Download - Fish Resources
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8/2/2019 Fish Resources
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Fish Resource Overview
The diverse streams, rivers and lakes of the Pacific Northwest Region support dozens of
species of fish, many of which are classified as game fish by the states of Oregon andWashington. Northwest game fish include predominately native coldwater fish species,
such as Pacific salmon, trout and char, as well as warmwater fish, largely introduced from
Midwest and Eastern states.
Pacific Northwest Fish
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8/2/2019 Fish Resources
2/17
Pacific Salmon(genus Onchoryhncus) include:
Chinook,Coho, Sockeye (Kokanee),PinkandChum Salmon.
Native Trout stocks are also classified with the Pacific Salmon, and include:
Rainbow,Redband,Westslope Cutthroat,Coastal Cutthroat, and Lahontan
Cutthroat.
Native Charinclude:
Dolly Varden and Bull Trout. (Many stocks are federally or state listed as
Threatened or Endangered Species, so be sure to checkState Regulations before
planning a fishing trip!).
Stocked trout include these species plus several other imported species likeEastern Brook,Brown andLake Trout.
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8/2/2019 Fish Resources
3/17
Other common
native game-fish on the National Forests include:
Northern Whitefish, White Sturgeon, and Northern Pike-minnow (squawfish).
Common warmwater species include Walleye, Large- and Small-mouth Bass,Yellow Perch, Black Crappie, Bluegill andChannel Catfish.
Shad were introduced to the Region in the 1800's, and now
return in the millions to the Columbia River. Some less common fish, such as TigerMuskellunge and Striped Bass, are available on a few sites on or near several National
Forests. See 'Let's Go Fishing' for information on fish found on the individual National
Forests, and where to find them.
Besides game-fish, the National Forests also contain some interesting endemic species.Lamprey Eels are found in both anadromous (sea-run) and resident forms. Burbot
(freshwater cod) are found in some northern Washington lakes. Smelt (Candlefish) were so
named because of their very high oil content; the tiny fish return from the sea in irregularcycles, running by the thousands one year and disappearing for several more.
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Several fish species have adapted to the extremely harsh conditions and tiny pools of Great
Basin springs and streams, like the Warner Valley Sucker.
Warmwater Fish Species
The Pacific Northwest's National Forests provide habitat for a variety of Warmwater (both
game and non-game) fish. These fish include Sculpins, Minnows, Darters, Bass, Walleye,
Crappie and Bluegill. In the past, various warmwater species were called "spiny-rays"because most of them have rigid fin rays (spines). Salmon, trout, char and whitefish have
only soft rays. Fisheries managers today prefer the term "warmwater" game fish for the so-
called spiny-rays, and "coldwater" game fish for salmon, trout, char and whitefish.Becoming acquainted with identification and habits of these fish will open new fields ofinterest and opportunity for anglers.
Walleye
Average size: 1-5 lbs, up to 20 lbs
Spring spawner
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The body shape of the Walleye is similar to its smaller cousin, theYellow Perch. There canbe no mistaking the two, though. In addition to its larger size, the walleye lacks the dark
vertical bars of the perch. Coloration is variable, but generally a dark olive green on the top
and sides, blending into a lighter, sometimes pinkish, sometimes white, belly. The sides,
particularly above the lateral line, show an irregular pattern of small, dark blotches. One of
the first identification marks when landing a walleye is the white tip on the lower lobe ofthe tail. And the eyes have an almost opaque, "moonish" look.
Walleyes begin spawning when water temperatures reach 45F. Also like the perch,fecundity is high, with as many as 50,000 eggs produced per pound of body weight.
Walleyes are ravenous feeders. Because their large eyes are adapted to finding prey in low
light, they are not often found near the surface except at night or in turbid water.
Largemouth Bass
Other Names: bigmouth, bucketmouth, black bass, green bass and linesides
Average size: 3-10 lbs, up to 20 lbs
Spring spawner
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The mouth size provides one way of distinguishing the largemouth; its maxillary (upper
jaw joint) extends back past the center of the eye, farther than any other freshwater bass.
Other aids in identification include:
A. The dorsal fin is nearly divided into two partsB. A dark stripe runs longitudinally the length of the body
Coloration is variable, but usually a darkish green on the back and sides, fading to an off-
white on the belly. Water clarity and chemical composition, bottom color, and the depth
from which fish are taken, can affect coloration. The lateral stripe may be hard to see onlargemouth taken from highly turbid waters.
Largemouth bass spawn on sand and mud beaches when the water temperature approaches
62F. Most spawning is associated with shallow littoral areas (about 10 feet) which have
aquatic vegetation. Juvenile largemouth bass remain near the nest for 5-7 days with themale guarding the young and the nest. Adult largemouth bass generally inhabit water less
than 20 feet deep. They tend to reside in the protection of structure such as aquatic and
shoreline vegetation, woody material, or rocky areas. Juvenile largemouth bass eatplankton, immature aquatic insects, and crayfish. Adult bass eat mostly fish and crayfish.
Smallmouth Bass
Other Names: bronzeback, red-eye and brown bass
Average size: 1.5-3 lbs, up to 12 lbs
Spring spawner
The Smallmouth's upper jaw does not extend back past the center of the eye. Other
identifying characteristics include:
A. The spinous and soft-rayed parts of the dorsal fin are not separated as much as inthe largemouth
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B. No longitudinal stripe; the appearance is often mottled with dark vertical bars
As with the largemouth, coloration is variable depending on environmental factors.
Generally, the back and sides are a yellowish-brown (hence the name "bronzeback"), butsometimes very dark brown, almost black, shading to a lighter-colored or whitish belly.
Smallmouth Bass spawn on gravel and sandy beaches when the water temperature
approaches 65F. Smallmouth bass have been observed on spawning nests in June. Most
spawning appears to be associated with shallow littoral areas (about 10 feet) which havepea size gravel. Juvenile smallmouth bass remain near the nest for 5-7 days with the male
guarding the young and the nest. After spawning, adult smallmouth bass retreat to deeper
water. Juvenile smallmouth bass remain in the protection afforded by boulders, cobble, andtalus slopes. Juvenile smallmouth bass eat plankton, immature aquatic insects and crayfish.
Adults eat mostly crayfish and fish.
Yellow Perch
Other Names: ringed perch or striped perch
Average size: 4-11 oz, up to 2 lbs
Spring spawner
The Yellow Perch is easy to identify. Its round body is slender compared to the sunfishes,yellow or greenish in color, with six to eight dark vertical bars on the sides. The two
relatively large dorsal fins are completely separated, and the anal fin has one or two spines.
Yellow Perch spawn even earlier than crappies, beginning when water temperatures reach45 or 50F. Spawning is extended over only a short period, each female extruding all of her
eggs at once. Reproductive potential (fecundity) is high, with as many as 15,000 eggs for a
six-inch fish, and many times that for larger fish.
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Black Crappie
Other Names: calico bass and papermouth
Average size: 8 oz-2 lbs, up to 4 lbs
Spring spawner
Crappies may be identified by their large rounded dorsal and anal fins, and their deep but
narrow bodies giving a "pancake" appearance. Black crappies are the more plentiful of thetwo varieties. They have seven or eight dorsal spines and dark, irregularly-spaced blotches
on the side. White crappies have five or six dorsal spines, and are usually shaded with dark
vertical bars.
Crappies are the earliest spawners of the centrarchids, actively spawning when watertemperatures approach 55F. Unlike bass, these fish are gregarious, and commonly found in
schools during the spring. The schools break up somewhat after spawning, and fish are
more likely to be scattered and in deeper water during the summer. Black crappies seem tobe more dependent on vegetation, while white crappies do better in more turbid waters.
Bluegill
Other Names: bluegill sunfish, bream, sun perch, blue perch, blue sunfish, copperbelly,
red-breasted bream, copperhead bream, and blue breamAverage size: 12 oz-2 lbs, up to 2.5 lbs
Spring spawner
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Bluegills have smaller mouths than either bass or crappies. They are deep of body like
crappies, but fairly thick from side to side. These brightly-colored little fish may be told
apart most easily by remembering that the bluegill has a blue-black spot on the margin ofthe gill cover. Males can be distinguished from females, especially during spawning time,
by the brighter color of the male bluegill.
Bluegills characteristically inhabit vegetated, quiet or slow-moving waters. They spawn
when water temperatures approach 70F, congregating in large groups on common
spawning grounds in water six to 12 inches deep.
Channel Catfish
Average size: 2-7 lbs, up to 35 lbs
Spring spawner
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This catfish is distinctly different from the bullheads. It has a forked, rather than rounded,
tail, a slate to silvery body color--usually spotted with tiny black specks--and a much more
streamlined head and body. Channel cats also attain a much larger size, growing to over 30pounds. Channel catfish also differ from the bullheads in habit and habitat. They spawn
only in lakes, rivers and streams that can reach a temperature of 75F by late spring.
Currently, naturally-reproducing populations are found only in the Snake, Columbia, lowerYakima (50 miles) and Walla Walla rivers
Coldwater Fish Species
Rainbow Trout (Types: Redband), Coastal Cutthroat Trout (Types: Westslope, Lahontan
and Sea-Run), Brook Trout, Dolly Varden, and Brown Trout are the primary PacificNorthwest coldwater fish. Rainbow Trout, Cutthroat Trout, Bull Trout, Dolly Varden, andSea-Run Cutthroat Trout are fish that are native to Oregon and Washington, while the other
species have been introduced to the region. Each year thousands of anglers test their skills
attempting to catch these fish.
Rainbow Trout
Other Names: bows or freshwater salmon
Average size: 2-4 lbs, up to 8 lbs
Spring spawner
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Rainbow Trout are actually a land-locked form of the anadromous Steelhead. Their dietconsists of eating such things as minnows, crayfish, insects, and other small aquatic life.
Rainbow Trout get their name from the reddish stripe along their sides, but not all Rainbow
Trout have really bright red stripes. Mature males who are ready to spawn have the mostpronounced red striping while the females are much less dramatic in coloration. The rest ofthe fish body is usually silvery, darker on top and lighter on bottom for camouflage (if they
are dark on top, they are hard to see against the dark back ground of the bottom of the
stream, and their light undersides make them hard to see from the bottom looking upbecause they are hard to see against the light of the sun and sky) with black spots along the
back.
Rainbows actually prefer cold, clear, swift-moving water to live in, but they can survive in
fairly warm water as well if they can get enough oxygen. They are found most often inwater 55-60 degrees Fahrenheit, but can tolerate temperatures up to 75 degrees.
To spawn, Rainbows return to the stream where they were born (they can find it by
SMELLING it!!). Here, the female makes a nest called a "redd" by scooping out the gravel
with her tail (she doesn't actually use her tail as a shovel in the gravel, but she pumps it sohard that the water forces the gravel to move so that a hole is soon made). Then she lays
her eggs in her redd and a male fish fertilizes them.
Redband Trout
Other Names: redsidesAverage size:
Spring spawner
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The Redband Trout (inland Rainbow Trout) are indigenous to Central Oregon. Redband
Trout are a subspecies of Rainbow Trout and Steelhead, and are adapted to the arid
conditions east of the Cascades. Historically, they were found throughout Central Oregon
in waters connected to the Deschutes River.
Today, their distribution is fragmented due to dams without fish passage, natural barriers,severe stream flow alterations from irrigation development, chemical treatment projects,
and introduction of non-indigenous trout stocks.
Redband Trout spawn in rivers and streams during the spring (March, April and May).Cool, clean, well-oxygenated water is necessary for the eggs to survive. Redband trout fry
emerge from the gravel in June and July. For the most part, they live near where they were
spawned. Age at maturity is 3 years with size varying depending on productivity ofindividual waters. Few Redband Trout exceed 10 inches in length.
Coastal Cutthroat Trout
Average size: 2-3 lbs, up to 17 lbs
Spring spawner
Three varieties of Cutthroat trout are available to Washington and Oregon anglers. Themost common is the Coastal Cutthroat, which includes both resident and anadromous--or
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sea-run--strains. Resident Coastal Cutthroat are found in many streams and beaver ponds.
In some of these small waters they may grow no larger than 8 or 9 inches long.
Although there are variations among the subspecies (and among races within thesubspecies), Cutthroats usually have greenish backs with yellow or silver sides showing
many dark grey or black spots, and a slash of red on the lower jaw, which inspired it'sname. Where Cutthroats cross-breed with Rainbows, the rainbow's markings dominate,
making hybrids difficult to distiguish from pure Rainbows.
Sea-Run Cutthroat spawn in many coastal tributary streams. While still thriving in some
coastal river systems, many cutthroat populations have declined due to stream pollution
and loss of small-stream habitat. Wild-cutthroat-release regulations and bait-fishingrestrictions are now in effect on many Washington streams, so anglers should read the
fishing regulations carefully before pursuing these eager biters.
Westslope Cutthroat are more common in eastern lakes and streams. They are also
stocked in many high-country lakes. They can be caught on all standard trout lures andbaits, but since their diet consists mostly of insects, fly-fishing is especially effective. Some
bodies of water have special barbless hook and bait/lure regulations, so be sure to check the
fishing regulations pamphlet.
Lahontan Cutthroat are relative newcomers, where they have been stocked in only a fewhighly alkaline, east-side lakes. Artificial flies, spoons, spinners and wobbling plugs all
work well for these big cutthroats that have adapted to desert lakes.
Dolly Varden
Other Names: red-spotted rocky mountain trout, red-spotted trout or char, pacific orwestern brook char or trout, sea trout or char, salmon-trout
Average size: 2-5 lbs, up to 30 lbs
Fall spawner
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Bull Trout
In the cold, clear waters of the Pacific Northwest, some of the world's most important and
beautiful fish--the trout, salmon and char--have evolved. But none of these native
salmonids (the name used for members of the Salmonidae family) are as pretty or asmysterious as our Native Char, the Dolly Varden and Bull Trout.
The average length of the fresh water form is 12-18 inches long and 18-24 inches in
anadromous stocks. The color is variable with size, locality and habitat. Adults living in the
sea are a dark blue with silvery sides and those living in fresh water are a olive-green tobrown. Spawning adults turn a bright red. All are spotted.
The Dolly Varden is a fall spawner. The female digs the redd and is attended by 4-5 males.
Generally this species lives 10-12 years. Bull trout spawn in cold tributary streams in the
early fall (September - October). They deposit eggs in a redd and juvenile Bull Trout
typically rear in the parent stream for two years and then migrate in the spring to largerwaters for rearing to adulthood. At age 5, they migrate back to their natal tributary to
spawn. Bull Trout are very piscivorous (fish eating) allowing them to reach up to 20 lbs insize depending on food availability.
Eastern Brook Trout
Other names: speckled trout, aurora trout, brookie, square-tail, speckled char, sea trout,
common brook trout, mud trout, breac
Average size: 1-5 lbs, up to 4 lbs
Fall spawner
Other names: speckled trout, aurora trout, brookie, square-tail, speckled char, sea trout,
common brook trout, mud trout, breac
Average size: 1-5 lbs, up to 4 lbs
Fall spawner
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Brook Trout are an introduced fish species that were first stocked in the early 1900's. Theyare widely distributed from high mountain lakes to headwater tributaries. They are found in
all stream systems and most major lakes where water quality is suitable. They are the most
prevalent fish in both wilderness and non-wilderness high lakes.
Brook Trout spawn in October and early November and redds are typically built inheadwater streams and springs with spring-fed cold streams preferred. Eggs hatch in early
winter and juveniles emerge from the gravel in the spring. Sexual maturity is reached at age
3 with size varying depending on productivity of the individual water.
The Brook Trout are easily identified by worm-shaped markings called vermiculationsalong their back and upper sides. Brook Trout grow rapidly when conditions are right,
reaching 6 or 7 inches in a year and sometimes growing to 5 pounds. They are also subject
to stunting from overpopulation in some lakes. Insect larvae and nymphs make up a largepart of their diet, so they are a logical favorite of fly fishers.
Brown Trout
Other names: english brown trout, european brown trout, brownie, browns
Average size: 1-7 lbs, up to 40 lbs
Fall spawner
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Brown Trout spawn in rivers and streams during the fall (October-November) and prefercold spring-fed streams. Eggs are deposited in a redd and fry usually emerge in March.
They are generally sexually mature at 3 years of age with an average length of 15 inches.
Brown Trout are very piscivorous (fish eating), and long-lived which accounts for them
reaching large sizes. They are highly regarded by anglers as a trophy trout. Typicalcoloring is olive-green to dark brown on the back with silvery sides and pale spotting. All
colors intensify at spawning time.
For the wide variety of foods the Brown Trout will eat, it can be very difficult to catch. Forone, many larger browns are primarily nocturnal feeders, and, for two, during prolific
insect hatches, Browns can be extremely selective about what they'll eat.
Lake Trout
Other names: lake char
Average size: 2-11 lbs, up to 72 lbs
Fall spawner
Lake Trout are an introduced species to the northwest with the first introductions in 1917.
Lake Trout are very piscivorous (fish eating) eating primarily whitefish, kokanee, tui
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chubs, other trout, and crayfish. They are very long-lived (about 20 years) and can reach
very large size. The body, colored light green or grey, dark green, brown or almost black
with lighter colored spots is typically troutlike, elongate.
Lake Trout spawn in the fall (October) when they move to gravel/cobble shoal areas. They
do not build nests (redds), but rather broadcast spawn with the fertilized eggs settling in thecrevices between the rocks. Eggs do not hatch until spring. Sexual maturity is generally
reached at age 6 or 7.