DOE-27056-2
FLORAL GREENHOUSE HEATING
SEMI-ANNUAL TECHNICAL REPORT
Jay F! Kunto Roger C. Stoker
UTAH ROSES INC. I 567 W. 90th S.
J Sandy, Utah 84070 I.
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' Report Prepared By . ENERGY SERVICES INC.
OCTOBER 1979 WORK PERFORMED UNDER
CONTRACT
sf: DE-ACOI- 79 ET-27056
I
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Geothermal Energy
DISCLAIMER
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.
DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document.
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FLORAL GREENHOUSE HEATING
SEMI-ANNUAL TECHNICAL REPORT
JAY F , KUNZE
ROGER C , STOKER
,
Utah Roses, Inc. 567 W. 90th S,
Sandy, Utah 84070
. Prepared for the
Idaho Operations Office
U.S. Department of Energy
Geothermal Energy
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.
11.
111.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FIGURES AND TABLES
ABSTRACT
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
A. PARTICIPANTS
B. GENERAL
C. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
I). ESTIMATE OF OVERALL LIFE-CYCLE ENERGY COST/ 1NITIAL.AND LONG TERM SAVINGS
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
A. PROPOSED ACTIVITY
- 1. Geophysical Exploration
2. Drilling Description
3 . Construction Activities
4 . Reinjection & Reservoir Depletion
B. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
A. GENERAL GEOLOGY
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B. GENERAL GROUND WATER
C. GEOTHERMAL DATA EVALUATION
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IV.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
(CONTINUED )
Page -
RESOURCE ASSESSMENT (CONTINUED)
C . GEOTHERMAL DATA EVALUATION (CONTINUED)
1. Aeromagnetic Map
2 . Valley Thermal Springs
3. Salt Lake County Conservancy Well
4. Other Area Warm Wells
5. Resource Summary
DRILLING PLAN
A. GENERAL -
B. DRILLING PROGNOSIS
C. WELL CONSTRUCTION
1. Production Well
2. Injection Well
D, DRILLING MUD
E. WELL COMPLETION
1. Well Development
2. Water Analysis
3. Wellhead Fittings and Valves
4. Well Yield and Abandonment
F. COMPLETED WELL
G. SITE CLEANUP
REFERENCES
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bm u FIGURES
Page
1. Salt Lake Valley Area Map
2. Utah Roses Site Location L.
u 3. Temperature Frequency Histogram for Salt Lake City
4. Utah Roses Geothermal Project Greenhouse Heating Y Schematic
5. Utah Roses Geothermal Project Work Schedule
6. Characteristics of Potential Discharge Canals u 7.
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11.
USGS Total Intensity Aeromagnetic Map Draper Project
Utah Roses, Inc. Property &: Well
Salt Lake County Conservancy Well Log, June 4, 1979
Salt Lake County Conservancy Well Log, June 25, 1979
Utah Roses Production Well
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TABLES
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b i I. Life Cycle Energy Cost & Savings (1980 to 1995)
11. Salt Lake County Conservancy Well Water Chemistry u
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Y ABSTRACT
A demonstration project for providing floral greenhouse space/
process heat for a 6-acre greenhouse facility in metropolitan
Salt Lake City has been jointly undertaken by the greenhouse owner
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on the environmental evaluation was completed in March, 1979, I
d and the contract between the two principal organizations to
proceed with the project was signed on May 1.
first well is scheduled to commence by late-October, with a target
Drilling of the w
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drilling depth of 3,000 to 4,000-feet. There are several shallow
warm wells in the area, the closest being 100-yds. from Utah R o s e s ,
and having 94OF temperatures at 750-foot depth.
temperature of 120°F has been set for the exploratory production
well, which is to be drilled beginning in late-October, 1979.
A minimum target
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I. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
A. PARTICIPANTS
All project activities are being conducted by Utah Roses,
Inc. of Sandy, Utah and their engineers, Energy Services, Inc.
of Salt Lake City. Utah Roses is providing the commercial and
financial management of the project and assuming complete owner-
ship of the facilities when the project is completed. Energy
Services, Inc. is providing all the engineering services and
supervision of the contractors performing the well drilling,
installation.of pumps, distribution lines, heat exchangers,
and any components that are a part of the geothermal system.
B. GENERAL
Utah Roses, Inc. is a 6-acre greenhouse facility that whole-
sales roses, via truck and airfreight. The facility is located
14-miles south of the center of Salt Lake City, in Sandy, Utah.
With a current population of 58,000 (Oct. 1978), Sandy is
rated as the fastest growing municipality in the metropolitan
Salt Lake Region.
The Utah Roses location is shown on Figure 1. The location
is on the western edge of Sandy, two blocks from Interstate
15, and 200-yards from the Jordan River. Two waste water
canals run past the property. (See Figure 2).
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The geothermal energy from the well to be drilled on Utah
Roses property will be used for floral industry process
heat.
temperature (120°F to 190°F).
feet temperatures as low as 120°F can be used economically.
A reinjection well might be used-if the chemical content of
the geothermal water requires such a well.
of water is adequate for direct use in water-to-air heat
exchangers, the discharge water will then be discharged
directly into an adjacent irrigation canal, obviating the
need for a reinjection well.
The geothermal water is expected to be of moderate
At a depth of 3,000 to 4,000-
If the quality
There is substantial evidence of a reservoir of the desired
temperature throughout a 1,000-sq. mile belt in and south of
Salt Lake City.
of-the proposed drilling location.
Three warm wells exist within three miles
Further confirmation of
the nature of this reservoir would stimulate future uses of
geothermal energy in this very heavily populated, highly
industrialized area of northern Utah.
Gas and oil-fired boilers are presently being used at the
Utah Roses facility, producing 70,000-MBTU's annually.
Beehive Machinery, Inc., a neighboring industry and future
potential participant in the geothermal project also uses
10,OOO-MBTU1s annually for space heating.
fossil fuel rating of the geothermal project is approximately
Potential annual
75,000-MBTU, allowing the present conventional systems to be
used for peaking on the coldest days. (An annual temperature
frequency histogram is shown in Figure 3 . )
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The complete energy system is comprised of the well system,
the pumps and motors, the heat exchangers, the distribution
system, the control system and the disposal system. The
well system would consist of two wells, a source well (nominally
supplying 170°F water) and possibly a reinjection well. Based
on experience with the first well, if it is not highly success-
ful, it is expected that the second well to be drilled could
be designed to produce more energy (fluids and temperature)
than the first.
be selected as the source and the other as the reinjection well.
The source well should be able to supply at least 500-gpm of
17OOF water when pumped. The discharge line will feed into a
water-to-water heat exchanger at nominally 170°F and into the
reinjection line from the heat exchanger at 40°F less with a
line pressure of 60-psi to prevent losing dissolved C02 (as
biocarbonate ion). Experience has shown that scaling problems
are minimized or almost non-existent if low-to-moderate
In such a case, the best producing well will
temperature geothermal water is kept pressurized and the
salts in solution. This prevents the formation of CaC03
scale. Silica scaling will not occur with 300°F geothermal
water unless it is cooled below 10O0F. At that temperature,
the amorphous phase solubility becomes less that the 300°F
crystalline phase solubility. There are few other deposition/
scaling problems of significance.
6
The pump system will consist of one large pump and motor of
nominally 200-HP and one or more smaller circulation pumps.
(The larger pump will supply 500-gpm of geothermal water
into a head of 1,500-feet, or 1,000-gpm into a 750-foot head.
The selection will not be made until well drawdown character- -
d istics are determined.) The smaller pump(s) will handle the
secondary ion-free hot water system for the water-air heat
exchangers used to heat the greenhouses.
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The heat exchanger system will consist of one large counter
flow unit to transfer energy from the geothermal, primary
system (pressurized) with ions in solution, to the hydrothermal,
secondary system with a minimum of ionic content. About 1,800- w
b square feet will be needed in this unit. The smaller, water- , air units will heat the air inside the individual greenhouses.
The secondary lines would be ordinary galvanized steel pipe a
with 3-inch diameter t'runk lines and 3/4-inch diameter branch
lines. The primary lines would be of steel and nominally
6-inches diameter. Figure 4 shows the present layout of the
greenhouse facility showing where the wellrand main trunk lines
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Presently, the installed heater complex is as follows:
a) Perimeter pipe heating, 1%-inch pipe, 16,000-feet. This provides about 1.5 x 106 Btu/hr. (up to 4 lines on outside walls, 2 to 3 lines between bays).
b) 12 Units, Modins Model V1020 (357,000 Btu/hr. on 50 psig steam) downward discharging on periphery of east greenhouse.
c) 36 Units, Modine Model V675 (236,000 Btu/hr. on 50 psig steam) downward discharging on interior of of east greenhouse.
d) 21 Units, Modine GHS 296 (444,000 Btu/hr. on 50 psig steam) horizontal discharging with plastic tube distributors to end of greenhouse and motor-controlled louver .
' Boiler capacity is 23.5 million Btu/hr. and can maintain 62OF
inside with 18OF outside (5-mph wind or less),
There are several options that are being considered for retrofit.
In each case all of the peripheral pipe would carry geothermal
water, and might be added to with additional finned tubing.
(The present pipe is badly corroded externally and would be
cleaned, but would not be finned.) The heater options are:
1. Convert part of the present steam system to geothermal water plus the additional units. Retain part of the old on pure steam. Use steam bleed into a mixing bank to boost the geothermal water.
bleed in a mixing tank. 2 . Convert everything to hot water, using steam
3 . Retain the present system and install a completely independent geothermal system.
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The option to be chosen will depend on the geothermal source,
temperature, flow rate, and water quality.
latter, we nominally prefer the use of a primary heat ex-
changer and a secondary circuit with corrosion inhibitors added.
Since some metallurgical effects can be anticipated from the
geothermal water, it is best to concentrate this in one unit.
This approach also avoids requiring steel (instead of the
customary copper tubing in all the heaters).
Concerning the
The cost of doubling (exact duplication) of the present
heaters is approximately $31,000 plus installation. Converting
portions of the present piping to carry hot water will require
some additional mechanical
will be minor. -.
Figure 4 shows the present
support, but these modifications
Utah Roses complex of heaters, as
they would be connected into the geothermal system as in option
#2.
the final design, based on the characteristics of the well.
Placement of additional heaters will be determined during
The control system will consist of all those components to
control the pumping rate, motor operation, valve action,
heat output, etc.
will depend on the temperature and capacity of the source
Final design and specification of these
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The performance monitoring system will consist of temperature
and pressure probes and flow meters coupled with data storage
units to adequately monitor the physical state of the operating
system. Retrofitting recorders to control points on the present
unit would be considered. This data will be reduced to provide
the performance figures for the required reports and the systems
efficiency.
D. ESTIMATE OF OVERALL LIFE-CYCLE ENERGY COST/INITIAL
AND LONG TERM SAVINGS.
Table I summarizes the savings compared to natural gas, the
investment costs in the new system, and the projected cost
savings over 15 years by using the geothermal system
instead of a conventional system. For purposes of comparison
with a new facility, a conventional vs. a hybrid geothermal-
fossil system analysis is noted. Both systems are assumed
to have a 15 year lifetime. The additional electrical expense
comes from the power demand of the pumps particular to the
geothermal system. The Salt Lake City area uses coal pre-
dominately in its electrical power production network. Thus
a much less amount of a plentiful fuel (coal) is used to power
a system which uses a renewable resource (geothermal) as a
replacement of a scarce fuel (gas).
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TABLE I
LIFE CYCLE ENERGY COST FIND SRVItllGS 1980 T O 1995
ENEKGY SAVIt.IGS ANNUALLYCI) - 758 800 MILLION ETU, GAS G O I L
TOTHL OVER 15 YEARS L I F E CYCLE - 1. 13 X EILLION ETU, GAS C O I L
LESS ADD I T I ONRL ELECTR I CY CONSUMEP ANNUALLY - 868,088 KWH EQUIVALENT TO 7600 MBTU C2> OVER I S YEARS -. 12,000,888 KWH EQUIVALEtJT TO 114~808 MBTU
NET SHVIt*JGS OF FOSSIL FUEL - G'J 488 METU ANNUALLY - I. 612 ~ILLIO~.~ BTU OVER 15 YEARS
COST OF ENERGY SAVED - HSSIJMING $1. 8 W M C F GHS PRICE PROJECTED EW MT. FUEL SlJPFLY FOR 1982 WILL ESCH-
HNNClHLLY TO 1995 <ASSUME NET ENERGY COST OF ELECTRICITY AT EUSBHR IS DETERMINED BY THE EC!UIVALEFJT COST OF GHS FIXING THE GENERAT I NG PLANT. ?
LHTE AT 8% ANNUHLLY UNTIL 1990, THEN 12ii
F
THRU 1985
THRU 1998
THRU 1995
(1) INCLUDES C2> EASED ON
TOTAL DEBT COST I F AMORTIZED TOTAL DEET
TOTRL NET OVER 15 YRS AT 16% COST I F 5 YR WEL SAV I tllGS COST OF CAPITAL AMORT. FIT 16%
2F 749,61838 0. 668,008 $1,139,800
12755.1 888 18334,808 1,139~8861
3,467,880 2,803,088 1,1398 a88
($2,0238, BBGr I F NOT ESCALATED AFTER 1982)
161, 080 METU FOR BEEHIVE MACHINERY, INC. ELECTRIC POWER PLANT HEAT RATE OF 9500 BTU/KWHR
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The Utah Roses Facility already has an operable gas/oil fired
steam heating system. It is prudent to adjust the capital
investment in a geothermal system to give optimum costs bene-
fit by using the conventional boiler to peak the system on the
coldest of days, Figure 3 shows a temperature frequency plot
for Salt Lake City. It is apparent that to add geothermal
heating capacity to supply needs below an outside temperature
of 25OF would not be cost effective in general. The exact
design point could only be determined once the production well
water temperature, water quality, and productivity are known,
But for an example, designing the geothermal system to "hold
its own" at 2S°F, will
burn 5% of its present
supply the difference.
capable of maintaining
as low as 18OF, Lower
require the conventional system to
normal annual fuel use in order to
(The conventional system is only
60°F inside with outside temperature
temperatures than this are not uncommon
in Salt Lake City, though less than 10°F is rare.)
Total cost is estimated as $850,000, with about half of this
involving resource development.
and federal funds is even. The
Figure 5.
The split between private
project schedule is shown in
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11. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
An environmental report on the Utah Roses geothermal space and
process heating project was completed in March, 1979. That
document, UR-G-79-1, was filed with the Department of Energy,
Idaho Operations Office. Thus, the comments below are summary
in nature.
A. PROPOSED ACTIVITY
' 1. Geophysical Exploration
Some geophysical exploration has been conducted in the
area as part of separate independent studies.
able geophysical data was reviewed and studied.
geophysical techniques were considered for implementation
The avail-
Other
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in the area but eventually discarded as not cost effective
for this project. It was felt that the nature and depth
of the valley fill would result in indefinate structural
data and could not result in any significant change of
the well site that would be economically feasible in
this high land-cost area,
in the area to develop qualitative models for the sub-
surface geology.
review, aerial photo study and a review of existing area
well water chemistry and temperature data.
Other surveys will be conducted
This work will include a geological data
Drilling of
test wells is not anticipated'.
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2. Drilling Description
Proposed activities during this phase of the project in-
clude the preparation, drilling, testing and completion
of the exploratory production and injection wells. Surface
disposal of the geothermal water into the Galena Canal may
be possible dependent upon the chemistry of the resource.
If the surface disposal method proves feasible without
adversely affecting the environment, the injection well
will not be required. However, it is being assumed the
injection well will be drilled and completed.
The drilling will be accomplished using a portable truck
mounted rotary drilling rig.
tracted through prepared and approved drilling specifications
and bidding processes.
The drilling will be con-
Drilling plans and well designs
- are discussed later in Section IV.
3 . Construction Activities
No new construction (except for the wells and disposal
system) is required. If discharge into the Galena Canal
is a permissible method of disposal, a catch basin will
probably be excavated where the geothermal water is mixed
with the Galena Canal water, in a ratio of approximately
1 to 3 parts by volume. The mixing will occur below
water, thus avoiding a fog problem which would occur on
cold days if the geothermal discharge were exposed directly
to the air. 16
LLI 4 . Reinjection and Reservoir Depletion
IJ With a planned utilization lifetime of 30 years, the re-
injection program must be planned and managed for minimal
thermal'degradation of the producing well(s) environment. Li
w With average annual flow rate of 150 to 200 gpm being
reinjected into a 500 foot thick formation strata with
Y 20% permeable porosity, the reinjected hydraulic front
Will reach a radius of only 1155 feet in 30 years,
production and reinjection wells are planned to be 900 The
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feet apart,
reach the reinjection well in about 26 years. That
hydraulic front will have limined" the heat from the
Thus, the reinjected hydraulic front will a I
d 1 900 foot travel distance and will nearly be at the initial
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production well temperature. Thus, virtually no detectable
temperature degradation would result in a 30 year opera-
ting period. -
POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
The development of geothermal resources in the Jordan Valley
may result in a variety of environmental impacts, the majority
of which will be temporary in nature. All of the temporary conditions are connected with the actual drilling operation
and none are considered to be significantly adverse. Since
development for i the.greenhouse facility is on such a small
scale, no cumulative impacts are anticipated either. The
disturbed land, about one acre, all of which is owned by
Utah Roses, Inc., will be restored for their planned future
development on that land. 17
Contamination of surface and sub-surface water supplies will Y be prevented through the use of mud pits which will contain
all fluids produced during drilling and some testing of the
wells. Ultimate disposal of the fluids contained in the mud
pits will be determined based on the water quality of such
fluids. No fluids will be allowed to reach existing water-
ways having marine life or being used for domestic purposes
until the compatibility of the two resources is evaluated.
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rri above the capacity of the mud pits and/or which is of poor
quality will be safely disposed of or the test will be ter-
minated when the capacity of the mud pits is reached. At oi
present, it is deemed appropriate that the Galena Canal can
be used for disposing of the fluids from this initial testing,
pending state and EPA approval of this approach. u
The charac-
d teristics of both potential discharge canals are shown in
Figure 6. M
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t r t r
CANAL
conductivity (mic~mhos/cm)
PH
Temperature
Flow Rate
P W
FEB.
1600
7.6
---- 1% cfs
FIGURE 6
2100
CHARACTERISTICS OF POTENTIAL DISCHARGE CANALS
1900
GALENA
80
5
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73OF
3.2 cfs
JULY
1700
7.3
AARNALL WASTE WATER DITCH
Conductivity
AUGUST
1550
7.8
(micm-mhos/cm) I 1930 I
78
PH I 7.8
69 OF
Flow Rate
!
JUNE
1700
8.0
66 to 77OF
10 cfs
JUNE
1450
8.0
61 to 62OF
0.9 cfs
JULY AUGUST
7.5 7.8
1 2.5 cfs 7
SEPT.
1950
7.5
-+-70°F
L 3 2 cfs
SEKT. -.
Y F - 2.5 C f s
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The primary environmental concern is containing the fluids
from the producing well until their actual quality and
environmental impact can be determined. To obtain a good
measure of the quality of these fluids requires that the
well be flowed sufficiently to clean out any drilling fluids
and unconsolidated material that may be produced by the
formation. The presence of existing waste discharge canals
may be an acceptable means of conducting the initial test.
Then the decisions concerning whether re-injection is nec-
essary can be made.
The project will have no impact upon any federal or state-
owned lands or related land use regulations. The proposed
activity is in conformance with regional and local land use
plans and development policies and the Sandy City Zoning and
Development Ordinances. ' State regulations governing well
drilling and wastewater discharge will be complied with
during construction and operational phases.
The geothermal development plans for Utah Roses, Inc., are
in complete accord with the policies of the State of Utah
concerning developing alternative energy sources and with
federal intent as outlined in the Federal Non-Nuclear Energy
Research and Development Act of 1974 and the Geothermal Steam
Act of 1970.
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RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
GENERAL GEOLOGY
The Jordan Valley lies at the eastern edge of the Basin and
Range physiographic province, bounded on the east by the Wasatch
Range and on the south and west by the Traverse and Oquirrh
Mountains. The valley is a graben and the surrounding mountains
have been uplifted relative to the valley. The boundaries
between the valley and mountains are most often marked by faults.
In addition to the boundary faults separating the Jordan Valley
from the adjacent mountains, other faults, more or less in the
middle of the valley, define an inner graben which contains
a considerable thickness of sediment derived from the adjacent
mountains.
The Wasatch fault zone separates the Wasatch Range from the
valley and is the predominate feature in the area.
zone is a typical Basin and Range normal fault zone.
of a sevier of individual faults with a braided or branching
The fault
It consists
pattern. Most of the faults in the valley and on
strike N-S and dip 55' to 75' to the west. Those
side of the valley strike N-S and dip to the east
mately 6 0 ° .
the east side
on the west
at approxi-
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The Wasatch Fault zone and associated faults are currently
active and movement alonq them have resulted in 58 strong
earthquakes from 1850 to 1949. Generally, however, the
majority of the disturbances have been relatively minor in
nature and undetectable to the general populace. It would
appear that the movements began in late Tertiary and have
continued intermittently to the present time. The latest
movement on the Wasatch Fault is that of normal upthrusting
with the mountain block being uplifted carrying sediments of
the Lake Bonneville group and younger alluvial fans upward
from 60 to 200 feet.
The earth movements that originally formed the valley have
continued into comparatively recent times and have formed scarps
in- the unconsolidated deposits of the valley. The most prominent
of the faults showing late movement is the East Bench fault which
i s marked by a scarp thak reaches a height of 80-feet in the
unconsolidated deposits in the northeastern part of the Jordan
Valley. The west-facing scarp of the East Bench Fault, together
with the east-facing scarps of the Jordan Valley Fault Zone
delineate an inner graben within the Jordan Valley.
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Amoung the most impressive aspects of the landscape of the
area are the deposits and erosional features of Lake Bonneville.
Tremendous embankment deposits of gravel and sand are at the
mouths of many canyons and at the Jordan Narrows.
lines of Lake Bonneville are etched in bedrock and in pre-Lake
Bonneville alluvial fans alike all around the valley.
prominent shore lines are the Bonneville, ranging from about
Sharp shore-
The most
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5,135-5,180-feet, and the Provo at about 4,800-feet elevation.
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B. GENERAL GROUND WATER
The ground water)in the Jordan Valley occurs in three general
divisions: a shallow unconfined ground-water body, local
perched water, and an artesian reservoir. Ground water is
unconfined along the benches and forms a continuous body with
the artesian reservoir in the central valley.
recharge to the ground-water system is along the benches.
The bulk of the ground-water resource is in the artesian
reservoir in the lower portions of the valley.
Most of the
The Sandy area can be described at depth, geohydrologically, as
large thicknesses of well-sorted gravels interbedded with lake-
bottom clays. There are also numerous channel gravels of ancient
perennial streams. The ground-water moves generally northwest,
responding irregularily to climatic changes.
large diameter wells with hand dug wells common. Most wells
are less than 150-feet in depth and under flowing artesian
conditions. Specific capacities range from 6-200-gpm/ft with
an average of 45-gpm/ft.
There exist many
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C. GEOTHERMAL DATA EVALUATION L* w 1. Aeromagnetic Map
An aeromagnetic survey was run in the Southern Jordan
Valley by Books of the USGS in 1954. The data was plotted
and map prepared by ASARCO in July, 1954. The map shows
the magnetic gradient of the valley floor. Steep magnetic
gradients on the north side of the Traverse Mountains
in the south and the presence of Crystal Hot Springs in
the same area would indicate the presence of an east-
west trending fault zone. The map also shows a relatively
steep magnetic gradient trending E-W that passes just south
of Sandy and the Utah Roses property. (Figure 7)
The Sandy magnetic gradient has been recorded as an E-W
trending fault zone on two geologic maps of the area.
The source of this interpretation has been impossible to
verify. Some investigators see no definite indication
of faulting based on the available geophysical data.
-
However, the fact that the valley fill material is in
excess of 3,000-feet deep in the area immediately west
of Sandy, may account for the magnetic gradient becoming
less definitive in the area around Utah Roses. The
steep gradient that shows up south and east of Sandy
would indicate the possibility of a fault zone in that
area. If the fault zone does indeed exist and carries
geothermal water, horizontal movement of the water into
the valley fill material can be expected. Since Utah
Roses is less than 4 mile away fyom the projected fault
trace, it can be considered a good geothermal exploration
area for this Utah Roses PON Project. 4 24
bl 2. Valley Thermal Springs
u There are numerous hot springs that occur within the State
of Utah.
from 68OF to 189OF.
known fault zones.
Reported temperatures of these springs range
Nearly all of them are near or in
Two of these springs are in the general vicinity of the
project site.
imately 6-miles south of the site at the Utah State Prison.
The water temperature is reported at 137OF with a minimum
projected temperature of 225OF at depth, based on the
silica concentration (55 ppm). Saratoga Hot Springs is
16-miles south of the project site on the west bank of
Utah Lake.
Crystal Hot Springs is located approx-
It flows with a reported temperature of l l l ° F
with a minimum projected temperature of 160°F at depth;
again based on the silica concentration (25ppm).
Both of these springs are located along separate fault
zones and are undoubtedly a mixture of the geothermal
resource and cold ground water.
is assumed, the possible reservoir temperature of Crystal
Hot Springs water is 350°F and 250°F for Saratoga Hot
Springs. The total dissolved solids of both springs are
about 1,500-ppm and the waters are of the calcium sodium
chloride type. However, Saratoga Hot Springs is higher
in sulfate (420-ppm) than Crystal Hot Springs (140-ppm).
When cold water mixing
otherwise the waters are very similar and indicate that
the source water may be of similar origin.
ai 26
Y
3 . Salt Lake County Conservancy Well W
d
ri
*i
Iri
cl
This well was completed in January, 1966 to a total depth
of 800-feet. The well is located approximately 1,000-feet
south-east of the center of the Utah Roses Property.
See Figure 8. The well had a reported discharge temperature
of 76OF during a 27 hour pump test (728-gpm) in 1966. The
well has been static and not used since it was drilled.
The well was temperature logged and pump tested in June,
1979. Figure 9 shows the temperature log made on June 4th
before anything was done to upset the well or the water
within the wellbore. d
On June 6th the well was pumped for
approximately 6-hours at a nominal 1,000-gpm. The well
drawdown was only a total of 90-feet (55 to 145) during
J - the pump test. The water level would have probably
I approached 165-feet (110-feet of drawdown) after the six d
hours of pumping if the pump had not gone off for 10 min- f
1
Utes about 4*-hours into the test. d
J Calculations of transmissivity, porosity, and permeability
have not been included here due to data limitations.
limitations include shortness of test, rough flow control,
The d .
test interruption, and inexperienced personnel conducting
the test. However, the well appears to be fairly produc-
tive at 1,DOO-gpm with approximately 110-feet of drawdown
after 6-hours of pumping.
27 ad
I - 1
SALT LAKE COUNTY
CONSERVANCY WELL LOG
Y
I NOTE: PROBE HUNG UP, \
\ \ \ . \ \
-. E S I RIG GOING DOWN -- ESI RIG GOING UP ---- INEL RIG ( IST ATTEMPT) - INEL R I G (2NO ATTEMPT) n\yY PERFORATIONS . The cooler. temperatures recorded from the \ __ INEL Rig is a result of the mixing of the cold water in the upper seg- ment of the well with the warmer water below during previous logging.
\ \
J
.. \ \
TEMPERATURE OF
29
Y
Several geochemical samples were taken during the pump
test and analyzed. Those results are shown in Table 111.
After examining the data and performing geochemical
analysis;
well was producing hotter water than was recorded during
the initial temperature log of June 4th.
there was a suspicion that the bottom of the
Consequently, the well was temperature logged again on
June 25th. Those results are shown in Figure 10. The
bottom hole temperature was 93OF. Apparently, the stren-
uous pumping of the well brought in warmer geothermal
water and this water was not completely cooled to the
normal equilibrium'conditions before the second log was
made, 24 weeks after the pumping of the well.
-
If the well
were designed as a geothermal well (case out the cold water
above 520-feet), it is capable of producing water at approx-
imately 90°F.
Y
b 30
TABLE 11 L
u Salt Lake County Conservancy
h Well Water Chemistry
(results in ppm unless otherwise indicated) Y
Y CaC03 (Alkalinity) 112
Y
Ba
B
Ca
c1 Ld
.ll
.160
1 6
20
rJ Cr (Hex. ) <. 001 cu
CaC03 (Hardness) J
bd Fe (Totai)
Y
pH U n i t s
0 0 1
42 .0
590
2 .88
<. 0002
. c.01
<. 001 <. 001
<. 01 26.0
7 .48
As - 0 0 5
HC03 137 .
Cd
C03
4 001 <. 01
Cr (Dis) (. 001 Conductivity 330
{&mhos/cm)
. 56 F
Fe (Dissolved) .150
Pb <. 001 Mn . 030 r? i <. 001
1.76 K
Si02 1 3
Na 58 .
TDS 212
I Turbidity NTU 460
Zn 0 (io2
31 ,
Y
FIGURE 10
SALTLAKECOUNTY
JUNE 25, 1979
\ \ \ \
- \ 1
. \ \ 4~ CHANGED BATTERY - PROBE GOING DOWN --- PROBE GOING UP
E J PERFORATIONS Cooler temperatures going up are a result of the mixing of the c o l d water in the upper segment of the well with the warmer below when the probe went down. \
\ I
I I I I I 1 I
J 1
75 80 85 90 95 6k 710
TEMPERATURE OF
32 b
cr
Y
I
Y
L
h
Ld
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Y
J
od
Y
A temperature gradient of 2.2OF/lOO-feet is derived when
using the 82OF at 300-feet and 93OF at 800-feet. A
temperature gradient of 1.70F/lOO-feet results when
using the data from the June 4th temperature log (77,5OF/
300-feet and 86OF/800-feet). Using the higher (2.2OF/
100-feet) temperature gradient; the following is the
estimated temperature at the given depth.
Depth Estimated Temperature
800 feet 93OF
2,000 feet 119OF
3,000 feet 141°F
4,000 feet 163OF
4 ,300 feet 170°F
For the purposes of geochemical analysis, it was con-
servatively assumed that the 93OF water was being mixed
with 62OF cooler water nearer the surface, to give the
well head flowing temperature of 78OF. It is more likely
however, that the cooler near surface water is in the
range of 50-55OF.
33
Considering the low boron and flouride content (Table 11)
of the well water, a conservative dilution result is
nominally a 50/50 mixture.
following geochemical temperature indications:
A 50/50 dilution gives the
silica 158 OF
Na/K/Ca 135OF
These results are in good agreement and support the pre-
viously selected production target zone below 2,000 feet.
This well is the single most definitive evidence for
a viable geothermal resource in the area.
that the minimum temperature required (120OF) is present
and can be recovered at a reasonable depth,
rate (1,000-gpm) and drawdown (estimated at 110-feet
after 6-hours) indicates that the geothermal well can be
expected to produce a reasonable flow rate over a 6-month
period. The valley fill material apparently extends down
to approximately 3,500-feet in the vicinity of Utah Roses,
Inc. and the permeability should not result in production
rates less than half of those in the Conservancy Well,
If faulted and/or fracture zones are encountered, the
estimated production rates and temperatures could be greatly
increased.
It indicates
The production
-
34
Y 4. Other Area Warm Wells
There are numerous other warm wells that occur around
the Sandy, Utah area. These wells have not been discussed ki
in detail due to the limited information concerning them I and the fact that the Conservancy Well data is much more
definitive and site specific. The fact the other wells u
u exist indicates the geothermal waters are leaking away
from the primary fault sources and can be located in
selected permeable aquifers at depth. hi
u However, there is data available from the driller's log of
one other well that is important and should be noted. h i This
well is located at approximately 150 East 10600 South
(11,000-feet southeast of Utah Roses) and was drilled by
Sandy City. The well was drilled in late See Figure 8.
1958 and early 1959 to a total depth of 1150-feet. It was
pump tested at 1,000-gpm and the drawdown was 79-feet over
an unknown time period.
lu -
The static water level was 71-feet
and the drawdown dropped the level to 150-feet.
d During the 1,000-gpm pump test, the welL flowed water at
90°F.
lead wool between 772 and 740-feet. The reported temper-
ature of the water produced above 722-feet was still 82OF.
lc3 The well was then plugged with rock and 300-lbs. of I
u ,
Y
Li
Another plug was placed between 385 and 415-feet (rock
and 3,000-lbs. of lead wool), The produced water temper-
ature above this plug (385-feet) was still a reported 72OF.
4 The well was then plugged with rock and cement from 315 to
355-f eet and left undeveloped. i&
35 b
Y
Ir U
5. Resource Summary
It appears that the geothermal waters are present within
the major area fault zones and move laterally and upward
in them to points of reduced pressure. There is apparent
lateral leakage of the waters away from the fault sources
into some permeable beds,
wells (for a given depth) can be expected when they are
The hottest and most productive
drilled into the faulted and fractured zones. However,
it appears that good production and temperatures can also
be located away from the fault zones if permeable beds are
encountered and/or the-wells are drilled to the quartzite
bedrock.
2,600-feet of the Utah Roses property and the downhole
temperatures encountered in the Conservancy Well (93OF)
and Sandy City Well ( C l O O O F )
property a good geothermal exploration area for this PON
The possibility that fault zones may exist within
-
combine to make the Utah Roses
Project ,
.
Y 36
IV. DRILLING PLAN
A. GENERAL
A drilling contractor (Colorado Well Service Co.) has been
selected for the Ukah Roses Geothermal Project and drilling
of the production well will commence in the period of October
25 to November 5. A suspected fault trending E-W through the
project area will be the target zone for the production well.
A detailed well drilling specification plan has previously
been submitted to and approved by the Department of Energy.
B. DRILLING PROGNOSIS
The drilling of the production and injection wells will be
primarily accomplished in the unconsolidated to semi-consoli-
dated valley fill material. If it is necessary to drill the -
production well beyond 3,200-feet, the quartzite bedrock will
be a limiting factor unless highly altered or fractured. The
fill material just above the quartzite should be an excellent
target zone. The rock types may present two problems for the
well driller.
might necessitate remedial measures (cementing) in order to drill
through with a rotary rig.
the hole to cave.
it may make the geothermal resource slightly more difficult to
The first will be the boulders and cobbles that
The second might be a tendency for
Light mud should control this problem although
detect. Periodic temperature surveys will be taken in the bore-
hole during drilling to minimize the difficulty of detecting the
resource with mud in the hole.
37
Y
Ir
M
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ea
Y
L,
A third problem must be anticipated concerning the resource
itself.
confining pressure head (10-40 psig) and water above 120'F can
cause severe burns.
fluid as well as shut-off valve and flow line installation
during drilling will control this problem.
The production zone will probably be under a low
Again, the use of a light mud base drilling
All aspects.of the drilling should be well within the normal
operation of water well drillers and current techniques.
C. WELL CONSTRUCTION
1.. Production Well
The production well will be drilled into the anticipated
geothermal resource located within the fracture zone of
a suspected area fault to an appropriate depth for the
required temperature and production.
that the top of the production zone and fault will be en-
countered at a depth of approximately 3,000-feet and that
the well will then be drilled about 1,000-feet into the
zone, a total depth of 4,000-feet +. The section of the
production well is shown in Figure 11.
It is anticipated
-
d 38
Y
Li u Lgure 11 UTAH ROSES PRODUCTION
W E L L
13 3 / 8’’ c a si n 9
Cement 500’
-
L
Pr odu c t 1 on
v -4000‘
7 5/8”ho\e
39
Li
u
hi
D. u
u
d
Y
u
u
2. Injection Well
Depending on resource quality, an injection well may
be drilled in order to dispose of the used geothermal
fluids during normal operation of the greenhouse complex.
That discussion will be held in abeyance, however, pending
results of production drilling.
D R I L L I N G MUD
The surface hole (17%") may be drilled with mud of the driller's
choice and the approval of the Project Manager. Water or a
very light drilling mud will be employed to control the possible
Y
artesian water pressure and lost circulation zones anticipated
below 500-feet. The normal mud additive to be employed will
be a degradeable type.
be acceptable with the approval of the Project Manager. Diesel
fuel may be used sparingly as well as lost circulation material
should the need arise. Bentonite base mud is not preferred at
'Baroid's Quik-Trol or equivalent will
this time due to the possible bentonite clay lenses that may
be encountered during drilling. I f caving or other borehole
problems necessitate the use of bentonite mud, it is subject
to the approval of the Project Manager.
4 0
Y
Y
, U
Li
I
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LJ
E. WELL COMPLETION
1. Well Development
The Contractor shall develop the well by such methods
as will effectively extract from the water bearing
formation the maximum practical quantity of drilling
debris, fine sand, and silt, or other fine materials.
Development shall be sand free at the maximum discharge
rate. Should developments require lengthy delays for
discharge permits, the drill rig may be dismissed and
the owner will assume responsibility for further develop- -
ment.
2. Water Analysis
A chemical analysis of the water from the well shall be
obtained from two water samples collected by the Contractor
after it has been determined that the maximum production
rate of the well has been reached. The water sample will
be collected in two one-gallon plastic containers. The
water analysis shall be the responsibility of the Utah
Roses Project Manager and will indicate the relative #
concentrations, by quantitative methods, or values of the
following:
41
Y CATIONS ANIONS
Y
Y
Y
IJ
W
u
es 1
Drrl
Y
Y
Silica (Si02)
Boron (B)
Total Iron (Fe) (ferrous & ferric)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Manganese (Mn)
And in addition to the above:
Total Dissolved Solids
Hardness (Carbonate & Noncarbonate)
Alkalinity (Phenolphthalein & Total)
Specific Conductance (Micromhos of 25OC)
Phosphorus (P)
Bicarbonate (HCO3)
Carbonate (CO3)
Sulfate (SO41
Chloride (C1 )
Fluoride (F)
Nitrate (NO31
Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH)
Where applicable, all results shall be recorded in
milligrams per liter (Mg/l) or parts per million (ppm).
42
Y
L L 4
Y
w
Ld
w
J
Y
w
w
u
u
w
Id
u
Y
u' 4
b
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3 . Wellhead Fittings and Valves
a) Materials
1) Fittings
A 12-inch flange (12" bore) will be installed
on top of both wellhead casings (butt-welded,
150-lb., raised face, weld neck). A 3,000-lb.
2-inch Threadolet and 2-inch nipple will be
installed on the side of both wellhead casings.
2) Flow Relief Tee
The tee will be constructed of 14-inch black
iron pipe with 14-inch flanges (as above) welded
on both ends.
side to accomodate the 6-inch valve and flow
relief line. The length of the tee will be
kept as short as possible depending on the rings
clearance capability.
A nipple will be welded on the
3 ) Gaskets
Pipe gaskets shall be 1/8-inch thick, full face,
asbestos impregnated or approved equal.
43
d
clr bi
Y
Li
Y
w
u
L
cd
d c.i
Y
4) Valves
The 14-inch, 6-inch and 2-inch valves shall be
gate valves with a pressure rating of 150-psi
and shall be designed to effect tight shut-off.
Design of the 14-inch valve shall be such that
with the valve in the open position, the full
and unobstructed inside diameter is available
to pass the drill string and maximum bit(l2%-inch).
5) Valve Testing
All valves shall be subjected to hydrostatic,
shop leakage and performance test as specified
in AWWA Standard C507-73.
6) Proof of Design
The manufacturer furnishing valves under the
specification shall be prepared to s h o w proof
that the valves proposed meet the design require-
ments of AWWA Standard C507-73 per Section 17.2.
b) Installation
The Project Manager shall furnish and the Contractor
will install all fabricated flanges, tees, blind
flanges, gaskets, valves and all appurtenances and
incidentals described herein complete and ready for
use. Installation shall be in strict conformance
with the various manufacturer's recommendations.
44
J
m
rri
Y
td
rd
J
4 . Well Yield and Abandonment
a) Well Yield
Location of a suitable aquifer system at the previously
listed site capable of-producing at least 500-gpm of
geothermal water is desired. However, these specifi-
cations do not require the Contractor to guarantee
well production or water quality, due to the exploratory
nature of the drilling. Regardless of the well yield
obtained, the Contractor shall make every reasonable
effort to obtain accurate drawdown and recovery infor-
mation.
b) Abandonment of Well
- In the event the well shall not be accepted prior to
completion due to insufficient capacity, unsatisfactory
chemical or bacteriological quality or should it be
abandoned fo r any causes not the fault of the Contrac-
tor, the Contractor shall, as directed by the Project
Manager fill the hole with puddled clay or clay and
concrete as necessary to plug the well.
4 5
If, however, the well is abandoned because of poor
alignment or for any other cause due to the Contrac-
tor's negligence or faulty materials, the Contractor
shall, as directed by the Project Manager, fill the
hole with puddled clay or clay and concrete as necessary
to plug the well, and no _. payment shall be made to the
Contractor.
F . COMPLETED WELL
The completed well shall consist of a borehole with 13 3/8-inch
and 8 5/8-inch (production well) diameter casing, cement grouted
from the geothermal water bearing formation to the ground
surface, well-head fittings/valves installed and either hung
slotted casing (if required) installed or open hole completion
accomplished.
cleaned-out condition.
The well will be left in a maximum developed and
G. SITE CLEANUP
Upon completion of all work specified, the Contractor shall
remove from the drilling site all equipment and materials not
originally present before move-in occurred. The ground shall
be returned, as near as possible, to the original topography.
The mud pits shall be left for testing purposes.
shall be done to the Project Manager's satisfaction.
owner shall be respons-ible for disposal of the used drilling
All work
The
fluids. 4 6
V.
1.
2 .
3 .
4 .
5.
6.
7.
8 .
9.
REFERENCES
"Area-wide Water Quality
Water Quality and Water
"Area-wide Water Quality
Management Plan." Salt Lake County
Pollution Control, October, 1978.
Management Plan-Appendix," Salt
Lake County Water Quality and Water Pollution Control,
October, 1978.
State of Utah, Department of Development Service, State
Historic Preservation Office.
"Draft Environmental Impact Statement for Utah Lake-Jordan
River Water Quality Management Planning Study," U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Region VIII, Denver, Colorado, April,
1976 . "Soil Survey of Salt Lake Area, Utah, 'I USDA, Soil Conservation
Service, April, 1974.
"Regional Development Guide," Wasatch Front Regional Council,
March, 1977.
"An Overall EconomicDevelopment Plan for Salt Lake County,
Utah," Peter J. Van Alstyne, The Bureau of Community Develop-
ment, University of Utah, 1978.
Water Resources of Salt Lake County'I,Techn. Publ. #31, (1971) , Utah Dept. of Natural Resources.
"Environmental Geology of the Wasatch Front", (1971), Utah
Geological Association Publication #l.
47
10. "Thickness of Unconsolidated to Semi-Consolidated Sediments
in Jordan Valley, Utah", R. E. Mattick (USGS), USGS Prof. Paper
700-C, 1970.
11. "Geology and Ground-Water Resources of the Jordan Valley,
Utah", A. W. Mavine and D. Price (USGS), Utah Geological and
Mineralogical Survey, Water-Resources Bulletin 7, Dec.1974.
"Major Thermal Springs of Utah", J. C. Mundorff (USGS) , Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey, Water-Resources Bulletin
13, September, 1970.
12.
13. "Geology of the Central Wasatch Mountains, Utah", Guidebook
to the Geology of Utah, Number 8 collection of papers,
Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey, 1952.
14. "The Wasatch Fault Zone in North Central Utah," Guidebook
to- the Geology of Utah, Number 18, colleciton of papers,
Geological and Mineralogical Survey, 1964. c
4 8