Download - Fire safety
CHAPTER –FIRE SAFETYCHAPTER –FIRE SAFETY
THREE ELEMENT OF FIRETHREE ELEMENT OF FIRE
FUELFUEL
Fuel is substance or material that will combine with oxygen in the presence of heat and burn as a result
Source :gases/liquid/gasCompound: Hydrogen and Carbon (can
oxidized)Must mix with air in order to burn
HEATHEAT
Absorbed by substance when it is converted from a solid to a liquid, from liquid to gas
The source of heat : overhead electrical wiring, boiler, chimney, open flame, electrical heater, hotplate etc.
Most substance will burn only after the solid/liquid fuel has been vaporized or decomposed by heat to produce gas
OXYGENOXYGENOxygen is odorless, tasteless and
colorless gasAir contain 21% oxygen, a fire require
16% to burnIt is most difficult element to control in
order to prevent fire.
CLASS OF FIRECLASS OF FIRECLASS OF FIRECLASS OF FIRE
CLASS ACLASS A
Class A – Ordinary Combustible Solids- Fire that caused by solid,
combustible material
- Example: - Wood, paper, cloth, plastic, rubber
Class A – Ordinary Combustible Solids- Fire that caused by solid,
combustible material
- Example: - Wood, paper, cloth, plastic, rubber
CLASS BCLASS B
Class B – Flammable & Combustible Liquids
Fire that is cause by flammable liquid or liquefiable solid or
combustible gasses
- Example: - Petrol, oil, kerosene, thinner,
alcohol
Class B – Flammable & Combustible Liquids
Fire that is cause by flammable liquid or liquefiable solid or
combustible gasses
- Example: - Petrol, oil, kerosene, thinner,
alcohol
CLASS CCLASS C
Class C – Flammable Gases
Fire that cause by energized electrical, or chemical, equipment or
gases/ liquefiable gases resulted by spillage/ leakage
- Example: - LPG, Gas Butane, Methane, Hydrogen
Class C – Flammable Gases
Fire that cause by energized electrical, or chemical, equipment or
gases/ liquefiable gases resulted by spillage/ leakage
- Example: - LPG, Gas Butane, Methane, Hydrogen
CLASS DCLASS D
Class D – Combustible Metals
Fire which cause by combustible, extinguishing metal
- Example: - Magnesium, Aluminium,Sodium
Class D – Combustible Metals
Fire which cause by combustible, extinguishing metal
- Example: - Magnesium, Aluminium,Sodium
CLASS ECLASS E
Class E – Electrical Fires
Fire which cause by electrical material, electrical device, short circuit
- Example: - Plug, Computer, Switchboard
Class E – Electrical Fires
Fire which cause by electrical material, electrical device, short circuit
- Example: - Plug, Computer, Switchboard
CLASS FCLASS F
Class F – Cooking Oils and Fats
Fire cause by cooking activity
- Example: - Cooking Oil,Fat
Class F – Cooking Oils and Fats
Fire cause by cooking activity
- Example: - Cooking Oil,Fat
FIRE SAFETY PLAN
INFORMATION IN FIRE SAFETY INFORMATION IN FIRE SAFETY PLANPLAN
Must include: 1. Identification of the significant fire
hazard
2. Procedures for recognizing and reporting unsafe conditions
3. Alarm procedures
Must include: 1. Identification of the significant fire
hazard
2. Procedures for recognizing and reporting unsafe conditions
3. Alarm procedures
INFORMATION IN FIRE SAFETY INFORMATION IN FIRE SAFETY PLANPLAN
Must include: 4. Procedures for notifying employees of a
fire emergency
5. Procedures for notifying fire response organizations of a fire emergency
6. Procedures for evacuation
Must include: 4. Procedures for notifying employees of a
fire emergency
5. Procedures for notifying fire response organizations of a fire emergency
6. Procedures for evacuation
INFORMATION IN FIRE SAFETY INFORMATION IN FIRE SAFETY PLANPLAN
Must include: 7. Procedures to account for all employees
after an evacuation
8. Names, job titles, or departments for individuals who can be contacted for further information about the plan.
Must include: 7. Procedures to account for all employees
after an evacuation
8. Names, job titles, or departments for individuals who can be contacted for further information about the plan.
EMPLOYER RESPONSIBILITIESEMPLOYER RESPONSIBILITIES
1. The employer must review the plan with each employee at the following times :
I) Upon initial assignment for new employees; and
II) When the actions the employee must take under the plan change because of a change in duties or a change in the plan
1. The employer must review the plan with each employee at the following times :
I) Upon initial assignment for new employees; and
II) When the actions the employee must take under the plan change because of a change in duties or a change in the plan
EMPLOYER RESPONSIBILITIESEMPLOYER RESPONSIBILITIES2. Keep the plan accessible to employees,
employee representatives, and OSHA
3. Review and update the plan whenever necessary. Employees have been informed about the plan as required
4. Ensure any outside fire response organization that the employer expects to respond to fires at the employer's worksite has been given a copy of the current plan.
2. Keep the plan accessible to employees, employee representatives, and OSHA
3. Review and update the plan whenever necessary. Employees have been informed about the plan as required
4. Ensure any outside fire response organization that the employer expects to respond to fires at the employer's worksite has been given a copy of the current plan.
SAMPLE OF FIRE SAFETY PLAN
FIRE CONTROL METHODFIRE CONTROL METHOD
METHODMETHOD
The methods used to extinguish a fire, once started, fall into two classes:
1. deprive the fire of oxygen and
2. cool the fire below the ignition temperature
3. Most fire extinguishers operate by excluding oxygen from the site of combustion
The methods used to extinguish a fire, once started, fall into two classes:
1. deprive the fire of oxygen and
2. cool the fire below the ignition temperature
3. Most fire extinguishers operate by excluding oxygen from the site of combustion
CONTAIN OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERCONTAIN OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER
1. Portable fire extinguishers contain CO2
2. dry chemical extinguishers contain nitrogen
3. water and foam extinguishers typically use air
1. Portable fire extinguishers contain CO2
2. dry chemical extinguishers contain nitrogen
3. water and foam extinguishers typically use air
TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERTYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER
A small, disposable sodium bicarbonate dry chemical unit intended for home kitchen use
A typical dry chemical extinguisher containing 5 lbs. of ammonium phosphate dry chemical.
TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERTYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER
A 20lb.U.S.Navy cartridge-operated purple-K dry chemical (potassium bicarbonate) extinguisher
TYPES OF DRY CHEMICALTYPES OF DRY CHEMICALPowder
Powder based agent that extinguishes by separating the four parts of the fire tetrahedron.
It prevents the chemical reaction between heat, fuel and oxygen and halts the production of fire sustaining "free-radicals", thus extinguishing the fire.
Powder
Powder based agent that extinguishes by separating the four parts of the fire tetrahedron.
It prevents the chemical reaction between heat, fuel and oxygen and halts the production of fire sustaining "free-radicals", thus extinguishing the fire.
TYPES OF DRY CHEMICALTYPES OF DRY CHEMICALFoam
Foams are sprayed on fires to exclude air. The foam is generated in the extinguisher using water and a foaming agent.
The most type in portable foam extinguisher is aqueous film forming foam.
Foam
Foams are sprayed on fires to exclude air. The foam is generated in the extinguisher using water and a foaming agent.
The most type in portable foam extinguisher is aqueous film forming foam.
TYPES OF DRY CHEMICALTYPES OF DRY CHEMICALWater
Air pressurized water cool burning material by absorbing heat. (cool burning material)
Water Mist uses a fine misting nozzle to break up a stream of deionized water to the point of not conducting electricity back to the operator
Water
Air pressurized water cool burning material by absorbing heat. (cool burning material)
Water Mist uses a fine misting nozzle to break up a stream of deionized water to the point of not conducting electricity back to the operator
TYPES OF WET CHEMICALTYPES OF WET CHEMICALAntifreeze Chemicals added to water to
lower its freezing point to about −40 °F. Has no appreciable effect on extinguishing performance.
Wet Chemical (potassium acetate, carbonate, or citrate) extinguishes the fire by forming a soapy foam blanket over the burning oil and by cooling the oil below its ignition temperature.
Antifreeze Chemicals added to water to lower its freezing point to about −40 °F. Has no appreciable effect on extinguishing performance.
Wet Chemical (potassium acetate, carbonate, or citrate) extinguishes the fire by forming a soapy foam blanket over the burning oil and by cooling the oil below its ignition temperature.
COCO22 AND CLEAN AGENT AND CLEAN AGENTSuch extinguishers spray a cloud of CO2
particles, which convert to gas and blanket the area, excluding oxygen
Other systems to exclude oxygen use nitrogen gas or Freon.
CO2, a clean gaseous agent which displaces oxygen. the high-pressure cloud of gas can scatter burning materials
Such extinguishers spray a cloud of CO2
particles, which convert to gas and blanket the area, excluding oxygen
Other systems to exclude oxygen use nitrogen gas or Freon.
CO2, a clean gaseous agent which displaces oxygen. the high-pressure cloud of gas can scatter burning materials
STEP TO USE FIRE EXTINGUISHERSTEP TO USE FIRE EXTINGUISHER
1. Pull the Pin at the top of the extinguisher
2. Aim at the base of the fire
3. Squeeze the lever slowly
4. Sweep from side to side
5.Call 999 (if required)
1. Pull the Pin at the top of the extinguisher
2. Aim at the base of the fire
3. Squeeze the lever slowly
4. Sweep from side to side
5.Call 999 (if required)
METHODS OF METHODS OF EXTINGUISHINGEXTINGUISHING
METHODS OF METHODS OF EXTINGUISHINGEXTINGUISHING
CLASS ACLASS AMethod to extinguishing fire are using :
1.Water
2.Dry chemical
3.Carbon dioxide
Method to extinguishing fire are using :
1.Water
2.Dry chemical
3.Carbon dioxide
CLASS BCLASS BMethod to extinguishing fire are :
1.foam, dry chemical
2. carbon dioxide
3. Powder
4.Water Spray/Light Water/Vaporizing Liquid
5.Use foam, carbon dioxide, dry powder
Method to extinguishing fire are :
1.foam, dry chemical
2. carbon dioxide
3. Powder
4.Water Spray/Light Water/Vaporizing Liquid
5.Use foam, carbon dioxide, dry powder
CLASS CCLASS CMethod to extinguishing fire are :
1.Carbon dioxide, dry powder, carbon dioxide agent
2. foam, dry powder in
Method to extinguishing fire are :
1.Carbon dioxide, dry powder, carbon dioxide agent
2. foam, dry powder in
CLASS D,E,FCLASS D,E,FMethod to extinguishing fire are :
Class D - Use heat absorbing medium that are reactive with the burning metal
Class E -Dry Chemical and carbon dioxide
Class F – Wet Chemical and carbon dioxide
Method to extinguishing fire are :
Class D - Use heat absorbing medium that are reactive with the burning metal
Class E -Dry Chemical and carbon dioxide
Class F – Wet Chemical and carbon dioxide
FIRE PROTECTION METHODFIRE PROTECTION METHODFIRE PROTECTION METHODFIRE PROTECTION METHOD
PREVENTION METHODSPREVENTION METHODS
1.Provide adequate fire appliances, fire hydrants & other facilities to assist fire & rescue personnel
2. Provide adequate fixed installation, where appropriate, for quick & effective detection & extinguishment of fires
1.Provide adequate fire appliances, fire hydrants & other facilities to assist fire & rescue personnel
2. Provide adequate fixed installation, where appropriate, for quick & effective detection & extinguishment of fires
PREVENTION METHODSPREVENTION METHODS
3. Designing & installing building services so that they do no assist the spread
of fire, smoke or toxic fumes
4. Designing & providing adequate and safe escape routes for the occupants
of the building
3. Designing & installing building services so that they do no assist the spread
of fire, smoke or toxic fumes
4. Designing & providing adequate and safe escape routes for the occupants
of the building
PREVENTION METHODSPREVENTION METHODS
5. Selecting materials for the construction which will not promote the rapid spread of fire or generate dangerous smoke
6. Subdividing buildings into compartments of reasonable sizes by means of fire resisting walls & floors, providing fire stops to protect openings between floors & compartments
5. Selecting materials for the construction which will not promote the rapid spread of fire or generate dangerous smoke
6. Subdividing buildings into compartments of reasonable sizes by means of fire resisting walls & floors, providing fire stops to protect openings between floors & compartments
PREVENTION METHODSPREVENTION METHODS
7. Designing & constructing the exterior of a building so that fire is unlikely to spread to it from another burning building
7. Designing & constructing the exterior of a building so that fire is unlikely to spread to it from another burning building
FIRE PREVENTION PROGRAMFIRE PREVENTION PROGRAM
CAUSE & ACTIVITYCAUSE & ACTIVITY
Cause:Smoking
Activity:
1.Prohibit smoking in all area2.Clearly marked smoking area and display
sign3. Proper handling and disposal match
Cause:Smoking
Activity:
1.Prohibit smoking in all area2.Clearly marked smoking area and display
sign3. Proper handling and disposal match
CAUSE & ACTIVITYCAUSE & ACTIVITY
Cause:Equipment
Activity:
Equipment should be selected to fit the need of job.
2.Equipment approved by government standard3.provision for safe storage and handling fuel.
Provision for safe disposal for all wasteTraining for personal
Cause:Equipment
Activity:
Equipment should be selected to fit the need of job.
2.Equipment approved by government standard3.provision for safe storage and handling fuel.
Provision for safe disposal for all wasteTraining for personal
CAUSE & ACTIVITYCAUSE & ACTIVITY
Cause:Documentation
Activity:
prepare standard operating procedure (SOP)
Cause:Documentation
Activity:
prepare standard operating procedure (SOP)
CAUSE & ACTIVITYCAUSE & ACTIVITY
Cause:Housekeeping
Activity:
1.provide good housekeeping program2. Minimize accumulation of waste3.Provide safe container for all flammable
and combustion substance
Cause:Housekeeping
Activity:
1.provide good housekeeping program2. Minimize accumulation of waste3.Provide safe container for all flammable
and combustion substance
CAUSE & ACTIVITYCAUSE & ACTIVITY
Cause:Chemical Flammable Liquid
Activity:
1.avoid use highly flammable liquid2. All flammable liquid kept in closed safety container3.limit the supply of flammable liquid4.provide SOP for all hazardous and critical process5.Provide adequate ventilation6.Safety disposal of flammable liquid7.Provide substance for cleaning spillage/leakages8.Prohibit smoking
Cause:Chemical Flammable Liquid
Activity:
1.avoid use highly flammable liquid2. All flammable liquid kept in closed safety container3.limit the supply of flammable liquid4.provide SOP for all hazardous and critical process5.Provide adequate ventilation6.Safety disposal of flammable liquid7.Provide substance for cleaning spillage/leakages8.Prohibit smoking
CAUSE & ACTIVITYCAUSE & ACTIVITY
Cause:Structural Design and fire extinguisher
Activity:
1. use incombustible roof, sparks arrester, insulator of combustible
2.Provide housekeeping to avoid accumulation of fuel
3.Provide fire extinguisher4.Provide periodic maintenance5.Provide SOP
Cause:Structural Design and fire extinguisher
Activity:
1. use incombustible roof, sparks arrester, insulator of combustible
2.Provide housekeeping to avoid accumulation of fuel
3.Provide fire extinguisher4.Provide periodic maintenance5.Provide SOP
CAUSE & ACTIVITYCAUSE & ACTIVITY
Cause:Source of Ignition
Activity:
1.must have proper lubrication and maintenance for friction of machine
2.hot surface must be cooled down3.Electrical arcing must be monitor and check
Cause:Source of Ignition
Activity:
1.must have proper lubrication and maintenance for friction of machine
2.hot surface must be cooled down3.Electrical arcing must be monitor and check
CAUSE & ACTIVITYCAUSE & ACTIVITY
Cause:Fuel
Activity:1. Amount of fuel should be kept to
minimum2.Constant monitoring
Cause:Fuel
Activity:1. Amount of fuel should be kept to
minimum2.Constant monitoring
FIRE PREVENTION EQUIPMENT
FIRE PREVENTION EQUIPMENT
SMOKE DETECTORSMOKE DETECTOR
Function: to warn occupants of a fire in time for them to leave the building and seek safety away from the burning structure.
Benefit : you will receive warning in the event of a fire
Type:1.ion smoke detector -uses a radioactive source
to detect smoke. 2.use a radioactive source to create an electrical
circuit. Breaking the circuit causes the alarm to go off
Function: to warn occupants of a fire in time for them to leave the building and seek safety away from the burning structure.
Benefit : you will receive warning in the event of a fire
Type:1.ion smoke detector -uses a radioactive source
to detect smoke. 2.use a radioactive source to create an electrical
circuit. Breaking the circuit causes the alarm to go off
HEAT DETECTORHEAT DETECTOR
Photoelectric cell detected the emission of infrared/uv radiation from the fire
The radiation produces an electrical current.
Tiny amounts of smoke, even if invisible, disrupt the production of the current, setting off the alarm. Thus, detectors using this system respond quickly, even to fires that do not produce much smoke.
Photoelectric cell detected the emission of infrared/uv radiation from the fire
The radiation produces an electrical current.
Tiny amounts of smoke, even if invisible, disrupt the production of the current, setting off the alarm. Thus, detectors using this system respond quickly, even to fires that do not produce much smoke.
FLAMMABLE GAS DETECTORFLAMMABLE GAS DETECTOR
Function: used to give early warning of leaks from plant containing flammable gases or vapors, or for monitoring concentrations of such gases and vapors within plant
Benefit: useful where there is the possibility of a leak
If a specified gas concentration or set point is exceeded, the detector system should trigger an alarm.
Function: used to give early warning of leaks from plant containing flammable gases or vapors, or for monitoring concentrations of such gases and vapors within plant
Benefit: useful where there is the possibility of a leak
If a specified gas concentration or set point is exceeded, the detector system should trigger an alarm.
HUMAN DETECTORHUMAN DETECTORThrough surveillance, inspection,
rounding, patrol serves as early as fire detection system
In case of the fire, the number to call is 999, it is recommended to have the number of the Jabatan Bomba
Through surveillance, inspection, rounding, patrol serves as early as fire detection system
In case of the fire, the number to call is 999, it is recommended to have the number of the Jabatan Bomba
ALARM SYSTEMALARM SYSTEMAn automatic fire alarm system is
designed to detect the unwanted presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion
A fire alarm system will indicate a FIRE EMERGENCY requiring immediate action. The system shall alert all occupants of a building where it is installed when a fire emergency is present.
An automatic fire alarm system is designed to detect the unwanted presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion
A fire alarm system will indicate a FIRE EMERGENCY requiring immediate action. The system shall alert all occupants of a building where it is installed when a fire emergency is present.
SPRINKLERSPRINKLER
The use of sprinkle is to:a.To detect, control and extinguish a fire
b. To warn the occupants of the occurrence of fire
The use of sprinkle is to:a.To detect, control and extinguish a fire
b. To warn the occupants of the occurrence of fire
HOSE REEL SYSTEMHOSE REEL SYSTEMintended for the occupant to use during
the early stages of fire Hose reel: a. 30mcoverage of each hose reel b. One hose reel for every 800sq.mof
usable floor space c. Located along escape routes or besides
exit doors or staircase
intended for the occupant to use during the early stages of fire
Hose reel: a. 30mcoverage of each hose reel b. One hose reel for every 800sq.mof
usable floor space c. Located along escape routes or besides
exit doors or staircase