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UNDERSTAND THE OCCURRENCE OF FLOODING IN THE NORTH NEW TERRITORIES
Li Tsun Sang 52621940Ng Tsz Wa 52622020Chow Lai Yin 52621822Tam Chun Man 52379840Lam Kwok Tung 52610985
WHAT IS FLOODING ?
• surface water > carrying capacity of the channel
• exceed bankfull stage
• inundation occurs at flat ground (flood-plain) alongside the river banks
MAGNITUDE OF FLOODING IN HK
Blackspot Scales:
Minor - affecting area < 50x50m (0.25 hectare) minor public nuisance and inconvenience
Small - affecting area >0.25 hectares agricultural damage , isolated property damage/ traffic disruption
Medium - affecting area > 10 hectares significant property damage/ serious traffic disruption
Major - affecting area > 100 hectares
serious socio- economic disruption
Source: DSD
FLOODING BLACKSPOTS IN H.K.
Source : DSD
WHY IN NORTHERN NEW TERRITORIES?
COMING UP NEXT …
1. Causes of flooding
2. Measures taken by government to tackle flooding
3. Evaluation of gov.’ s effort and suggestion
Natural factors
Rainfall
Catchment features
Human influence
RAINFALL
BACKGROUND
• Humid subtropical climate condition Located at northern hemisphere Close to equator• Many typhoons and rain band Heavy rainfall
SEASON OF RAINFALL
• Summer is a rainy season• some regions in northern N.T. and
low-lying area cause serious flooding the drainage system is overloaded.
• Global warming El Nino La Nina
OTHER FACTORS OF HEAVY RAINFALL
Increase annual rainfall by El nino and La nina
OTHER FACTORS OF HEAVY RAINFALL
Year of El Nino
Year of La Nina
Normal Year
.
ra
infa
ll
(mm
)
OTHER FACTORS OF HEAVY RAINFALL
Intense rainfall More easily to cause flooding especially in
northern N.T.
CATCHMENT FEATURES
CATCHMENT FACTOR OF NORTH DISTRICT
• Hong Kong has no large rivers. • The larger rivers are mainly in the
northwest, including: Shan Pui River, Shenzhen River, Kam Tin River, Sheung Yue River, and Ng Tung River.
• Mountain• Low lying
THE REASON OF FLOODING IN NORTHERN DISTRICT Private land developer and government continue to
change the use of land
Land area use to dredge water greatly reduces due to the reconstruction of land.
In order to continence the work of drain flooded, government connect the drains directly from Sheung Shui, Fanling Town Centre to Ng tung river
THE STRUCTURE OF RIVER IN HONG KONG
Rivers in Hong Kong are generally short and small, without a distinctive middle course.
Upper course - steep, many narrow, V-shaped valleys are formed by the prevailing downward erosion
Lower course - flat terrain, it is easy to cause flooding
SHAPE OF RIVER BASIN IN HONG KONG
From the distribution of tributary(river), three kind of shape are listed below :
Dendritic Drainage Pattern
Rectangular Drainage Pattern
Radial Drainage Pattern
Dendritic Drainage Pattern the most common drainage pattern
in Hong Kong
e.g. Lam Tsuen River
Rectangular Drainage Pattern Appear at regions of the western New Territories
e.g. the upper course of Tuen Mun River
Radial Drainage Pattern found on roughly conical mountains
e.g. Sunset Peak
THE CASE OF SHENZHEN RIVER
Longest river in Hong Kong
Dendritic Drainage Pattern
Between New territories and Shenzhen
Early 90s, much rainfall lead to flooding
Total four Regulation work of Shenzhen River
Main source of flooding in Hong Kong
RAINFALL + CATCHMENT FACTOR + HUMAN INFLUENCE
=HEAVY FLOODING
Humaninfluence
Construction
Many constructions of rivers and channel operating in North New Territories
Some constructions need many years to finish
Sha Po Tsai Village accident
Serious accident causing death in 2010 The river constructions near found many industrial barriers and big stones
after flooding maybe caused by the
construction
Sha Po Tsai Village accident
One of the branches in the village is blocked by the construction
The rainstorm water cannot be drained out
Construction
Kind of waste or barrier at riverbed Industrial waste Sand , stone and mud
Construction
The roads are paved with sand and stones Dug from the riverbed Not be held tightly Wash away easily Clog up the river and channel Decrease the velocity of river flow
Deforestation or removal of vegetation
Removal of trees near the river Solid is washed away easily River bank collapses water comes out
Urban planning and development
Many natural rivers in New Territories Need to develop and construct channel Channel need to be changed or designed
into narrow or bend Avoid the buildings or facilities Lower the strength of draining out water
Urban planning and development
Surface is made of concrete Increase surface run-off Water cannot be held or stored in the farm,
pond, underground or others
Urban planning and development
A map of Yuen Long and the shape of the channel
Ownership of land
Rural village Channelization cannot be carried out in some
private lands No right to clean up and repair Clog up the river flow
Ownership of land
A private land in rural village
FLOODPREVENTION
THE IDEAS OF FLOOD PREVENTION
Drainage Channels
Pumping station
Flooding Storage
THE MAJOR DRAINAGE CHANNELS IN NNT
Shenzhen River
Ng Tung River
Sheung Yue River
Ma Wat River
Before the improvement
Flooding was always appearing in NNT when a rainstorm came
Residents who living in low-lying area were at risk
After the improvement
The repaired Shenzhen River section required a drainage capacity that can resist a 50-year return flooding
The flooding problems in Sha Tin, Fanling, Sheung Shui and Ta Kwu Ling area can be alleviated.
THE FUNCTION OF THE FLOOD PUMPING STATION AND FLOODWATER STORAGE POND
Collect rainwater within the village
Pump out the water collected in the pond
Transfer the water to a floodwater from storage pond
THE EFFICIENCY OF THE FLOOD PREVENTION
EVALUATION
IMPROVEMENT
Flooding situation in the NNT has been alleviated because of the 4 main channels were rehabilitated and the flood pumping has been completed
Around 30,000 people who live in low-lying areas are being protected
BEFORE THE CONSTRUCTION OF SHENZHEN RIVER Bend, meandering
taking place
Poor drainage of water
AFTER THE CONSTRUCTION OF SHENZHEN RIVER Depth of water
increase from 3m to 7m
Straightened Lower course
flow has upgraded
Threat of flooding eliminated
EVALUATION
Rivers are destroyed and cut down Drainage system cannot handle the rainfall
effectively Poor maintenance of channels
EVALUATION
Amount of silt bring the problem of flooding again
Flooding constructions are carried out at too slow a pace
Not enough regulation on rural villages incomplete drainage projects
LACK OF PLANNING
“In 2008, drainage improvement works along Ma Wat River in NNT was substantially completed. The level of protection against flooding at Kau Lung Hang has been raised.” adapted from DSD 07-08 annual report
Then, in 2011…
“Recognising the aspirations of the public for greening to enhance quality of life and to help protect the environment, the DSD places great emphasis on the greening of drainage channel…”
“One of these examples is the 'Drainage Improvement for Ma Wat River at Kau Lung Hang' where large-scale greening work has started.”
DSD Newsletter
(09/04/2011)
Criticism:
channel project carried out without comprehensive planning (e.g. lack of beautification work)
extra cost incurred in redundant greening work
SUGGESTION
SUGGESTION
Set up more pumping stations
Install additional drainage pipes
Install additional grills that can reduce the possibility of blockage
SUGGESTION
Speed up the flooding prevention constructions
Manage the industrial waste carefully
More co-operation with the rural villages so as to build a complete drainage system
SUGGESTION
Government should consider all aspects before implementation of the project(e.g. Greening on the case of Ma Wat River)
Consultation on experts from different fields (e.g. engineers, environmentalists)
Consultation on public (esp. local residents)
CONCLUSION
Serious flooding in northern N.T. caused by
1. Heavy rainfall
2. Variation in drainage basin
3. Problems of construction The government had achieved improvements
of flooding in northern N.T. Still need to reduce the occurrence of
flooding
REFERENCE AND SOURCE
www.dsd.gov.hk http://www.dsd.gov.hk/EN/Publicity_and_Pub
lications/Press_Releases/news148.html http://www2.map.gov.hk/gih3/view/index.jsp http://www.greenpower.org.hk/river/eng/hkriv
ers.asp http://maps.google.com.hk/maps http://www.weather.com.hk/default.asp
END OF PRESENTATION
Thank you !!!