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Floodplains, Fish Habitat, and Climate Change Resilience
Tim Beechie NOAA Fisheries, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA
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What is resilience?
• Ability of an ecosystem to maintain its structure and functions despite environmental change
• For salmon, resilience more commonly means persistence of the species despite climate change
• Floodplains confer climate change resilience through: • Habitat diversity
• Thermal diversity
• Species diversity
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1970-1999
Seattle
Portland
Boise
Banff
Data source: http://www.hydro.washington.edu/2860/report/
Rainfall
Snowmelt 2070-2099
Seattle
Portland
Boise
Banff
Rainfall
Snowmelt
Transitional
Transitional
Change in flow regime
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Increased water temperature
1970-1999 >30 26-30 22-26 18-22 14-18 10-14 <10
2070-2099 >30 26-30 22-26 18-22 14-18 10-14 <10
Beechie et al. 2013 Beechie et al. 2013
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bkw pool
scr pool
glide
lg riffle
hg riffle
Young scroll bar channel
Riffle dominated
Higher habitat diversity
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bkw pool scr pool glide lg riffle hg riffle
Young abandoned main stem
Mixed riffle and pool
Higher habitat diversity
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pool glide lg riffle hg riffle
Old abandoned main stem
Pool / pond dominated
Higher habitat diversity
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Surface water temperature patterns in the Sauk River floodplain
Thermal diversity
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Longer hyporheic flow paths regulate stream temperature
Poole et al. 2008
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Longer hyporheic flow paths regulate stream temperature
955 m 955 m
955 m
175 m
175 m
175 m
SW SW
SW
Poole et al. 2008
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Higher invertebrate diversity
• Young channels dominated by gatherers
• Older channels dominated by scrapers
Main channel <5 years 5-25 years 25-75 years >75 years
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Higher growth rate
Mainchannel Floodplain
Jeffresetal.2008Enclosedexperiment,sameageChinook
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More salmonids in side channels
mainstem
floodplain
Bellmore et al. 2013, Pess et al. 2008
MC CSC DSC
Elwha River Methow River
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What can floodplains do for climate change resilience?
Restoration action Temperature increase
Low flow decrease
Peak flow increase
Increase resilience
Longitudinal connectivity Y Y N Y
Floodplain connectivity Y N Y Y
Restore incised channel Y Y Y Y
Restore in-stream flow Y Y N N/Y
Riparian rehabilitation Y N/Y N N
Sediment reduction N N N N
In-stream habitat N N N N
Nutrient enrichment N N N N
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Reducing climate change effects through restoration
Levee
Mainstemhabitatsonly
Mainstem
Pond
Floodrefuge
Groundwaterchannel
Side-channel
Waples et al. 2008
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Reducing climate change effects through restoration
Levee
Mainstemhabitatsonly
Mainstem
Pond
Floodrefuge
Groundwaterchannel
Side-channel
Waples et al. 2008
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And restoring incised channels
Reduce temperature Increase low flow Decrease peak flow (or its effect) John Day
River basin
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Summary • Connected or restored floodplains confer
resilience through • Habitat diversity • Thermal diversity • Species diversity
• They also can ameliorate peak flow and high temperature effects through • Flood attenuation and refugia • Thermal refugia