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Fig. 15-00
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Fig. 15-01a
Precambrian
Common ancestor toall present-day life
Origin ofEarth
Earth cool enoughfor crust to solidify
Oldest prokaryotic fossils
Atmospheric oxygenbegins to appear dueto photosyntheticprokaryotes
Millions of years ago4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500
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Fig. 15-01b
Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic
Bacteria
Archaea
Plants
Fungi
Animals
Pro
ka
ryote
sE
uk
ary
ote
s
Pro
tists
Oldest eukaryoticfossils
Origin ofmulticellularorganisms
Oldestanimalfossils
Plants andsymbiotic fungicolonize land
Extinction ofdinosaurs
First humans
Millions of years ago
Cambrianexplosion
2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0
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Fig. 15-02Humans
Origin of solarsystem and Earth
1 4
0
2 3
Present
Animals
Colonizof land
ation
Mu
lti
euka
r
cellu
lar
yotes
Sing
euka
r
cel
yote
s
le-
led
Atmo
oxyspheric gen
Bilarsons of
ago
yeli ka
ryo
tes
Pro
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Fig. 15-03
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Fig. 15-04
Stanley Miller re-creatinghis 1953 experiment
Miller and Urey’s experiment
“Sea”
H2O
Sample forchemical analysis
Cooled watercontaining organicmolecules
Cold water
Condenser
Electrode
“Atmosphere”
Water vaporCH4
NH3 H2
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Fig. 15-04a
Stanley Miller re-creating his1953 experiment
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Fig. 15-04b
Miller and Urey’s experiment
“Sea”
H2O
Sample forchemical analysis
Cooled watercontaining organicmolecules
Cold water
Condenser
Water vaporCH4
NH3 H2 Electrode
“Atmosphere”
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Fig. 15-05
Original “gene”
ComplementaryRNA chain
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Fig. 15-06
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Fig. 15-07
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Fig. 15-08
SHAPES OF PROKARYOTIC CELLS
Spherical (cocci) Rod-shaped (bacilli) Spiral
Co
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Fig. 15-08a
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Fig. 15-08b
Co
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Fig. 15-08c
Co
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Fig. 15-09
(a) Actinomycete (b) Cyanobacteria (c) Giant bacterium
Co
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LM
LM
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Fig. 15-09a
(a) Actinomycete
Co
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Fig. 15-09b
(b) Cyanobacteria
LM
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Fig. 15-09c
(c) Giant bacterium
LM
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Fig. 15-10
Plasmamembrane
Cell wall
Rotary movement ofeach flagellum
Flagellum
Co
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Fig. 15-11
Endospore
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Fig. 15-12
MODES OF NUTRITION
Light Chemical
ChemoautotrophsPhotoautotrophs
Photoheterotrophs Chemoheterotrophs
Energy source
Elodea, an aquatic plant
Rhodopseudomonas Little Owl (Athene noctua)
Bacteria from a hot spring
Org
anic
co
mp
ou
nd
s
Car
bo
n s
ou
rce
CO
2
Co
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TE
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Co
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Fig. 15-12a
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Fig. 15-12b
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Fig. 15-12c
Co
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Fig. 15-12d
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Fig. 15-13
(a) Salt-loving archaea (b) Heat-loving archaea
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Fig. 15-13a
(a) Salt-loving archaea
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Fig. 15-13b
(b) Heat-loving archaea
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Fig. 15-14
Haemophilusinfluenzae
Cells of nasallining
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Fig. 15-15
“Bull’s-eye” rash
Tick that carries theLyme disease bacterium
Spirochete that causesLyme disease
SE
M
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Fig. 15-15a
“Bull’s-eye” rash
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Fig. 15-15b
Tick that carries the Lyme disease bacterium
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Fig. 15-15c
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Fig. 15-15d
Spirochete that causes Lyme disease
SE
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Fig. 15-16
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Fig. 15-17
Liquid wastes Outflow
Rotatingspray arm
Rock bed coatedwith aerobicprokaryotes andfungi
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Fig. 15-18
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Fig. 15-19
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Fig. 15-20
(a) Origin of the endomembrane system (b) Origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts
Plasmamembrane
Ancestralprokaryote
DNA
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmicreticulum
Membraneinfolding
Nucleus
Nuclearenvelope
Cell with nucleus andendomembrane system
Photosyntheticeukaryotic cell
Photosyntheticprokaryote
Aerobicheterotrophicprokaryote
Endosymbiosis(Some cells)
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
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Fig. 15-20a
(a) Origin of the endomembrane system
Plasmamembrane
Ancestralprokaryote
DNA
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmicreticulum
Membraneinfolding
Nucleus
Nuclearenvelope
Cell with nucleus andendomembrane system
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Fig. 15-20b
(b) Origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts
Photosyntheticeukaryotic cell
Photosyntheticprokaryote
Aerobicheterotrophicprokaryote
Endosymbiosis(Some cells)
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
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Fig. 15-21
A flagellate: Giardia
A foram An apicomplexan A ciliate
An amoebaAnother flagellate: trypanosomes
Food beingingested
Pseudopodiumof amoeba
RedbloodcellL
M
TE
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LM
LM
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Apical complex Cilia
Oralgroove
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Fig. 15-21a
A flagellate: Giardia
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Fig. 15-21b
Another flagellate: trypanosomes
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Fig. 15-21c
An amoeba
LM
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Fig. 15-21d
A foram
LM
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Fig. 15-21e
An apicomplexan
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Fig. 15-21f
A ciliate
LM
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Fig. 15-22
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Fig. 15-23
LM
Amoeboidcells
Slug-like colony
Reproductivestructure
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Fig. 15-23a
LM
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Fig. 15-23b
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Fig. 15-23c
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Fig. 15-24
(a) A dinoflagellate, with its wallof protective plates
(c) Chlamydomonas, a unicellulargreen alga with a pair of flagella
(b) A sample of diverse diatoms,which have glossy walls
(d) Volvox, a colonial green alga
Co
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EM
LM
LM
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Fig. 15-24a
(a) A dinoflagellate, with its wall of protective plates
SE
M
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Fig. 15-24b
(b) A sample of diverse diatoms, which have glossy walls
LM
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Fig. 15-24c
(c) Chlamydomonas, a unicellular green alga with a pair of flagella
Co
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Fig. 15-24d
(d) Volvox, a colonial green alga
LM
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Fig. 15-25
Green algae Red algae Brown algae
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Fig. 15-25a
Green algae
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Fig. 15-25b
Red algae
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Fig. 15-25c
Brown algae
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Fig. 15-26-1
Unicellularprotist
Colony
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Fig. 15-26-2
Unicellularprotist
Colony
Locomotorcells
Food-synthesizingcells
Early multicellular organismwith specialized, interdependent cells
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Fig. 15-26-3
Unicellularprotist
Colony
Locomotorcells
Food-synthesizingcells
Early multicellular organismwith specialized, interdependent cells
Later organism withgametes and somatic cells
Somaticcells
Gamete
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Fig. 15-UN01
Bacteria
Archaea
Prokaryotes
Eukarya
Protists
Plants
Fungi
Animals
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Fig. 15-UN02
Bacteria
Archaea
Prokaryotes
Eukarya
Protists
Plants
Fungi
Animals
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Fig. 15-UN03
Major episode Millions of years ago
All major animal phyla established
Plants and fungi colonize land
Origin of Earth
First multicellular organismsOldest eukaryotic fossils
Accumulation of O2 in atmosphereOldest prokaryotic fossils
5005301,2001,800
2,4003,5004,600
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Fig. 15-UN04
Inorganic compounds
Abiotic synthesisof organic monomers
Abiotic synthesisof polymers
Formationof pre-cells
Self-replicatingmolecules
Membrane-enclosed compartment
Complementarychain
Polymer
Organic monomers
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Fig. 15-UN05
Spherical Rod-shaped Spiral
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Fig. 15-UN06
Nutritional Mode Energy Source Carbon Source
Photoautotroph
Chemoautotroph
Photoheterotroph
Chemoheterotroph
Sunlight
Inorganic chemicals
Sunlight
Organic compounds
CO2
Organic compounds
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Fig. 15-UN07
Bacteria
Archaea
Prokaryotes
Eukarya
Protists
Plants
Fungi
Animals
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Fig. 15-UN08
Bacteria
Archaea
Prokaryotes
Eukarya
Protists
Plants
Fungi
Animals