transactions: Journal of Materials & Manufacturing, 114, 675s-690s.
Ozyurek, D. (2008). An effect of weld current and weld atmosphere on the resistance spot weldability of 304L austenitic stainless steel. Materials and Design, 29, 597-603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2007.03.008
Pouranvari, M., & Marashi, P. (2010). Resistance Spot Welding of Unequal Thickness Low Carbon Steel Sheet. Advanced Materials Research, 83, 1205-1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.83-86.1205
Vural, M., & Akkus, A. (2004). On the resistance spot weldability of galvanized interstitial free steel sheets with austenitic stainless steel sheets. J. Mater. Proc. Technol., 153-154, 1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.04.063
Vural, M., Akkuş A., & Eryürek, B. (2006). Effect of Welding Nugget Diameter on The Fatigue Strength of The Resistance Spot Welded Joints of Different Steel Sheets. J. Mater. Proc. Technol., 176(1-3), 127-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.02.026
Wang, Y., Zhang, P., Wu Y., & Hou, Z. (2010). Analysis of the Welding Deformation of Resistance Spot Welding for Sheet Metal with Unequal Thickness. Journal of Solid Mechanics and Material Engineering, 4, 1214-1222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmmp.4.1214
Zhang, H. Y., & Senkara, J. (2006). Resistance welding: fundamentals and applications. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis Group.
Copyright of Modern Applied Science is the property of Canadian Center of Science & Education and its
content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's
express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.