First Battle of Bull Run

Bull Run (I)

• Manassas, July 21, 1861, • 25 miles south of Washington, D.C.• 1st major land battle • McDowell's (North) planned for a surprise attack (poorly

executed). The Confederates found themselves at a disadvantage until reinforcements arrived by railroad.

• A Southern Victory!?• Union - 460 killed, 1,124 wounded, and 1,312 missing • Confederate -387 killed, 1,582 wounded, and 13 missing

Effects★Both sides realize the war is going to

last longer --> more volunteers!!!★The Northern public was shocked at

the unexpected defeat. ★Lincoln fears D.C. potential capture.★“Stonewall” Jackson becomes a legend★McDowell gets replaced

“Stonewall” Jackson• Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall"

Jackson• Confederate • As Confederate lines began to

crumble (1st Bull Run), he demonstrated the discipline he instilled in his men.

• "There is Jackson standing like a stone wall. Let us determine to die here, and we will conquer.”

• After the battle, Jackson was promoted to major general

The Naval War

★April 1861, Lincoln proclaims blockade★By spring 1862, most ports blocked★South used blockade runners (small vessels

used to smuggle goods),to carry on some trade with Europe

★Confederate raiders attacked Northern merchant ships

★ North captures New Orleans in April 1862, the central cotton trade port and city.

Robert E. Lee• President Abraham Lincoln had

offered Lee command of the Union Army.

• Lee chose to follow his home state, despite his personal desire for the Union to stay intact.

• Lee originally served as a military adviser to President Jefferson Davis.

• A shrewd battlefield commander • Won numerous battles against

larger Union armies• Unable to force back Grant and

surrendered on April 9, 1865.

Ulysses S. Grant• Under Grant, the Union Army

defeated the Confederate military and effectively ended the war with the surrender of Robert E. Lee's army at Appomattox.

• Reputation as an aggressive commander

• 18th President of the United States (1869–1877)

• Grant won passage of the 15th Amendment; giving constitutional protection for African American voting rights.

Antietam• Sharpsburg, Maryland :September 17, 1862• On Union soil• Bloodiest 1-day battles in US history, about 23,000 casualties

on both sides• Victory: Union• South’s Goal: invade the North, force the them to accept

South’s independence.• Despite ample forces McClellan failed to destroy Lee's army

but Lee withdraw his army back to Virginia without interference from the McClellan

• McClellan is fired by Lincoln.

·Famous 54th Black Regiment of Massachusetts which was organized by Frederick Douglass