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Presentation by: John Friel, PE 29th Annual Conference on the Environment, St. Paul, MN November 19, 2014
Filtration Case Studies to Meet Low Level Effluent Limits
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Overview 1. Tertiary Filtration Drivers
2. Filtration Technologies Overview
3. Case Study Examples
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Tertiary Filtration Drivers • Typically used to:
– TSS < 10 mg/L – Turbidity < 2 NTU – BOD < 5 mg/L – Phosphorus < 1 mg/L – Improve disinfection – Recycled water (Title 22, disinfected tertiary) – Pretreatment for further advanced processes
(membrane) – Nutrient removal (low-level phosphorus) – Specific inorganics (heavy metal) or organics (MBTE)
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OLD
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Phosphorus Regulations
Percentage of Major POTWs with P Limits
64%
0%
6.3% 45%
64%
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Mercury Regulations
Percentage of Major POTWs with P Limits
64%
0%
6.3% 45%
64%
47%
0%
0%
0% 27%
Percentage of Major POTWs with Hg Limits
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Tertiary Filtration Technologies – Old
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Depth Filtration
Upflow
Traveling Bridge
Single Media
Dual Media
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Tertiary Filtration Technologies
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Depth Filtration
Upflow
Traveling Bridge
Single Media
Dual Media
Compressible Media
Reactive Media
Surface Filtration
Disc Cloth
Diatomaceous Earth
Membrane Filtration
Micro
Ultra
Nano
Reverse Osmosis
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Tertiary Filtration Technologies
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Depth Filtration
Upflow
Traveling Bridge
Single Media
Dual Media
Compressible Media
Reactive Media
Surface Filtration
Disc Cloth
Diatomaceous Earth
Membrane Filtration
Micro
Ultra
Nano
Reverse Osmosis
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Case Study Examples 1. Owatonna - Single Media 2. Virginia - Dual Media 3. Hibbing - Dual Media 4. Cambridge -Traveling Bridge 5. Princeton - Disc Cloth + Reactive Media + Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs)
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Design Considerations • Influent WW characteristics • Design and operation of the biological
treatment system • Available flow-control options • Available area and tankage • Removal objectives • Surface loading rate
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• 0.6 – 1.8 mm sand media
Single-Media Filters
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SINGLE MEDIA
Sand
Gravel
Underdrain
Clearwell
Mudwell
P B
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• Driver – effluent TSS • Upstream Treatment – Conventional
Activated Sludge • Installed in 1987
Case Study – Owatonna, MN
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Case Study – Owatonna, MN
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0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
TSS
(mg/
L)
2013-2014
TSS
Phosphorus
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Dual-Media Filters
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• 0.35 – 0.65 mm sand media • 0.6 – 1.6 mm anthracite
DUAL MEDIA
Sand
Gravel
Underdrain
Clearwell
Mudwell
P B
Anthracite
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Case Studies – Virginia, MN
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• Driver – effluent mercury limit • Upstream Treatment – Conventional
Activated Sludge w/Chem P removal • Challenges
– fit within existing hydraulics – meet effluent mercury limit of 1.8 ng/L
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Case Studies – Virginia, MN
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R² = 0.4801
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Mer
cury
Con
cent
ratio
n (n
g/L)
TSS Concentration (mg/L)
TSS Vs Mercury
R² = 0.6607
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Mer
cury
Con
cent
ratio
n (n
g/L)
TSS Concentration (mg/L)
Turbidity Vs Mercury
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Case Studies – Virginia, MN
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Case Studies – Virginia, MN
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Case Studies – Hibbing, MN
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• Driver – effluent mercury limit • Upstream Treatment – Trickling Filters
w/Chem P removal • Challenges
– compliance schedule with fines – meet effluent mercury limit of 1.8 ng/L
• Low loading rate
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Case Studies – Hibbing, MN
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Case Studies – Hibbing, MN
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Traveling Bridge Filters
www.aqua-aerobic.com
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Case Studies – Cambridge, MN • Driver – effluent TSS, now P • Upstream Treatment – Oxidation Ditch now
w/Chem P removal • Challenges
– Upgrade 20-yr old system
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Disc Cloth Filters
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Case Studies – Princeton, MN
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• Driver – effluent phosphorus and mercury limit
• Upstream Treatment – Oxidation Ditch w/Biological P removal
• Challenges – fit within existing hydraulics, – meet effluent phosphorus limit of 0.3 mg/L
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Case Studies – Princeton, MN
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Case Studies – Princeton, MN
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Case Studies – Princeton, MN
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0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
Princeton/DiscCloth
Owatonna/Sand Virginia/DualMedia
Hibbing/DualMedia
Backwash Volume as Percent of Influent
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Filtration Depth
Filtration
Upflow
Traveling Bridge
Single Media
Dual Media
Compressible Media
Reactive Media
Surface Filtration
Disc Cloth
Diatomaceous Earth
Membrane Filtration
Micro
Ultra
Nano
Reverse Osmosis
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Filtration - Reactive-Media Filters
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https://www.bluewater-technologies.com/products/bluepro.html
• Pilot Testing • Hydrous Ferrous
Oxide adsorption • TP < 0.1 mg/L
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Filtration – Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) • Smaller Footprint • Highly Automated • Majority of installations: <5mgd • Capital and O&M Costs have decreased with
increasing installations
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Conclusions • Not a one-size fits all • New technologies for new effluent criteria • Old technologies still work well, some not as
cost-effective • Technologies may be piloted to determine
operating parameters
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Case Studies – Princeton, MN
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Turb
idity
(ntu
)
TSS
Conc
entr
atio
n (m
g/L)
Phosphorus Concentration (mg/L)
Phosphorus Compared to TSS and Turbidity
TSS Turbidity Linear (TSS) Linear (Turbidity)
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US EPA webpage • http://echo.epa.gov/effluent-charts#MN0030643