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First Canadian Place
Renewal FromThe Outside In
16th Annual Symposiumon Building ScienceJuly 30, 2012
Halsall (A Parsons Brinckerhoff Company)
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Services
Green Planning & Design
Property Condition Assessment
Restoration Engineering
Structural Engineering
Cladding Engineering
Outline• Background• Marble Management• Building Renewal Vision• Existing Construction Evaluation• Re-Cladding Design• Energy Retrofits
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Outline• Background• Marble Management• Building Renewal Vision• Existing Construction Evaluation• Re-Cladding Design• Energy Retrofits
72STOREYS
3MSQ-FT
8,500OCCUPANTS
First Canadian Place
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1975 Construction978 ft - Tallest in Canada
Photo by Brookfield PropertiesPhoto by Clifford Restoration
6,800cornerpanels
38,200face panels
9,000 IGUs4,500 windows
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Brookfield et.alHalsallMdeAs
B+HBLWTL/RWDI
Ellis DonSota/CliffordViracon/PPGTMP/Aquila
BSC
Team
Timelines
• Marble Management(2005-2010)
• Re-Cladding Design(2007-2009)
• Energy retrofits(2008-2012)
• Re-Cladding Construction(2010-2012)
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Outline• Background• Marble Management• Building Renewal Vision• Existing Construction Evaluation• Re-Cladding Design• Energy Retrofits
Staining from Silicone Sealant
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Cracks & Panel Thickness Variations
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
Freq
uenc
y(%
)
Corner Panel Thickness (mm)Measured…
Thermal Hysteresis & Strength Loss
• Anisotropic behavior withthin marble &heat/moisture
• Volumetric expansion andbowing
• Reduced density andstrength loss
• Cracking
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Bowing Marble Panels
Sister Buildings byEdward Durell Stone Architect
images by MdeAs
Amoco (Aon Centre)Chicago ‘73
GM BuildingNew York ‘68
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Amoco Re-CladdingGranite Re-clad ‘89 -’92
$80M USD
Lincoln Bank, Rochester, NYConstructed 1970 – ‘80’s Aluminum Re-clad
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Finlandia Hall, HelsinkiConstructed ‘71 – Marble Reclad ‘97-’99
Management Strategy
• Comprehensive review,testing and monitoringprogram
• Targeted replacement tomaintain acceptable safetyand progressively renew
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0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
0-50
50-1
0010
0-15
015
0-20
020
0-25
025
0-30
030
0-35
035
0-40
040
0-45
045
0-50
050
0-55
055
0-60
060
0-65
065
0-70
070
0-75
075
0-80
080
0-85
085
0-90
090
0-95
095
0-10
0010
00-1
050
1050
-110
011
00-1
150
1150
-120
012
00-1
250
1250
-130
013
00-1
350
1350
-140
014
00-1
450
1450
-150
015
00-1
550
1550
-160
016
00-1
650
1650
-170
017
00-1
750
1750
-180
018
00-1
850
1850
-190
019
00-1
950
1950
-200
020
00-2
050
2050
-210
021
00-2
150
2150
-220
022
00-2
250
2250
-230
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00-2
350
2350
-240
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00-2
450
2450
-250
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00-2
550
2550
-260
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00-2
650
2650
-270
027
00-2
750
2750
-280
028
00-2
850
2850
-290
029
00-2
950
2950
-300
0
Flexural Strength (psi)
Freq
uenc
y(%
)
112 Old Panels, f lexural st rength tested in 2006 (C880) and inspected in 2002
432 New Panels, f lexural st rength tested in 2002-2006 (C880)
Zoom in on Existing Panel St rength
Old vs New Marble Strength
Bow Measurements
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Bow vs. Strength Analysis
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Flex
ural
Stre
ngth
,C88
0(p
si)
Bow (mm)
First Canadian Place - Marble CladdingBow vs C880 Flexural Strength of Panel Populations Tested in 2005/2006
Acoustic Testing
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Acoustic Testing vs Strength
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
Acou
stic
Test
Res
ults
(mic
rose
cs)
C880 Flexural Test Results (psi)
First Canadian Place - 100 King St., Toronto100 microsec Acoustic Threshold Applied to Acoustic and Flexural Test Data
from 291 panels removed in 2005
If 100 ms Acoustic Threshold Applied(panels above the threshold will be
Avg. ProbableStrength, 875 psi
62% of panels would be
10% ofremainingpanelswould bebelow avg.
Pot
entia
lmin
imum
stre
ngth
obta
ined
Lower "best fit" line
1974 Wind Tunnel Testing
Max –50 / +30 psf
Cladding designed for +/- 60psf
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2002 Wind Tunnel TestingMax -92 psf and +53 psf
East North West South
Original FCP Compartment Layout (Red)
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Corner Closure Influence
Images Adopted from “Guide to Energy Efficiency in Masonry and Concrete Buildings” (1982) and Windand Air Pressures on the Building Envelope (1986)
PressureMeasurement
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Pressures at Middle of Wall
Pressures at Corners
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Prioritized Replacement by Safety Factor
Panels Replacedto 2008
(300 panels/yr -0.7%/yr)
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Current Cladding MaintenancePercent Replaced Panels Per Elevation
Percent Replacement
Silicone Strip Testing for Secondary Restraint
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Outline• Background• Marble Management• Building Renewal Vision• Existing Construction Evaluation• Re-Cladding Design• Energy Retrofits
Decision to Reclad – Business Drivers
• Minimize Risks/Improve Durability• Eliminate Ongoing Disruption and Cost• Marketability (LEED EB)• Renewed Image
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Outline• Background• Marble Management• Building Renewal Vision• Existing Construction Evaluation• Re-Cladding Design• Energy Retrofits
Interior/Exterior Evaluation (Scope)S E N W
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Interior/Exterior Evaluation
Typ. Section
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• spandrels• window components• sealants
Finishes
Control Layers
Others:• condensation• fire/smoke• uv/solar
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• anchorage/structure• wind• seismic• movement accom.
Supports
Key Considerations• Frame fading/staining• IGU aesthetics and
service life
• Air/water tightness• Solar/glare/comfort• Thermal/condensation• Fire
• Frame/anchorage/glasscapacity and condition
• Blast resistance• Cavity Air Pressures
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Air Seals Generally in Good Condition
Air Seals Generally in Good Condition
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Air Seals Generally in Good Condition
Minor Air Flow ControlLayer Discontinuities
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Corrosion Impacting Air Seal Durability
Corrosion Impacting Air Seal Durability
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Missing Fire Separation (window term. at fullheight marble)
Exterior Window Frame and MetalFlashing Finish Faded/Stained
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IGU’s ApproachingEnd of Service Life
IGU’s Approaching End of Service Life
Original Units are from 1974/1975
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Premature IGU Failures WhereOriginal Units Replaced
Window Sill Connection RequiredReinforcement
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Corrosion at Window Sill Connection
Window Assembly CapacitySatisfactory for New Wind Loads
• Mullion Assembly Structural Capacity• Full Scale Testing – ASTM E330
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Energy Consumption Not Sensitiveto Cladding Upgrades
• low glazing-to-wall ratio
• core dominated building
• enclosure’s role is largelycomfort-related in theperimeter zones
Outline• Background• Marble Management• Building Renewal Vision• Existing Construction Evaluation• Re-Cladding Design• Energy Retrofits
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Re-Cladding vs. Over-Cladding
• New Cladding Finish at Spandrels• Repair Existing Support/ Control at
– Spandrels– Windows
• Restore Finish at Window Frames• Replace IGU’s where Required
• New Continuous façade:– Finish– Control– Support
• Remove Existing IGU’s• Interior Trim Modifications
Over-cladding rejected:costscheduletenant disruptionchange to original design intent
Design Objectives
• Renew Image• Improve Durability• Restore Performance• Streamline Process/Schedule• Facilitate Future Maintenance• Economical
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Project Challenges
• Several Owners• Building Fully Occupied• Aggressive Schedule• Architectural Requirements• Site Constraints
Architect’s Vision
images by MdeAs
White/BrightImproved ScalePatterned Glass
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Conceptual Work Flow
image by MdeAs
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Removals
image by B&H
RestoreConcealed Seals
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RestoreConcealed Seals
UpgradeSecondary
Drainage PlaneSeals
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SupplementalAnchors and
Corrosion Protection
Insulation and USP Support Trials
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Thermal Modeling
Performance Modeling Glare Analysis
Glare Threshold: 5,451 cd/m2
Max Glare: 58,374 cd/m2
% Over Threshold: 971%
Centre ofSun Reflection
ExchangeTowerShadow
ExchangeTowerReflection
FCP West Elevation
Simulated a Cladding with Reflective (Mirror-like) Glass SpandrelsView from Exchange Tower 38th Floor, September 21, 5:00pm
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Architects and Glass
Key Considerations – Finish/Support
• Glass Size• Glass Colour/Pattern• Glass Type
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Typ. Section
Closure Trims
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Glass• IGU vs Laminated Glass• Frit Study• Flatness• Retention
image by MdeAs
Glass Mockups
image by MdeAs
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Typ. Perimeter Framing
Unitized Spandrel Frame and Support
Lateral Connection:• prevents in/out movements
• accommodates:
• in - plane movement
• up - down movement
Fixed Gravity Connection:• provides gravity support
• prevents in/out movements
Sliding Gravity Connection:• provides gravity support
• prevents in/out movements
• accommodates:
• in - plane movement
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On-Site Mockups
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Typical Panel
• Transparency• Aesthetics• Constructability• Availability
• Load Types• Glass Types• Components• Redundancy• Post breakage
• Exposure• VLT/SHG/UV• Comfort• Condensation
Glass Design Considerations
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• Transparency• Aesthetics• Constructability• Availability
• Load Types• Glass Types• Components• Redundancy• Post breakage
• Exposure• VLT/SHG/UV• Comfort• Condensation
Glass Design Considerations
Performance / Maintenance / Repair / Replacement / Cost
Glass Design
Codes & Standards vs. Rational Engineering Analysis
Balance between Actions and ReactionsAction: Applied LoadsReactions: Glass Strength
Limit State Design– Strength and Stability– Serviceability
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Design Issues
• Laminated glass behavior– Monolithic– Laminated– Layered
Load Resistance– Heat treatment– Load duration– Design temperature
PVB Interlayer Shear Modulus
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Design Issues
• Laminated glass behavior– Monolithic– Laminated– Layered
• Load Resistance– Heat treatment– Load duration– Design temperature
CGSB/ASTM
CGSB12.20
ASTM E1300-09
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1974 Wind Loads
WLT: Max –50 / +30 psf
Design: +/- 60 psf
Wind Tunnel Re-Analysis
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2008 Wind Tunnel Study
Design Loads<= 60 psf 85% area60 to 94 psf 15% area>94 psf <0.5% area
Original Cladding designwind loads +/- 60 psf
Max loads- 117 / +56 psf
Wind vs. Temp
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Glass/USP QA/QC Considerations
• Performance Testing– Static and Cyclic Structural– Inter-storey Drift/Lateral Movement– Post-Breakage
• Fabrication Monitoring and testing– Heat Treatment– Lamination Process– Laminated Testing Services– Shop Reviews
Construction Logistics
image by Ellis Don
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Access
image by Ellis Don
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Access
image by B&H
Access
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Replacement
Completed Product
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Completed Product
photo by B&H image by MdeAs
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Outline• Background• Marble Management• Building Renewal Vision• Existing Construction Evaluation• Re-Cladding Design• Energy Retrofits
The ProcessThe Process
PLANNING INVESTIGATION > IMPLEMENTATION > TEACHING > MONITORING
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OccupantUse
BuildingOperations
BuildingSystems
NOT:“Is this the most efficient pump?”BUT: “Is this pump needed, and is it running when and how it should?”
Approach
Benchmarking
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Energy Modelling
Tower
Podium
Use Breakdown
MODELLED ENERGY DISTRIBUTION
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Tower Lighting Power ReductionGarage Lighting Power ReductionVFD’s on MAU’sReduce OA to ASHRAEDemand Control VentilationExhaust ReductionExhaust Heat RecoveryInduction Unit SwitchoverReplace ChillersConsolidate Chiller PlantReplace BoilersReplace Condenser PumpsReplace Chilled Water PumpsReplace Low Temp Heating PumpsVFD on Induction Supply/Return FansFull Floor Retrofits
Building Systems
Sub-meteringChiller Heat Recovery PlantInduction Unit SwitchoverInduction Unit FansBoiler PlantCompartment UnitsSanitary ExhaustsMechanical operating schedulesLighting schedules
Building Operations
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Daytime cleaningLighting schedulesOperating schedulesSupplemental coolingTenant awareness/engagement
Occupant Use
-
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
8,000,000
9,000,000
10,000,000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Con
sum
ptio
n[k
Wh]
FCP Electricity Consumption
2009
2010
2011
22%REDUCTIONfrom 2009
CONSUMPTION
Energy Savings
strategic advisor for energy/LEED EB services
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Thank You