Download - Flow Meter Selection Ashrae
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FLOW METER SELECTION SEMINAR Alan Graff
RL Stone Co I&C Sales Manager
Upstate NY & New England
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RL Stone Co. New England
Corporate Office: 115 Ainsley Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210 Tel: 888-404-8882 Fax: 315-479-5402 www.rl-stone.com
Process/HVAC Products and Solutions
Armstrong Steam and Condensate Group: Traps, Liquid Drainers, Steam
Distribution & Condensate Return Manifolds, Air Vents, Strainers, Wireless
Trap Monitors, Spargers, Separators
Armstrong Humidification Group (Vermont only): Direct Steam, Ionic Bed
Electric, Gas-Fired, Steam to-Steam, Evaporative Cooling Fogging, Unfired Steam Generators
Armstrong Condensate Management Group: Mechanical & Electrical
Condensate Pumps and Packages, Flash Tanks, Condensate Coolers
Armstrong Heat Transfer Group: Unit Heaters, Door Heaters and Make-Up
Air Heaters, Heavy-Duty Steam and Hot Water Coils, Replacement Coils,
DuraMix VIFB Coils, Fumigation Heat Treat Systems
Armstrong Hot Water Group: Instantaneous Hot Water Heaters, Direct
Fired Gas High Efficiency Hot Water Heaters, Thermostatic Mixing Valves, The Brain & MEGAMIX Digital Electronic Mixing Center, Steam & Hot Water Hose and Mixing Valve Stations
Armstrong Pressure Temperature Control Group: PRVs, Pneumatic and Electric Industrial Control Valves, Temperature Regulators, Radiator Control Valves
Armstrong Service Group: Steam System Optimization, Contracting: Installation Construction, Engineering Audits and Steam Surveys, Heat Treat Audits
Cataract SteelCompressed Air, Gas & Heat Transfer Products, Industrial Heat
Exchangers, Pressure Vessels, Air Receivers
New and Replacement Steam, Water and DX Coils, Remote Condensers,
Fluid Coolers, Evaporative Coolers
Diversified HeatHeat Transfer Equipment, Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers, Plate and
Transfer Frame Heat Exchangers, Steam and Hot Water Generators
Refrigerant Leak Detection Monitoring Systems
ThermacorPre-Insulated Above and Below Ground Piping Systems,
Process Containment Piping, High Temperature Polyisocyanurate
Foam, Pressure Testable Joints, ERM Leak Detection
TMI, Inc
Strip Doors, Air Doors, Screens and Curtains, Modular Enclosures,
Clear and Colored Flexible PVC Film, Noise Control Products
Flow Sensors & Instrumentation, Accelabar Zero Straight Run
Flow Meter, Utility Flow Metering Systems
Gauges: Pressure, Vacuum, Digital and Analog Indicators, Mini and Industrial Diaphragm Seals, Pressure Transducers, Accessories-Pressure Snubbers, Gauge Cocks, Needle Valves, Siphons, Petes Plugs, Bimetal Thermometers and Temperature Transmitters
R. L. Stone ServicesDesign Build, Installation, On-Site Seminars and Training, Energy Audits, Steam Trap Surveys, Control Panels, SCADA System
EMBED PBrush
EMBED PBrush
EMBED PBrush
EMBED PBrush
EMBED PBrush
Bob Moffatt, Sales Engineer Cell: 781-699-6508 [email protected]
Andy Everson, Sales Engineer Cell: 203-687-6777 [email protected]
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A Leading Supplier of Flowmeters to HVAC & Industrial MarketplaceMagmetersVortex & SwirlTurbineThermal & Coriolis MassBTU MeterPitot, WedgeOrifice Plates, VenturiPositive Displacement Rotameter, Variable Area
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Define Application Basic FactsFlowing Media (Steam, Water, Air, Gas etc)Density - pressure and temperatureFlow Range, minimum to maximum (turndown needed)Accuracy how stated? % of range or spanRepeatabilityStraight run requirements & availableEconomic Considerations Initial cost, maintenance cost & operating costs
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Why are we here?There is no 1 meter that will meet every applicationEvery application needs to be looked at individuallyWe can make some generalizations !!!!!!
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HOW MUCH (TOTAL) HOW FAST (RATE)FLOW MEASUREMENT
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Flow Through A PipeReal WorldIdealizedPipeVelocity ProfileVV
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Flow Profile CorrelationVelocity profile is a predictable function of Reynolds number. Fluids with the same Reynolds number will have similar velocity profiles.SteamWaterHeavy CrudeV
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General Flow TerminologyReynolds Number (RE) A single dimensionless parameter formed as the ratio of inertial to viscous forces . Magnitude indicates whether flow is laminar or turbulent
=Characteristic Dimension* (D)Fluid Viscosity ()RE=FluidDensity (p)Fluid Velocity (V)Inertia ForcesViscous Forces* Usually inside pipe diameter.
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Characterization of Fluid FlowTypes of Flow RE < 2100
RE >3000
*** Well documented & proven fully developed flow profilesTransitionalTurbulent ***Laminar
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Volumetric Flowrate (Q)Volume = Area x LengthVolume Flow = Area x VelocityVAQ
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Mass Flowrate (m)Wherem = Mass FlowQ= Volume Flow= Fluid Density= AVMass = Volume x DensityMass Flow m =QpVAmQ=VA
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Mass vs Volume FlowmetersWhy are we concerned?How much does it really matter?Flow through a 4 line measured in a Averaging PitotThere is a 6% error just by changing density / temperature slightlycan you meter cope??
Flow Rate1000 cfm1000 cfmPressure5 psi5 psiTemperature100 F70 F DP in WC12.18111.532
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General Flow TerminologyFactors affecting flowmeter performanceProcess mediaLiquidGasDensity (Specific Gravity)ViscosityPressure
TemperatureVelocity
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Flowmeter PerformanceAccuracyRepeatabilityLinearityRangeability
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Types of Accuracy% Rate% Full Scale% Span% Max DP
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Accuracy% RateThe percent accuracy value is constant and applied to the actual (or indicated) flowrateExample:Flowrate1% rate100 GPM1 GPM50 GPM0.5 GPM10 GPM.01 GPM% Full ScaleThe absolute value of error (as expressed in engineering units) Flowrate1% Full Scale% Rate100 GPM1 GPM1%50 GPM1 GPM2%10 GPM1 GPM10%Example:
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AccuracyPercent Error Versus Flow
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Poor Repeatability Means Poor AccuracyGood Accuracy Means Good RepeatabilityGood Repeatability Does Not Necessarily Mean Good Accuracy
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Volumetric Flowmeters
DPTurbineVortex / SwirlMagneticTargetUltrasonicDisplacement
Note: can be inferred mass with compensating transmitter
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Differential Pressure FlowmetersFlow Measurement Principles
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DP Primary ElementsVarious OrificeConfigurationFlowNozzleVenturiFlowmeterFlowTube
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DP Primary Elements
Averaging PitotAccelabar Combined Pitot & VenturiWedge Element
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Secondary Flow / DP TransmitterDifferential Pressure / Flow TransmitterSquare Root Extraction
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DP FlowmetersDIFFERENTIAL PRESSUREADVANTAGESUse On Liquid, Gas, and SteamSuitable for Extreme Temperatures and PressuresNo Moving PartsLow Cost
DISADVANTAGESLimited RangeabilityEffected By Changes In Density, Pressure, and ViscosityMaintenance Intensive
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Magnetic FlowmetersTheory of Operation
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Magmeter RequirementsProcess must be a liquidMinimum conductivityMeter must be full
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Magnetic FlowmetersMAGNETICADVANTAGESNo Moving PartsVery Wide RangeabilityIdeal For SlurriesUnobstructed Flow Path
DISADVANTAGESLiquid Must Be ConductivePhysical Pressure and Temperature Limits
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Magnetic FlowmetersNo moving partsNo pressure dropFlowrate independent of viscosity, temperature, and densityMinimum upstream piping requirementsElectronics interchangeable without regard to sizeMeasure dirty liquids with solidsMeasure highly corrosive fluidsVery large turndownLinear outputAdvantages Over Other Technologies
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Vortex Meter
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Vortex MeterPrinciple of OperationQ = V x A
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Vortex
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Vortex / SwirlmeterADVANTAGESNo Moving PartsFor Liquid, Gas, or SteamUneffected by Pressure, Temperature, or Density Changes.Wide Rangeability
DISADVANTAGESSpan Limitations Due to ViscosityFlow Profile Sensitive (Vortex)VORTEX / SWIRLMETER
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SwirlmeterPrinciple of OperationPreamplifierSwirlerSensorDeswirlerr=local radiusVA=axial velocity of flowVT=angular velocity of flowp=static pressureBackflowHousing
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SwirlmetersBenefitsHigh Accuracy 0.50% of RateNo Moving PartsMinimal Upstream PipingMeasures Low FlowsVersatileElectronics can be used for DiagnosticsWorks with Entrained Liquids
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SwirlmeterCut-Away ViewTechnical DataMeasures liquids, gases and steamAvailable integral, remote, or flow computer electronicsAccuracy 0.50% rateSizes 0.75" thru 16.0"Minimal upstream piping req.Flow as low as 1 GPMExcellent in light gas applications
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Installation LengthSwirlmeter 15 D5 D25 D5 D50 D5 DVortex 4Swirlmeter90 elbowProcess control valveReduction3 D1 D3 D1 D5 D1 Dmin. 1.8 D
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Turbine Meter
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Turbine MeterPrinciple of OperationRotor velocity is proportional to fluid velocity
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Turbine MeterHigh accuracy (.5% of rate)High rangeability (up to 50:1)Compact designFast response timeBroad range of sizesClean water applications onlyNIST Traceable Factory CalibrationLow cost, Easy to installIn and out of line, under pressure
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Turbine MeterStraight pipe run requirementsProcess fluid lubricityReynolds number constraintsViscosityDensityMaintenance & recalibrationPerformance Considerations
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Turbine FlowmetersTURBINEADVANTAGESHigh AccuracySuitable for Extreme Temperatures and PressuresCan Be Used On Gas or Liquid
DISADVANTAGESOnly For Low ViscositiesMoving PartsSensitive to Flow Profile
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Positive Displacement Flowmeters
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PD FlowmetersHelical gearNutating diskOscillating pistonOval gearRotaryTypes
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Positive Displacement MeterTypical Principle of OperationSchematic of a nutating-disk meterSchematic of a rotary-vane flowmeterSchematic of a lobed-impeller flowmeter
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PD FlowmetersIdeal for viscous fluidsCustody transferBatchingMinimal straight piping requirementsAdvantages
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Ultrasonic FlowmetersDopplerTime of flightTypes
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Doppler FlowmeterUltrasonic Flowmeters Principle of Operation
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Ultrasonic Flowmeters Principle of OperationTransit-Time Flowmeter
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Ultrasonic FlowmetersReynolds number constraintsEntrained gas or particles for dopplerClean liquids for time of flightInstalled without process shut downStraight upstream piping requirementsPerformance Considerations
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Ultrasonic
ULTRASONICADVANTAGESNo Moving PartsUnobstructed Flow PassageWide Rangeability
DISADVANTAGESFor Liquids Only (limited gas)Flow Profile DependentErrors Due To Deposits
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Mass FlowmeterDirect Measurement
Thermal DispersionCoriolis
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Coriolis Mass Flowmeter
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Coriolis
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CoriolisCORIOLISADVANTAGESDirect Mass MeasurementHigh AccuracyAdditional Density MeasurementUneffected By Flow Profile
DISADVANTAGESHigh Purchase PriceHigh Installation CostSize LimitationsVibration Sensitive
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Thermal Dispersion
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Thermal Dispersion Mass FlowmeterGas application onlyRelatively inexpensiveEasy to install and remove under pressureAccuracy 0.5%Turndown, 100:1Capable of monitoring extremely low flowsTrue mass flow meter (compensates for temperature/pressure)
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Piping ConsiderationsAlways need a full pipe
Proper up / down diameter
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BTU Monitoring
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Summary Each Application is DifferentFlowing Media (eg Steam, Water, Air, Gas etc)Density - pressure and temperatureFlow Range, minimum to maximum (turndown needed)Accuracy how stated? % of range or spanRepeatabilityStraight run requirements & availableMaintenance and reliability
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General HVAC Recommendations Steam : Accelabar or SwirlChilled or Hot Water: Hot Tap Insert TurbineNatural Gas or Air: Thermal DispersionFuel Oil: Coriolis or Wedge
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