Download - Fitness Testing
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Field Test Lab Information
Fitness Appraisal Theory 6
Purpose of Fitness Appraisal Fitness
Exercise prescription Motivation to train Monitor progress Assess training program
Sport Channel (sports schools) Team selection Exercise prescription Motivation to train Monitor progress Assess training program Strategy
Purpose of Fitness Appraisal Medicine
Diagnose Assess safety Assess capacity Monitor progress Monitor effect of therapy
Law Assess disability Expose fraud
Purpose of Fitness Appraisal
Industry Job screening Job redesign Need for training (skill) Need for conditioning (fitness) Baseline for later injury claim
Research test hypotheses
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Criteria for Determining a Good Test
A test should measure what it is supposed to measure (validity)
with consistency (reliability)
using an accurate scoring system (objectivity)
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Evaluation of Test Quality
Other criteria to consider are norms available
Achievement level to which scores can be compared - interpretation and evaluation
Economy - safety, practicality, time, cost, simplicity
Appropriateness - target group for norms and test design, relevance of outcome to goals
Referenced Tests Norm-referenced test:
compared against others in the same age and gender category
somebody always has to be in the lower percentile rankings
Criterion-referenced test: compared to some criterion. This target could be set
appropriately for the age and gender of a client. e.g. police and fire fighter standard tests
validating a criterion (pass/fail) is a tricky task - reporting a percentile ranking is easier.
most criterions based on normative data originally
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Validity
How well does a test measure what it is intended to measure - most important aspect of test design
There are several types of validity Construct Validity
degree to which a test measures an underlying attribute based on existing knowledge
Old CSTF sit-up test - legs held, hands behind neck, rate of 60 / min Inappropriately tests stabilizer muscles at high contraction
rate, allows contribution of psoas muscle group.
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Validity
Content validity Is the test battery measuring all the component
abilities for performance List ability components for sport, and ensure they
are all represented Eg soccer - speed, agility, coordination, kicking power…
Criterion-Referenced Validity - includes concurrent and predictive Continued on next slide
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Concurrent Validity Used when a test is proposed as a substitute for another test that
is known to be valid Degree of correlation with a criterion test should be reported
over 0.8 validity coefficient is acceptable. E.g. Coopers and VO2 Max (0.897) (see next slide) SEE - standard error of estimation - should also be small
But Cooper used adults who were well trained & motivated Applicability to other groups ?
Predictive validity - amount by which test score corresponds to future behaviour or performance Does prior fitness actually reduce injury in demanding jobs? Do fitness scores relate to sport performance measures?
(goals, rebounds, assists)
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Swedish classification, compare with American in handout (e.g. female who ran 6 laps)
Know What the Score Means
Typical Canadian Values for VO2 max. (ml/kg.min) Male (20-29) 40-49 (5.5-6.8 laps) Male (50-59) 30-35 (4.5-5 laps) Female (20-29) 34-38 (5-5.5 laps) Female (50-59) 24-28 (4-4.3 laps)
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Construct Validity
Degree to which a test measures an attribute that cannot be directly measured e.g. – assertiveness and other
psychological attributes, athletic ability, % body fat
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Reliability Consistency or repeatability of a test - a test must
be reliable to be valid test can be reliable but invalid
e.g. 60 sec sit up test Also defined as the ability of the test to detect
reliable differences between subjects Pass/Fail tells us very little if everyone gets the same result Applicable when comparing to norms
Ensure test is being administered as it was designed Single test, test retest, individual test score
Factors influencing reliability Type of test, Ability, Length Consistency of client preparation
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Reliability (cont.)
Inter-judge reliability - degree to which different testers agree Standardization of training and certification
important
Other sources of error Calibration of equipment Preparation of subjects Personality of tester (motivation)
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Field-Tests Laboratory
Advantages and Disadvantages allow examiners to test numerous participants at once
without the need for sophisticated and expensive equipment.
Validity of Field-Tests Field-tests are not as accurate as the criterion-test they
are designed to emulate Field-tests are usually used as motivational tools rather
than in scientific studies, so the lower level of accuracy is often quite acceptable
Care must be taken however to use the field test on the population group it was designed for (may have concurrent validity for a certain age population but not for another)
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Reliability If the field-test does not have a skill component
they will usually be very reliable e.g. Cooper test requires pacing skill
Simple tests of maximal strength, like the grip strength, have very high reliability
Objectivity Field-tests usually have excellent objectivity (e.g.
timed runs, laps completed in set amount of time) Normative Databases
Field-tests often have large databases, in part because so many people can be tested easily
Care should be taken to use the appropriate database for the clients whom you have tested
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Safety of Field Tests
Most aerobic tests are sub maximal and less likely to put excessive strain on subject
20m aerobic shuttle is maximal Screening during test often difficult
ECG, BP
Rely on prescreening tests Anaerobic tests require maximal effort - select
clients carefully High risk of muscle strain in sprint tests if not fully
warmed-up or inexperienced with sprinting
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Field Tests
Virtually all field-tests are very inexpensive to run test numerous subjects at same time,
reducing personnel costs minimal equipment is required
There are numerous field-tests available so finding an appropriate test for your client(s) should not be a problem.
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Lab Organization
Warm Up (done in the 10 min prior to test participation) 2 laps of 400m track stretching 2 X 50 m sprints at 50-75 % max
Purpose to have you complete, administer and/or observe some
common filed tests
Decide after outline one aerobic one anaerobic if you are used to sprinting
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Anaerobic
Phosphagen and glycolytic Systems Usually reserved for specific sports groups does not contribute to cardiovascular/respiratory fitness can be associated with muscle strain
600 m and 100 m shuttle tests norms are for elite athletes useful on test/retest basis only require good warm up/stretching
T-Test and other agility tests Test of agility (approximately 7-15 seconds) Two trials
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Anaerobic (cont.)
600-m, 400-m Sprints (runs) Glycolytic System 2 trials (one in 343) 4 runners max. use inside lane warm up essential
100m shuttle Phosphagen/glycolytic systems sprint 5 times between 20m lines practice trial at 75 %
20-m, 50yd, sprints Phosphagen system practice trial at 75 %
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Aerobic System
Coopers Test Target subjects - large groups, assumed to be healthy,
experience running as pacing is important Normative data for Swim and Bike Coopers tests are also available
warm up important 12 minutes around 400 m track pacing is important (experience) up to 30 runners, keep to inside lane use table slide 28 for miles and VO2 max estimates administrator calls out times and records completed laps -
to nearest quarter or tenth good correlation to VO2 max test results
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Aerobic Tests (cont)
1.5 mile run Target subjects
Large groups Prior experience running this test distance as pacing is
important Timed test - 6 laps of 400 m track Moderate warm up and stretch One administrator can time up to four subjects,
keeping track of completed laps Compare time to age and gender specific fitness
scale
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20 m Aerobic shuttle (Léger et al, 1988) Target subjects
Healthy subjects of any age
warm up included in protocol avoids pacing problem pace increases progressively from brisk walk If subject fails to keep pace
by two steps on two consecutive laps the last number called out is their stage level
MET estimated by stage and age MET is Metabolic Equivalent 1 MET = 3.5 ml O2 kg-1 min-1
Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test 36
"The Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test A Useful Tool for Evaluation of Physical Performance in Intermittent Sports", by Jens Bangsbo F. Marcello Iaia and Peter Krustrup, Sports Med 2008; 38 (1): 37-51
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Aerobic (cont.)
Rockport Fitness Walking Test Target group
sedentary, older individuals, those not accustomed to running
walk at fast, comfortable pace record time for four laps timer can use lap function for more than one subject record 10-second heart rate at finish with stop
watch Compare results to age and gender specific graphs
in lab book