Download - Fluid Cracking Catalysts

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Fluid Cracking Catalysts

Start of Citation[PU]Marcel Dekker, Inc.[/PU][DP]1998[/DP]End of Citation

Fluid_Cracking_Catalysts/0824700791/files/cover-1.html

CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES

A Series of Reference Books and Textbooks Consulting Editor HEINZ HEINEMANN

1. Fluid Catalytic Cracking with Zeolite Catalysts,

Paul B. Venuto and E. Thomas Habib, Jr.

2. Ethylene: Keystone to the Petrochemical Industry,

Ludwig Kniel, Olaf Winter, and Karl Stork

3. The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum,

James G. Speight

4. The Desulfurization of Heavy Oils and Residua,

James G. Speight

5. Catalysis of Organic Reactions,

edited by William R. Moser

6. Acetylene-Based Chemicals from Coal and Other Natural Resources,

Robert J. Tedeschi

7. Chemically Resistant Masonry,

Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr.

8. Compressors and Expanders: Selection and Application for the Process Industry,

Heinz P. Bloch, Joseph A. Cameron, Frank M. Danowski, Jr., Ralph James, Jr., Judson S. Swearingen, and Marilyn E. Weightman

9. Metering Pumps: Selection and Application,

James P. Poynton

10. Hydrocarbons from Methanol,

Clarence D. Chang

11. Form Flotation: Theory and Applications,

Ann N. Clarke and David J. Wilson

12. The Chemistry and Technology of Coal,

James G. Speight

13. Pneumatic and Hydraulic Conveying of Solids,

O. A. Williams

14. Catalyst Manufacture: Laboratory and Commercial Preparations,

Alvin B. Stiles

15. Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts,

edited by Francis Delannay

16. BASIC Programs for Chemical Engineering Design,

James H. Weber

17. Catalyst Poisoning,

L. Louis Hegedus and Robert W. McCabe


edited by John R. Kosak

19. Adsorption Technology: A Step-by-Step Approach to Process Evaluation and Application,

edited by Frank L. Slejko

20. Deactivation and Poisoning of Catalysts,

edited by Jacques Oudar and Henry Wise

21. Catalysis and Surface Science: Developments in Chemicals from Methanol, Hydrotreating of Hydrocarbons, Catalyst Preparation, Monomers and Polymers, Photocatalysis and Photovoltaics,

edited by Heinz Heinemann and Gabor A. Somorjai




edited by Robert L. Augustine

23. Modern Control Techniques for the Processing Industries,

T. H. Tsai, J. W. Lane, and C. S. Lin

24. Temperature-Programmed Reduction for Solid Materials Characterization,

Alan Jones and Brian McNichol

25. Catalytic Cracking: Catalysts, Chemistry, and Kinetics,

Bohdan W. Wojciechowski and Avelino Corma

26. Chemical Reaction and Reactor Engineering,

edited by J. J. Carberry and A. Varma

27. Filtration: Principles and Practices, Second Edition,

edited by Michael J. Matteson and Clyde Orr

28. Corrosion Mechanisms,

edited by Florian Mansfeld

29. Catalysis and Surface Properties of Liquid Metals and Alloys,

Yoshisada Ogino

30. Catalyst Deactivation,

edited by Eugene E. Petersen and Alexis T. Bell

31. Hydrogen Effects in Catalysis: Fundamentals and Practical Applications,

edited by Zoltn Pal and P. G. Menon

32. Flow Management for Engineers and Scientists,

Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff and Paul N. Cheremisinoff


edited by Paul N. Rylander, Harold Greenfield, and Robert L. Augustine

34. Powder and Bulk Solids Handling Processes: Instrumentation and Control,

Koichilinoya, Hiroaki Masuda, and Kinnosuke Watanabe

35. Reverse Osmosis Technology: Applications for High-Purity-Water Production,

edited by Bipin S. Parekh

36. Shape Selective Catalysis in Industrial Applications,

N. Y. Chen, William E. Garwood, and Frank G. Dwyer

37. Alpha Olefins Applications Handbook,

edited by George R. Lappin and Joseph L. Sauer

38. Process Modeling and Control in Chemical Industries,

edited by Kaddour Najim

39. Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases,

E. Dendy Sloan, Jr.


edited by Dale W. Blackburn

41. Fuel Science and Technology Handbook,

edited by James G. Speight

42. Octane-Enhancing Zeolitic FCC Catalysts,

Julius Scherzer

43. Oxygen in Catalysis,

Adam Bielanski* and Jerzy Haber

44. The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded,

James G. Speight

45. Industrial Drying Equipment: Selection and Application,

C. M. van't Land

46. Novel Production Methods for Ethylene, Light Hydrocarbons, and Aromatics,

edited by Lyle F. Albright, Billy L. Crynes, and Siegfried Nowak


edited by William E. Pascoe

48. Synthetic Lubricants and High-Performance Functional Fluids,

edited by Ronald L. Shubkin



49. Acetic Acid and Its Derivatives,

edited by Victor H. Agreda and Joseph R. Zoeller

50. Properties and Applications of Perovskite-Type Oxides,

edited by L. G. Tejuca and J. L. G. Fierro

51. Computer-Aided Design of Catalysts,

edited by E. Robert Becker and Carmo J. Pereira

52. Models for Thermodynamic and Phase Equilibria Calculations,

edited by Stanley I. Sandler


edited by John R. Kosak and Thomas A. Johnson

54. Composition and Analysis of Heavy Petroleum Fractions,

Klaus H. Altgelt and Mieczyslaw M. Boduszynski

55. NMR Techniques in Catalysis,

edited by Alexis T. Bell and Alexander Pines

56. Upgrading Petroleum Residues and Heavy Oils,

Murray R. Gray

57. Methanol Production and Use,

edited by Wu-Hsun Cheng and Harold H. Kung

58. Catalytic Hydroprocessing of Petroleum and Distillates,

edited by Michael C. Oballah and Stuart S. Shih

59. The Chemistry and Technology of Coal: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded,

James G. Speight

60. Lubricant Base Oil and Wax Processing,

Avilino Sequeira, Jr.

61. Catalytic Naphtha Reforming: Science and Technology,

edited by George J. Antos, Abdullah M. Aitani, and Jos M. Parera


edited by Mike G. Scaros and Michael L. Prunier

63. Catalyst Manufacture,

Alvin B. Stiles and Theodore A. Koch

64. Handbook of Grignard Reagents,

edited by Gary S. Silverman and Philip E. Rakita

65. Shape Selective Catalysis in Industrial Applications: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded,

N. Y. Chen, William E. Garwood, and Francis G. Dwyer

66. Hydrocracking Science and Technology,

Julius Scherzer and A. J. Gruia

67. Hydrotreating Technology for Pollution Control: Catalysts, Catalysis, and Processes,

edited by Mario L. Occelli and Russell Chianelli

68. Catalysis of Organic Reactions,edited by Russell E. Malz, Jr.

69. Synthesis of Porous Materials: Zeolites, Clays, and Nanostructures,

edited by Mario L. Occelli and Henri Kessler

70. Methane and Its Derivatives,

Sunggyu Lee

71. Structured Catalysts and Reactors,

edited by Andrzei Cybulski and Jacob Moulijn

72. Industrial Gases in Petrochemical Processing,

Harold Gunardson



73. Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded,

E. Dendy Sloan, Jr.

74. Fluid Cracking Catalysts,

edited by Mario L. Occelli and Paul O'Connor

ADDITIONAL VOLUMES IN PREPARATION


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Page 337

INDEX

A

Acidity of FCC acid sites in FCC catalysts, 217226

background, 217218

site densities, 218222

site strengths, 222225

microcalorimetry investigation of aging effects on, 203216

Acid-modified USY zeolites, 249258

background, 249250

experimental work, 250251

results and discussion, 251256

catalytic properties of FCC catalysts comprising DUSY zeolites, 253254

effect of acid concentration on chemical extraction of Al atoms, 252253

effect of the addition rate of acid on chemical extraction of Al atoms, 251252

quantum chemistry calculation of acid dealumination in USY zeolites, 254256

[Al,B]-ZSM-11 FCC additive performance, 1529



Alumina, phosphor modified, passivation of nickel by, 112116

Atomic force microscope (AFM) imaging of FCC surface, 227247



C

Catalyst coolers, 1213

Catalyst effects at short contact times, 9094

active sites vs. accessibility, 9091

consequences for catalyst development, 94

experimental work and results, 9193

commercial equilibrium catalysts, 93

deactivated catalysts, 9193

Catalyst performance testing options, 310311

Catalyst-to-oil (C/O) ratio, 85

CBO3(synthesized metal oxide),



Page 338

[CBO3 (synthesized metal oxide)]

passivation of vanadium by]

passivation of vanadium by, 116

Chemical stripping (see also Coking and stripping of FCC catalysts in MAT reactor)

influence of nickel and vanadium on, 151152

Clean Air Act Amendment of 1990 (CAAA), 15

Coke derived from n-hexadecane, steam stripper effect on, 279290

background, 279280


13CNMR, 281282

mass spectrometry, 282

stripping tests and catalyst demineralization, 280281


carbon balance, 282283

initial cokes, 283286

stripper cokes, 286288

Coking and stripping of FCC catalysts in MAT reactor, 143157

background, 143145

coking in MAT reactor, 145148

influence of nickel and vanadium on chemical stripping, 151152

origin of fuel gas production, 152155

stripping in MAT reactor, 148151

Composite molecular sieve of MCM-41 with interporous ZSM-5, 159174

background, 159160


activity test, 161162

characterization, 161

synthesis, 160161


activity testing, 171172

preparation and characterization, 163171

D

Davison Circulating Riser (DCR) vs. microactivity test reactor (MAT), 131141

background, 132

catalyst effect, 132135

coke rankings, 136

DCR vs. MAT catalyst evaluation, 134

differences between MAT and DCR, 133

feedstock effects, 135137

typical catalyst evaluation, 137140

Deep catalytic cracking process, 14

Demetallization processing (DEMET)

(see New FCC demetallization procedures)

Demetallized spent FCC, 309

Dense phase catalyst coolers, 1213

Diffuse reflectance infrared spectrometry (DRIFT), 106

F

Feedstock injection system, 25

improvements to, 2, 3

technology of, 6

H

H-ZSM-5 zeolite, NMR studies of molecular diffusion within, 191202

discussion, 197201

1HNMR imaging, 200201

129XeNMR experiments, 197200



Page 339

[H-ZSM-5 zeolite, NMR studies of molecular diffusion within]


NMR spectroscopy, 194

sample preparation and design of sorption experiments, 192194

results, 195197

n-Hexadecane, steam stripping effect on coke derived from, 279290

background, 279280


13CNMR, 281282







High metal tolerance matrix, 111119


FCC catalyst prepared with new metal tolerance matrix, 117118

study of passivation of

vanadium by CBO3, 116

Hydrogen-transfer activity of MCM-41 mesoporous materials, 175190

background, 176177


characterization, 177179

reaction conditions, 179

synthesis of MCM-41, 177


I

Improved metals removal, 309310

L

Light olefins production, influence of FCC feed on

FCC feed on, 121130



comparative evaluation of naphthenic VGO and paraffinic VGO + resid feed-stocks, 122126

evaluation of pure paraffinic feedstocks, 128130

evaluation of real paraffinic feedstocks, 126128

M

Matrix acidity effect on resid cracking, 99110


acidity measurements, 101103

catalysis, 101

pilot plant evaluation, 103104

sample preparation, 101


effect of steaming on matrix acid type, 108

MCM-41

composite molecular sieve of interporous ZSM-5 and, 159174

background, 159160



hydrogen-transfer activity of, 175190

background, 176177



Metals removal, improved, 309310

Microactivity test (MAT) reactor




Page 340

[Microactivity test (MAT) reactor]

coking and stripping FCC catalysts in, 143157

background, 143145

coking in MAT reactor, 145148

influence of nickel and origin of fuel gas production, 152155

stripping in MAT reactor, 148151

vanadium on chemical stripping, 151152

background, 132

catalyst effects, 132135

coke rankings, 136

DCR vs. MAT catalyst evaluation, 134

differences between MAT and DCR, 133

feedstock effects, 135137

typical catalyst evaluation, 137140

Microcalorimetry investigation of aging effect on FCC acidity, 203216

Molecular diffusion within H-ZSM-5 zeolites, NMR studies of, 191202

discussion, 197201

1HNMR imaging, 200201

129XeNMR experiments, 197200


NMR spectroscopy, 194

sample preparation and design of sorption experiments, 192194

results, 195197

Molecular sieves (see Composite 141 with interporous ZSM-5)

N

New FCC demetallization procedures, 291336

catalyst demetallization (DEMET), 292293

new DEMET procedures, 293326

alternatives to mitigate higher metal effects, 298299

benefits of DEMET, 321326

catalyst deactivation, 293294

catalyst leachate analyses, 300306

catalyst performance testing options, 309311

contaminant effects on fresh FCC, 297298

deactivation rates and activity recovery, 321

demetallized spent FCC, 308

elemental analyses, 307

elemental analysis of FCC, 299300

feedstock contaminants, 294297

improved hydrothermal stability, 310

improved metals removal, 308310

microactivity testing, 311312

spent catalyst disposition alternatives, 307

summary and discussion of zeolites, 312321

Nickel

influence on chemical stripping, 151152

passivation of, by phosphor modified alumina, 112116

Nickel contaminated fluid cracking catalysts, 5170



Page 341

[Nickel contaminated fluid cracking catalysts]


catalysis, 5354

fixed fluid bed (FFB) testing, 5657

XAS data collection and analysis, 55


fixed fluid bed (FFB) results, 64

Nitrogen oxide (NOx) formation in FCCU regenerator, 259278

background, 259261

competitive formation of N2 and NO during catalyst regeneration, 266271

control of NO emissions, 273276

catalytic additive for reduction of emissions, 275276

effect of combustion promoter, 274275

effect of excess oxygen, 273274

formation of thermal NO in the regenerator, 265

nitrogen mass balance in FCCU, 261265

NO reduction to N2 in the regenerator, 271273

O

Olefins (see Light olefins production, influence of FCC feed on)

P

Post-riser reaction control, 58

Q

Quantum chemistry calculation of acid dealumination in USY zeolites, 254256

R

Ramhorn terminator (axial cyclone), 7

Reaction mix temperature control, 1012

Resid cracking, effect of matrix acidity on, 99110


acidity measurements, 101103

catalysis, 101

pilot plant evaluation, 103104

sample preparation, 101


effect of steaming on matrix acid type, 108

Resid design, 810

S

Short contact time (SCT) cracking, 8598

accessibility: ingress and egress, 9497

background and scope of work, 86

catalyst effects at short contact times, 9094

active sites vs. accessibility, 9091

consequences for catalyst development, 94


effect of short contact time from laboratory scale units, 8690

contact times in test units, 88

definition of cracking rate, 89

effect of SCT revamp, 87

feedstock analyses, 89

trends in FCC contact times, 87

Silica-to-alumina ratio effect on ZSM-5 FCC additive, 3149

background, 3132


FCC riser pilot plant runs, 3335

ZSM-5 additive, 3233



Page 342

[Silica-to-alumina ratio effect on ZSM-5 FCC additive]

results, 3546

effect of activity/concentration on selectivities, 4246

octane shifts, 3940

relative incremental shifts, 4142

yield shifts, 3839

Spent catalyst disposition alternatives, 308

Steam aging effects on acidity of FCC (see Acidity of FCC, microcalorimetry investigation of aging effects on)

Steam stripper effects on coke derived from n-hexadecane, 279290

background, 279280


13CNMR, 281282







Surface topography of FCC, AFM imaging of, 227247



T

Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD), 217

Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), 300301

U

Ultrastable Y (USY) zeolite, acid-modified, 249258

background, 249250



[Ultrastable Y (USY) zeolite, acid-modified]

effect of acid concentration on chemical extraction of

Al atoms, 252253

effect of the addition rate of acid on chemical extraction of Al atoms, 251252

quantum chemistry calculation of acid dealumination in USY zeolites, 254256

V

Vanadium

influence on chemical stripping, 151152

passivation of, by CBO3, 116

Vanadium oxidation effect on FCC selectivity, 7183

background, 7172



CO reduction, 7880

equilibrium catalysts from the regenerator, 7478

equilibrium catalysts spent and from the regenerator, 78

Vapor quench system, 78

X

X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), 51, 5253

data collection and analysis for nickel-contaminated FCC, 55

Z

Zeolites (see H-ZSM-5 zeolite, NMR studies of molecular diffusion within; Ultrastable Y (USY) zeolites, acid-modified)

background, 3132

ZSM-5

effect of silica-to-alumina ratio on



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