Transcript
Page 1: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500
Page 2: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500
Page 3: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

Europe in 800Europe in 800

Page 5: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

European Rivers European Rivers Barriers or Barriers or Highways?Highways?

Page 6: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500
Page 7: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

Pope Crowned CharlemagnePope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. Holy Roman Emperor: Dec.

25, 80025, 800

Page 8: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

Charlemagne’s Empire Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Collapses:

Treaty of Verdun, 843Treaty of Verdun, 843

Page 9: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

FeudalismFeudalism• Relationships between lord and

vassal based on specific contractual obligations of loyalty and protection

• Peasants provided labor in return for security– Controlled through an intricate set of

obligations, fees, rituals and taxes• Only the wealthy could engage in

warfare, and society became divided– Those who fought (nobles and knights)– Those who prayed (the clergy)– Those who worked (peasants and

artisans)

Page 10: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

FeudalismFeudalismA political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

Page 11: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

FeudalismFeudalism

Page 12: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

National MonarchiesNational Monarchies• City-states lacked complexity of City-states lacked complexity of

modern nationsmodern nations• Rulers began to establish Rulers began to establish

hereditary claims to the throneshereditary claims to the thrones• Bureaucracy of modern nation-Bureaucracy of modern nation-

state can be seen in several state can be seen in several nationsnations

• Monarchs had to eMonarchs had to establish the power to tax subjects– Usually had to get support and

approval from other political bodies

Page 13: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

Magna CartaMagna Carta “Great Charter” Signed in 1215 Monarchs were not above the law Eventually led to the creation of Parliament Other nation-states created councils and representative bodies to limit power of monarchs

Page 14: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

The Hundred Years’ WarThe Hundred Years’ War1337 to 14531337 to 1453

• A series of wars fought by England and France over the French throne– Challenged ideas of medieval warfare

as English longbows and infantry destroyed French mounted knights

• 1429 – 1429 – Joan of ArcJoan of Arc helped the French helped the French Army break the siege of OrleansArmy break the siege of Orleans– Her success threatened the French Her success threatened the French

Dauphin, so Joan was killedDauphin, so Joan was killed• By 1453, England held only the city By 1453, England held only the city

of Calaisof Calais

Page 15: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500
Page 16: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

Schools and UniversitiesSchools and Universities• Growth of cities quickened Growth of cities quickened

intellectual life intellectual life • Universities taught a variety of Universities taught a variety of

subjects, without the separation of subjects, without the separation of spiritual and material subjectsspiritual and material subjects

• Theology was the “queen of the Theology was the “queen of the sciences” and liberally borrowed sciences” and liberally borrowed from other disciplines to elaborate from other disciplines to elaborate its truthsits truths

• Led to the creation of Led to the creation of ScholasticismScholasticism

Page 17: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

Medieval UniversitiesMedieval Universities

Page 18: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

ScholasticismScholasticism• Mid-13Mid-13thth Century: Aristotle’s philosophies Century: Aristotle’s philosophies

were rediscoveredwere rediscovered• Pagan ideas regarding logic and the Pagan ideas regarding logic and the

natural world were synthesized into natural world were synthesized into Christian dogma to explain divine truthsChristian dogma to explain divine truths

• This intellectual system came to dominate This intellectual system came to dominate the universities until the 18the universities until the 18thth century century

• St. Thomas AquinasSt. Thomas Aquinas – Christian scholar – Christian scholar who embraced scholasticismwho embraced scholasticism– Note: much of the Renaissance was directed Note: much of the Renaissance was directed

against what was perceived as the against what was perceived as the Scholastics’ focus on stale logic and Scholastics’ focus on stale logic and impractical learningimpractical learning

Page 19: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500
Page 20: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

The Medieval Catholic The Medieval Catholic ChurchChurch• At the height of its political, At the height of its political,

spiritual and cultural influencespiritual and cultural influence• Pope and Holy Roman Emperor Pope and Holy Roman Emperor

vied for power in Central Europe, vied for power in Central Europe, essentially checking each otheressentially checking each other– Growing criticisms of the behavior of Growing criticisms of the behavior of

the clergy and the lack of regularity the clergy and the lack of regularity in church doctrine and practicein church doctrine and practice

• Led to the crisis of the Led to the crisis of the Babylonian Babylonian CaptivityCaptivity

Page 21: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

The Babylonian Captivity The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schismand the Great Schism

• 1307 – Pope began exile in France1307 – Pope began exile in France• Not a captive of the French, but prestige Not a captive of the French, but prestige

of the pope decreased due to increased of the pope decreased due to increased bureaucratic apparatus necessary to run bureaucratic apparatus necessary to run the Church and increased material wealththe Church and increased material wealth

• Great Schism (1378-1417)Great Schism (1378-1417) resulted from resulted from efforts by French and Italian cardinals to efforts by French and Italian cardinals to elect a popeelect a pope– Ended up with two popes, then threeEnded up with two popes, then three– Nations of Europe were forced to chose Nations of Europe were forced to chose

sidessides

Page 22: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

Opposition to the Catholic Opposition to the Catholic ChurchChurch• Reformers used the Great Schism as Reformers used the Great Schism as

an example of why the Church had an example of why the Church had to changeto change

• John Wyclif (the Lollards)John Wyclif (the Lollards) – England – England• Jan Hus (the Hussites)Jan Hus (the Hussites) – Bohemia – Bohemia

– Attacked the institutional power and Attacked the institutional power and wealth of the church and began a call wealth of the church and began a call for a simpler Christianityfor a simpler Christianity

• Council of Constance ended the Great Council of Constance ended the Great Schism, but the foundation was laid Schism, but the foundation was laid for the for the Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation

Page 23: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500
Page 24: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

Illuminated ManuscriptsIlluminated Manuscripts

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Gothic Architectural Gothic Architectural StyleStyle

“Flying” Buttresses

• Pointed arches.• High, narrow

vaults.• Thinner walls.• Flying

buttresses.• Elaborate,

ornate, airier interiors.

• Stained-glass windows– Designed to

educate the illiterate population

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Obsession Obsession with Death with Death and Dyingand Dying• Representations of Representations of

death became a death became a prominent theme prominent theme in European arts in European arts throughout the throughout the plague yearsplague years

• Apocalyptic images Apocalyptic images featuring the featuring the allegoric figure of allegoric figure of Death attempted Death attempted to explain the to explain the importance of the importance of the Black Death for Black Death for European societyEuropean society

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The The “Danse Macabre”“Danse Macabre”

Page 28: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500
Page 29: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

CannonsCannons• Petrarch wrote "these instruments which Petrarch wrote "these instruments which

discharge balls of metal with most discharge balls of metal with most tremendous noise and flashes of fire...were a tremendous noise and flashes of fire...were a few years ago very rare and were viewed few years ago very rare and were viewed with greatest astonishment and admiration, with greatest astonishment and admiration, but now they are become as common and but now they are become as common and familiar as any other kinds of arms.“familiar as any other kinds of arms.“

• Beginning of the end for walled fortificationsBeginning of the end for walled fortifications• Allowed New Monarchs to consolidate power Allowed New Monarchs to consolidate power

by eliminating fortified towns and castles of by eliminating fortified towns and castles of nobilitynobility

Page 30: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

LongbowLongbow• HHigh rate of fire and igh rate of fire and

penetration powerpenetration power• CContributed to the ontributed to the

eventual demise of the eventual demise of the medieval knightmedieval knight

• Used particularly by the Used particularly by the English to great effect English to great effect against the French against the French cavalry during the cavalry during the Hundred Years' War Hundred Years' War (1337-1453). (1337-1453).

• Longbow helped New Longbow helped New Monarchs to create Monarchs to create cost-effective standing cost-effective standing armies, to maintain and armies, to maintain and expand powerexpand power

Page 31: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

Printing PressPrinting Press• Developed in Developed in 1439 1439

by Johann by Johann GutenbergGutenberg

• MMade possible ade possible thethe dissemination of dissemination of knowledge to a knowledge to a wider populationwider population– LLead to ead to mmore ore

egalitarian societyegalitarian society• Laid the foundation Laid the foundation

for the Renaissance, for the Renaissance, Reformation and Reformation and EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Page 32: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500
Page 33: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

Towns and CommerceTowns and Commerce• Towns acted as magnets for Towns acted as magnets for

skilled labor, ideas, and goodsskilled labor, ideas, and goods• Typically lay outside of the feudal Typically lay outside of the feudal

structurestructure• Banded together in leagues to Banded together in leagues to

protect independence and protect independence and promote commercepromote commerce– Hanseatic LeagueHanseatic League – German trading – German trading

centers in the Baltic region, centers in the Baltic region, controlled the herring marketcontrolled the herring market

Page 34: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

Hanseatic LeagueHanseatic League

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Medieval TradeMedieval Trade

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Medieval GuildsMedieval Guilds

Guild HallGuild Hall

Central institutions of most townsCentral institutions of most towns

Commercial Monopoly: Controlled membership apprentice journeyman master craftsman Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece] Controlled prices [No Free Market!][No Free Market!]

Medieval Guilds: A Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s ShopGoldsmith’s Shop

Page 37: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

Agricultural Agricultural ImprovementsImprovements• Three-crop field rotationThree-crop field rotation

• Iron plowIron plow• WindmillsWindmills

• More land brought under More land brought under cultivationcultivation– Helped produce a food surplusHelped produce a food surplus– Increased trade networksIncreased trade networksBy 1300, population at an all-

time high of 75 million

Page 38: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500
Page 39: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

Social OrderSocial Order• A new social order had evolved by 900 that was A new social order had evolved by 900 that was

distinctively medieval.distinctively medieval.– Alfred the Great of England: a kingdom Alfred the Great of England: a kingdom

needs “men of prayer, men of war, and men needs “men of prayer, men of war, and men of work.”of work.”

• Tripartite view of societyTripartite view of society– The ClergyThe Clergy– The Landed Nobility (knights)The Landed Nobility (knights)– The Peasantry and Village ArtisansThe Peasantry and Village Artisans

• A fourth emerged after the 13A fourth emerged after the 13thth century: middle century: middle class merchants & townspeople– burgesses in English, bourgeoisie in French, burghers in German

Page 40: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

Gender RolesGender Roles• Women’s roles limited by legal and Women’s roles limited by legal and

economic prescriptionseconomic prescriptions• Many women did find ways to express Many women did find ways to express

autonomy, initiative, and talent within autonomy, initiative, and talent within these parametersthese parameters– Noblewomen often ran the manors in the Noblewomen often ran the manors in the

absence of their warrior husbandsabsence of their warrior husbands– Younger noblewomen joined conventsYounger noblewomen joined convents

• Allowed them to pursue intellectual and spiritual Allowed them to pursue intellectual and spiritual pursuits outside the control of menpursuits outside the control of men

– Ideal of courtly love and chivalry placed Ideal of courtly love and chivalry placed women at the center of an important women at the center of an important cultural traditioncultural tradition

Page 41: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

ChivalryChivalry:: A Code of Honor and A Code of Honor and BehaviorBehavior• Chivalry began as Chivalry began as

the code of the code of conduct for conduct for mounted warriors.mounted warriors.

• Chivalry highly Chivalry highly esteemed certain esteemed certain masculine, militant masculine, militant qualities. qualities. – Military prowessMilitary prowess– GenerosityGenerosity– Loyalty, the glue Loyalty, the glue

that held feudal that held feudal society together.society together.

Page 42: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

Gender RolesGender Roles• Cities and towns relied upon the Cities and towns relied upon the

labor of women in the food labor of women in the food preparation, brewing and the preparation, brewing and the production of clothproduction of cloth

• Peasant and serf women labored Peasant and serf women labored alongside husbands in mowing alongside husbands in mowing hay, tending the vegetables, or hay, tending the vegetables, or harvestingharvesting– Domestic chores actually played a Domestic chores actually played a

minor role for most womenminor role for most women

Page 43: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

The Medieval ManorThe Medieval Manor• A powerful lord controlling the lives of A powerful lord controlling the lives of

an often large number of dependents.an often large number of dependents.• He required payments and services He required payments and services

from them and regulated their from them and regulated their ordinary disputes.ordinary disputes.– The structure of individual manors, and The structure of individual manors, and

the dues owed by peasants, varied the dues owed by peasants, varied tremendously across Europe.tremendously across Europe.

– Parallel sets of vertical bonds of Parallel sets of vertical bonds of associations:associations:• Feudal lords and vassals entered into Feudal lords and vassals entered into

political bondspolitical bonds• Lords and peasants entered into Lords and peasants entered into

economic bonds.economic bonds.

Page 44: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

The Medieval ManorThe Medieval Manor

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Life on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval Manor

SerfsSerfs at work at work

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The Black Death: CausesThe Black Death: Causes• By 1300, the large population explosion By 1300, the large population explosion

had outgrown the food supply.had outgrown the food supply.– Progressively weakened by Progressively weakened by

malnutrition, Europe’s population malnutrition, Europe’s population was highly vulnerable to diseasewas highly vulnerable to disease

• Devastation resulted from the Devastation resulted from the Black Black Death (1348-1351)Death (1348-1351)– Killed about 40% of the European Killed about 40% of the European

populationpopulation– More important were the More important were the

psychological and social costs of the psychological and social costs of the disease disease

Page 47: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500
Page 48: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

The Black DeathThe Black Death• Disease carried by fleas on rats, so Disease carried by fleas on rats, so

urban areas were devastatedurban areas were devastated• Many believed that this was God’s Many believed that this was God’s

punishment for living too wellpunishment for living too well– 60% of the60% of the

clergy diedclergy diedtreating thetreating thedisease, causingdisease, causingpeople topeople toquestion thequestion thepower of thepower of thechurchchurch

Page 49: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

The Black DeathThe Black Death• Led to persecutionLed to persecution

of Jews, who wereof Jews, who wereblamed forblamed forpoisoning the wellspoisoning the wells

• Caused a laborCaused a laborshortage that undermined the feudal shortage that undermined the feudal structurestructure– Allowed peasants to bargain for Allowed peasants to bargain for

improved labor conditions and paymentimproved labor conditions and payment– Note: Did not affect Eastern Europe Note: Did not affect Eastern Europe

as much as Western/Central Europe, as much as Western/Central Europe, which allowed the feudal system to which allowed the feudal system to last much longerlast much longer

Page 50: Final Review: The Middle Ages 1250-1500

Attempts to Stop the Attempts to Stop the PlaguePlague

Flagellants:Self-inflicted “penance” for our

sins!


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