Download - Fiber Optics Technology An Overview
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Dr. BC Choudhary, Professor
National Institute of Technical Teachers’ Training & Research (NITTTR), Sector-26, Chandigarh
Fiber Optics Technology
An Overview
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CONTENT OUTLINES
What is Fiber Optic Technology?
Why Optical Transmission?
Why Optical Fibers?
OFC Systems & Potential
Fiber Optics Sensing & Medical Applns
* * *
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What is Fiber Optic Technology?
• Fiber Optic Technology uses light as the primary medium to carry information.
• The light often is guided through optical fibers.
• Most applications use invisible (infrared) light; LEDs or LDs
Also called Lightwave Technology
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Why Fiber Optic Technology?
• A phenomenal increase in voice, data
and video communication - demands for
larger capacity and more economical
communication systems.
• Lightwave Technology : Technological
route for achieving this goal
Most cost-effective way to move huge amounts of information (voice, video, data) quickly and reliably.
During past three decades, remarkable and dramatic changes
took place in the electronic communication industry.
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Why Optical Transmission ?
Capacity ! Capacity ! and More Capacity !
A technical revolution in Communication Industry to explore for
large capacity, high quality and economical systems for
communication at Global level.
Radio-waves and Trrestrial Microwave systems have long
since reached their capacity
Satellite Communication Systems can provide, at best, only a
temporary relief to the ever-increasing global demand.
extremely high initial cost of launching
geometry of suitable orbits,
available microwave frequency allocations and
if needed repair is nearly impossible
Next option: Optical Communication Systems !
Optical Frequencies
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Optical Region
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Potential of Optical Transmission ?
The information carrying capacity of a communications system is
directly proportional to its bandwidth;
Wider the bandwidth, greater the information carrying capacity.
• Theoretically; BW is 10% of the carrier frequency
Communication System with light as the carrier of information A great deal of attention.
Signal Carrier Bandwidth
VHF Radio system; 100 MHz. 10 MHz
Microwave system; 6 GHz 0.6 GHz.
Lightwave system; 106 GHz 105 GHz.
A system with light as carriers has an Excessive bandwidth (more than100,000 times than achieved with microwave frequencies)
meet the today’s communication needs or that of the foreseeable future
C = BW×log2(1+SNR)
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Major Difficulties
Transmission of light wave for any useful distance through earth’s
atmosphere Impractical : Attenuation and Absorption of ultra high light
frequencies by water vapors, oxygen and air particulate.
The only practical type of optical communication system that uses a
fiber guide.
Optical Fiber ?
A strand of glass or plastic material
with special optical properties, which
enable light to travel a large distance
down its length.
Powerful & Intense Optical Sources
Invention of LASER (1960) and low loss Optical Fiber Wave
guides (1970) – An edge toward making the dream of carrying
huge amount of information, a reality.
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Dr. N. S. Kapany
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Fiber Optics Timeline
• 1951: Light transmission through bundles of fibers- flexible fibrescope used in medical field.
• 1957 : First fiber-optic endoscope tested on a patient.
• 1960 : Invention of Laser (development, T Maiman)
• 1966: Charles Kao et al; proposed cladded fiber cables with lower losses as a communication medium.
• 1970: (Corning Glass, NY) developed fibers with losses below 20 dB/km.
• 1972: First Semiconductor diode laser was developed
• 1977: GT&E in Los Angeles and AT&T in Chicago send live telephone signals through fiber optics (850nm, MMF, 6 Mbps, 9km ) -World’s first FO link
• 1980s: 2nd generation systems; 1300nm, SM, 0.5 dB/km, O-E-O
3rd generation systems; 1550nm, SM, 0.2 dB/km, EDFA, 5Gb/s
• 1990s : Bell Labs sends 10 Billion bits through 20,000 km of fibers using a Soliton system & WDM Techniques.
• 2000s : NTT, Bell Labs and Fujitsu are able to send Trillion bits per secondthrough single optical fiber All optical networks.
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The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009
Charles K. Kao
(b. 1933 Shanghai, China)
1/2 of the prize
Standard Telecommunication Laboratories,
Harlow, UK;
Chinese University of Hong Kong,
Hong Kong, China
"For ground breaking achievements
concerning the transmission of light in
fibers for optical communication"
"For the invention of an imaging
semiconductor circuit – the CCD
sensor"
Willard S. Boyle George E. Smith
b. 1924 b. 1930
1/4 of the prize 1/4 of the prize
Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ, USA
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Basic Fiber Optic Link
TRANSMITTER
DRIVERLIGHT
SOURCE
Converts Electrical signal to light
Driver modifies the information
into a suitable form for conversion
into light
Source is LED or Laser diode
whose output is modulated.
OPTICAL FIBER
MEDIUM FOR CARRYING LIGHT
DETECTOR
RECIEVER
Detector accepts light, converts
it back to electrical signal.
Detector is PIN diode or APD
Elect. Signal is demodulated to
separate out the information
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Fiber-Optic System Devices
• Transmitter (Laser diode or LED).
• Fiber-Optic Cable.
• Receiver (PIN or APD).
Backbone of an OFC System : OPTICAL FIBER
acts as transmission channel for carrying light beam
loaded with information
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Transmit data as light pulses (first converting electronic signals
to light pulses then finally
converting back to electronic
signals)
Optical Fiber as Transmission Medium
Light propagate by means of Total Internal Reflection (TIR)
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Structure of Optical Fiber
A dielectric core (Doped Silica) of high refractive index
surrounded by a lower refractive index cladding.
Basic Structure of a Step-Index Optical Fiber• Single mode: 5-10 m
• Multimode: 50/62.5 m
NECESSARY CONDITION FOR TIR: n1 > n2
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• 1970, First Optical
Fiber: Losses 20 dB/km
at 633nm
• 1977, losses reduced to
5dB/km at 850nm
• 1980s, Losses reduced to
0.2 dB/km at 1550 nm
Transmission Loss in Optical Glass
Dramatic reduction in transmission loss in
optical glass
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Communication Channel Capacity
Communication
Medium
Carrier
Frequency
Bandwidth 2 way voice
Channels
Copper Cable
Coaxial Cable
Optical Fiber
Cables
1 MHz
100 MHz
100 –1000 THz
100 kHz
10 MHz
40 THz
< 2000
13,000
>3,00,000 or
90,000 Video
signals
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ATTENUATION
Attenuation is signal loss over distance Light pulses loose their energy
and amplitude falls as they travel down the cable.
Attenuation puts distance limitations on long- haul networks.
TWO MAJOR COMMUNICATION ISSUES
DISPERSION
Dispersion is the broadening of a light pulse as it travels down the cable.
• Intermodal (Modal) dispersion
• Intramodal (Chromatic) dispersion : (Material & Waveguide )
Puts data rate limitation on networks
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Fiber Attenuation
Attenuation in Silica Optical Fibers
4dB/km at 850 nm
0.5 dB/km at 1310 nm
0.2 dB/km at 1550 nm
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Fiber Dispersion
Dispersion is
minimum in SMFs
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Step Index / Graded Index
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Wavelengths of Operation
Attenuation in Silica Fibers
900 1100 1300 1500 1700
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Att
en
ua
tio
n (
dB
/km
)
Wavelength (nm)
“ Optical
Windows”2 3
1
850 nm 1310 nm 1550 nm
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OPTICAL SOURCES
LEDS (GaAlAs)
• 850 nm, 1310 nm
• Low cost easy to use
• Used for multimode fibers
• Special “edge-emitting “ LEDs for SMFs
Laser Diodes (InGaAsP, InGaAsSb)
• 850nm, 1310nm, 1550nm
• Very high power output
• Very high speed operation
• Very expensive
• Need specialized power supply and circuitry
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OPTICAL DETECTORS
PIN Diodes (Si, Ge, InGaAs)
• 850nm, 1310nm, 1550 nm
• Low cost
APDs (Avalanche Photodiodes, GaAlAs)
• 850nm, 1310nm, 1550 nm
• High sensitivity- can operate at very low power levels
• Expensive
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Advantages of Optical Fiber
Wide Bandwidth: Extremely high information carrying
capacity (~GHz)
3,00,000 voice channels on a pair of fiber
Voice/Data/Video Integrated Service
2.5 Gb/s systems from NTT ,Japan; 5 Gb/s System Siemens
Low loss : Information can be sent over a large distance. Losses ~ 0.2 dB/km
Repeater spacing >100 km with bit rates in Gb/s
Interference Free Immune to Electromagnetic interference: No cross talk between fibers
Can be used in harsh or noisy environments
Higher security : No radiations, Difficult to tap Attractive for Defense, Intelligence and Banks Netwroks
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Compact & light weight
Smaller size : Fiber thinner than human hair
Can easily replace 1000 pair copper cable of 10 cm dia.
Fiber weighs 28gm/km; considerably lighter than copper
Light weight cable
Environmental Immunity/Greater safety
Dielectric- No current, No short circuits –Extremely safe for hazardous environments; attractive for oil & petrochemicals
Not prone to lightning
Wide temperature range
Long life > 30 years
Abundant Raw Material : Optical fibers made from Silica (Sand)
Not a scarce resource in comparison to copper.
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Some Practical Disadvantages
Optical fibers are relatively expensive.
Connectors very expensive: Due to high degree of precision involved
Connector installation is time consuming and highly skilled operation
Jointing (Splicing) of fibers requires expensive equipment and skilled operators
Connector and joints are relatively lossy.
Difficult to tap in and out (for bus architectures) - need expensive couplers
Relatively careful handling required
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OFC- Systems
Firstly installed Systems: operating at 1310 nm
• Low loss; minimum pulse broadening
• Transmission rate 2-10 Gb/s
• Regeneration of Signal after every 30-60 km
Conversion of O-E-O signal
Future OFC Systems: 1550 nm Wavelength band
• Silica has lowest loss, increased dispersion
• Design of Dispersion Shifted Fibers
Lowest loss and Negligible dispersion
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)
Direct amplification of optical signal
Flat gain around 1550nm low loss window
BW 12,500 GHz ; Enormous potential
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EDFA
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
Direct amplification of optical signal
Flat gain around 1550nm low loss window
BW 12,500 GHz ; Enormous potential
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Increasing Network Capacity Options
Faster Electronics
(TDM)
Higher bit rate, same fiber
Electronics more expensive
More Fibers
(SDM)
Same bit rate, more fibers
Slow Time to Market
Expensive Engineering
Limited Rights of Way
Duct Exhaust
W
D
M
Same fiber & bit rate, more ls
Fiber Compatibility
Fiber Capacity Release
Fast Time to Market
Lower Cost of Ownership
Utilizes existing TDM Equipment
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Future OFC- Systems
Coincidence of low-loss window & wide-BW EDFA
Possibilities of WDM Communication Systems
Capable of carrying enormous rates of information
Typical WDM network containing various types of optical amplifiers.
Examples: 1.1 Tb/s over 150 km ; 55 wavelengths WDM
2.6 Tb/s over 120 km ; 132 wavelengths WDM
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All-Optical Network
(Terabits Petabits)
TDM DWDM
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Ba
nd
wid
th
8l @OC-48
4l @OC-192
4l @OC-48
2l @OC-48
2l @1.2Gb/s
(1310 nm, 1550 nm)
10 Gb/s
2.4 Gb/s1.2 Gb/s565 Mb/s
1.8 Gb/s810 Mb/s405 Mb/s
Enablers
EDFA + Raman Amplifier
Dense WDM/Filter
High Speed Opto-electronics
Advanced Fiber
1982
1984
1988
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
1990
1986
1992
16l @OC-192
40 Gb/s
32l @OC-192
176l @OC-192
2004
2006
TDM (Gb/s)
EDFA
EDFA +
Raman Amplifier
80l @ 40Gb/s
Bandwidth Evolutionary Landmarks
• Fiber is deployed at a rate of 2000 miles every hour
Optical Fiber
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Bands in Light Spectrum
700 13001100900 1700 nm1500
Visible Infrared
“E” Band ~ 1370 - 1440 nm
“S” Band ~ 1470 - 1500 nm
“C” Band ~ 1530 - 1565 nm
“L” Band ~ 1570 - 1610 nm
“O” Band ~ 1270-1350 nm
Approximate Attenuation
of Single Mode fiber cable
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Fiber Optics Communication
Expressway
• CISCO raising the speed limit
• LUCENT adding more lanes
• NORTEL providing faster transport
equipments
Lightwave Communication Systems Employing DWDM,
EDFA and Soliton pulses
“ZERO LOSS & NEAR INFINITE BANDWIDTH”
Provide with a network capable of handling almost
all information needs of the society.
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Next Step is FTTx?
FTTH: fiber to the home
FTTP: fiber to the premises
FTTC: fiber to the curb
FTTN: Fiber to the node
FTTx: for those who can’t decide what to call it or are referring to all varieties!
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Fiber-To-The-Premises (FTTP)
Optical
Amplifier
Optical Fiber
ONT
DWDM
Coupler1490nm
1310nm
1550nm
Video
OLT
Splitter
1490nm
1310nm
1550nm
Cable
Tx
Tx
Rx
Tx
RxRx
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Optical Fiber Platform
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Lightwave Technology: Application Areas
Majority Applications:
– Telephone networks
– Data communication systems
– Cable TV distribution
Niche Applications:
– Optical sensors
– Medical equipment
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Fiber Optic Sensors
An offshoot of fiber optic communication research
Realization of high sensitivity of optical fibers to external
perturbations (phase modulation, micro bending loss in
cabling, modal noise etc) and its exploitation for
development of sensors. (An Alternate School of Thought,
1975)
High sensitivity of fibers due to long interaction length of
light with the physical variable
FO Sensors: A Boon in Disguise
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FIBER OPTIC SENSORS?
Dictionary: any device in which variations in the transmitted
power or the rate of transmission of light in optical fiber are
the means of measurement or control
To measure physical parameters such as strain, temperature,
pressure, velocity, and acceleration etc.
Optical fibers: strands of glass that transmit light over long
distances (wire in electrical systems)
Light: transmitted by continuous internal reflections in optical
fibers (electron in electrical systems)
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Light Wave Parameters
1. Amplitude / Intensity
2. Phase
3. Wavelength
4. Polarization
5. Time / Frequency
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Supporting Technology
Kapron (1970) demonstrated that the attenuation of light in fused silica fiber was low enough that long transmission links were possible
Procedure in Fiber optic sensor systems:
Transmit light from a light source along an optical fiber to a sensor, which sense only the change of a desired environmental parameter.
The sensor modulates the characteristics (intensity, wave length, amplitude, phase) of the light.
The modulated light is transmitted from the sensor to the signal processor and converted into a signal that is processed in the control system.
The properties of light involved in fiber optic sensors: reflection, refraction, interference and grating
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Type of Fiber Optic Sensors
Fiber optic sensors can be divided by:
Places where sensing happens
Extrinsic or Hybrid fiber optic sensors
Intrinsic or All-Fiber fiber optic sensors
Characteristics of light modulated by environmental effect
Intensity-based fiber optic sensors
Spectrally-based fiber optic sensors
Interferometeric fiber optic sensors
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Extrinsic or Hybrid Fiber Optic Sensors
Consist of optical fibers that lead up to and out of a “black
box” that modulates the light beam passing through it in
response to an environmental effect.
Sensing takes place in a region outside the fiber.
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Intrinsic or All-Fiber Optic Sensors
Sensing takes place within the fiber itself.
The sensors rely on the properties of the optical fiber itself
to convert an environmental action into a modulation of
the light beam passing through it.
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Fiber Optic Sensor Capabilities
• Rotation, acceleration
• Electric and magnetic fields
• Temperature and pressure
• Acoustics and vibration
• Strain, humidity, and viscosity
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ADVANTAGES
Immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio
frequency interference (RFI)
All-passive dielectric characteristic: elimination of conductive
paths in high-voltage environments
Inherent safety and suitability for extreme vibration and
explosive environments
Tolerant of high temperatures (>1450 oC) and corrosive
environments
Light weight, and small size
High sensitivity
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Fiber Optic Sensors Historical Trends
Few, high-priced
components, laser
diodes, microoptics
Low-cost basic
components, laser
diodes pigtailed, fiber
beamsplitters
Low-cost complex
components, mass
produced integrated
optics
Niche markets - RF
temperature
Mass markets emerge -
fiber gyros, medical, lab
instruments,
manufacturing
Fiber optic systems -
fiber optic smart
structures, industrial
systems
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Fiber Optic Sensors What’s Next?
Fiber optic health and
structural monitoring
systems on about 100
bridges, aerospace
SHM technology
moves toward level 6
Hundreds of civil
structure installations,
aerospace fiber optic
SHM moves to level 8
and 9 with initial
deployments
Fiber optic SHM
systems are mandated
on new civil and
aerospace structures
Oil and gas
deployments start to
appear
Hundreds of oil and gas
wells uses downhole fiber
optic sensor systems,
platforms begin to use
fiber optic SHM systems
Thousands of systems
are deployed for many
high value oil and gas
wells, fiber optic SHM
mandated on some oil
platforms
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Basic Elements of a Fiber Optic Sensor
Light source
Beam conditioning
optics
Transducer
Modulator
Detector
Optical Fiber
Optical fiber
Light sources
Beam conditioning optics
Modulators
Detectors
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What Does F.O.S. Look Like?
Various Fiber Optic Sensors
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GENERAL USES
Measurement of physical properties such as strain,
displacement, temperature, pressure, velocity, and acceleration
in structures of any shape or size
Monitoring the physical health of structures in real time
Damage detection
Used in multifunctional structures, in which a combination of
smart materials, actuators and sensors work together to
produce specific action
“Any environmental effect that can be conceived of can be
converted to an optical signal to be interpreted,”
Eric Udd, Fiber Optic Sensors,
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Monitoring in Structural Engineering
Buildings and Bridges: concrete monitoring during setting, crack (length, propagation speed) monitoring, prestressing monitoring, spatial displacement measurement, neutral axis evolution, long-term deformation (creep and shrinkage) monitoring, concrete-steel interaction, and post-seismic damage evaluation
Tunnels: multipoint optical extensometers, convergence monitoring, shotcrete / prefabricated vaults evaluation, and joints monitoring Damage detection
Dams: foundation monitoring, joint expansion monitoring, spatial displacement measurement, leakage monitoring, and distributed temperature monitoring
Heritage structures: displacement monitoring, crack opening analysis, post-seismic damage evaluation, restoration monitoring, and old-new interaction
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General Purpose FOS
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Fly by Light System
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Fly by Light System-Airframe
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Fly by Light System-Engine
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MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
Small, Flexible
Non Toxic
Chemically Inert
Intrinsically Safe
Low Maintenance
Ease of Use
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Fibers are Everywhere
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THANK YOU