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World Biomes
Follow along with your biome book to
add/modify any notes you took as you read
the chapter.
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What is a Biome?
A biome is a large area with similar flora, fauna, and microorganisms. Most of us
are familiar with the tropical rainforests, tundra in the arctic regions, and the
evergreen trees in the coniferous forests. Each of these large communities contain
species that are adapted to its varying conditions of water, heat, and soil. For
instance, polar bears thrive in the arctic while cactus plants have a thick skin to
help preserve water in the hot desert.
World Biomes
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What is an Ecosystem?
Most of us are confused when it comes to the words
ecosystem and biome. What's the difference? There is a
slight difference between the two words. An ecosystem is
much smaller than a biome. Conversely, a biome can be
thought of as many similar ecosystems throughout the world
grouped together. An ecosystem can be as large as the
Sahara Desert, or as small as a puddle or vernal pool.
Ecosystems are dynamic interactions between plants,
animals, and microorganisms and their environment working
together as a functional unit. Ecosystems will fail if they do
not remain in balance. No community can carry more
organisms than its food, water, and shelter can
accommodate. Food and territory are often balanced by
natural phenomena such as fire, disease, and the number of
predators. Each organism has its own niche, or role, to
play. An ecosystem could be viewed as the state an organism
lives in, the habitat would be the house, and the niche, a job.
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http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/
Tropical
Rainforest
Location: Found near
equator…little variation in
temperatures. No distinct
seasonal changes.
Earth's most complex land
biome
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Tropical
Rainforest
Abiotic factors
high biodiversity and biomass
both hot and moist;
ideal for bacteria and other microorganisms; they quickly decompose matter on the forest floor allowing nutrients to be recycled.
<1 cm of topsoil
About 100 in/yr of rainfall
http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysfl
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Bougainvillea
Sunlight is a major limiting factor
Plants grow in layers (the canopy receives the most light)
Shallow, wide roots since soil is so
thin and poor in nutrients
Little sun reaches the floor
Tropical Rainforest
Plant adaptations
Bangul Bamboo
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Many symbiotic relationships
Live in different levels of canopy
Wagler’s pit viper
Silvery Gibbon
Slender Loris http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/rnfrst_animal_page.htm
Tropical
Rainforest
Animal
Adaptations
Many animals are
specialists and require
special habitat
components to survive
Camouflage is common
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Threats to the Tropical
Rainforest
http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/rnfrst_animal_page.htm
Humans strip the rainforests
for uses including logging and
cattle ranching.
In addition to the plants and
animals that are displaced by
this destruction, entire
civilizations of people are
also without a home.
You can help by promoting
sustainable use of the
rainforests’ products
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Temperate Deciduous Forests
Location:
found in temperate zone
(about 480 North lat) Much of the human population lives in this biome
http://www.runet.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/tbdf/tbdf.html
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Characterized by an abundance of deciduous (leaf bearing) trees
Characterized by 4 seasons
Soils: Deep soil layers,
rich in nutrients
Precipitation: 30–100 in/yr
in all forms (snow, rain,
hail, fog, etc.)
Temperate Deciduous Forests
Abiotic Factors
http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/taiga.html
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More diversity in the deciduous
forest vs. the coniferous forest
due to increased sunlight. Trees
adapt to varied climate by
becoming dormant in winter
White Birch Birchhttp://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/deciduous_plant_
page.htm
Lady Fern
Geulder Rose
Temperate Deciduous forest Plant adaptations
Deciduous forests grow in layers
More sunlight reaches the ground
compared to a rainforest so you will
find more ground dwelling plants.
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Lose Winter Coat
Adapt to many seasons
Eat from different layers of the forest
Bald Eagle
Fat Dormouse
Least Weasel
http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/deciduous_animal_page.htm
Temperate Deciduous
Forest Animal Adaptations
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Threats to Temperate Deciduous
Forests
http://www.runet.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/tbdf/tbdf.html
• Many forests are
cleared to provide
housing for
humans.
• Careful use of the
resource can
provide a
renewable system
if we don’t take too
much habitat away.
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Taiga
aka Northern Coniferous
Forest or Boreal Forest
Location: Found
only in Northern
Hemisphere
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Taiga
Abiotic factors
Winters are long
and cold
Averages 100 in/yr
precipitation—
mostly snow
Soil poor in
nutrients and very
acidic
Growing season is
very short
http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/modules/
ecosystems_biomes/biomes_northern_forest.html
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Balsam Fir
Coniferous (needle-bearing) trees
are abundant
Roots long to anchor trees
Needles long, thin and waxy
Low sunlight and poor soil keeps
plants from growing on forest floor http://www.inchinapinch.com/hab_pgs/terres/coniferous/plants.htm
Fireweed
Taiga Plant Adaptations
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Moose
Adapt for cold winters
Burrow, hibernate, warm coat, insulation, etc.
http://www.inchinapinch.com/hab_pgs/terres/coniferous/animals.htm Great Grey Owl
Animal
Adaptations of
the Taiga
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Threats to the Taiga
Mining operations
can irreparably
damage this fragile
ecosystem.
Pollution left
behind can also
put animals and
plants at risk.
http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/taiga.htm
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Savannas (Tropical Grasslands)
Contain the greatest number of grazing animals on Earth.
Location: Found in the tropics…near equator
Amount of precipitation supports tall grasses but only occasional trees.
The word savanna stems from an Amerind term for plains
http://www.runet.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/savanna/savanna.html
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Tropical Savanna
Abiotic Factors
Temperature: Dry Season- 34 Deg C (93 Degrees)
Wet Season: 16 Deg. C (61Degrees)
~Rainy and dry season
~25-150 in/yr precipitation
~Fire plays a large role in this ecosystem
http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/savannah.html
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Whistling Thorn
Umbrella Thorn Acacia
Tropical Savanna
Plant
Adaptations
Grows in Tufts
Resistance to Drought
Many plants have thorns and
sharp leaves to protect
against predation.
http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/savanna_plant_page.htm
Kangaroos Paws
Baobab
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• Adapt for short rainy
season—migrate as
necessary
• Limited food leads to
vertical feeding
• Reproduce during rainy
season—ensures more
young survive
http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/savanna_animal_page.htm
Zebras
Chacma Baboon
Tropical Savanna
Animal Adaptations
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Threats to the Tropical
Savanna
http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/savanna_animal_page.htm
Invasive species
Changes in fire management
Because of their low
elevation, some savannas
are threatened by minor
rises in sea level associated
with global climate change Koala
Elephant
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Steppe
(Temperate
Grassland) Dry, cold, grasslands
Location: Found in Russia
and the Ukraine, a little in
the USA
Temperature:
Summer- 30 Degrees C (86F)
Winter- 0 Degrees C (32 F)
Rainfall:150 cm (59 inches)
http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/steppe.htm
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Steppe Abiotic Factors
www.plasmacy.de
www.wsu.edu
Precipitation: Less than 50
inches per year (50-90 cm)
Soil: Deep Dark, fertile
upper layers. Nutrient rich.
Mountains often play a role in climate characteristics
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* Most abundant are plants called Bunch grasses,
fine bladed grasses that grow in clumps to preserve
water
* Trees such as cottonwoods, oaks and willows
grow in river valleys. Tumbleweed
Sweet Vernal
Plant adaptations of the Steppe
http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/steppe_plant_page.htm
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Many migrate, hibernate or burrow during extremes in temperatures and precipitation. Types of animals: gazelles, zebras, jack rabbits, coyotes, badgers, skunks, blackbirds,
http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/steppe_animal_page.htm
Adaptations of Steppe Animals
Mongolian Gerbil
Saiga Antelope
Gazelle herd
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Threats to the Steppe
(List under description of biome)
Overgrazing…nomadic tribes
have started to spend more time
in one location,
Infrastructure development
(roads, buildings, etc)
Unmanaged hunting and
poaching is destroying herds of
animals
Corsac fox
Lynx
Milk vetch http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/steppe.h
tm
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Prairie and Steppe:
Grassland areas
50-75 cm/yr
Characteristic high Winds
http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/steppe.htm
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Sod-forming grasses that
won’t dry out or blow away in wind.
Fleabane
http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/prairie_plants_page.htm
Buffalo Grass
Prairie Plant Adaptations
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Many adaptations to survive extremes
Prairie dog
Bobcat
http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/pampas_animal_page.htm
Prairie Animal Adaptations
Geoffrey’s cat
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Grasslands http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/grasslands.htm
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Chaparral
Location: Primarily in
coastal areas with
Mediterranean
climates. About 300
N and S of the
equator.
http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/chaparral.htm
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Chaparral—Abiotic Factors
Climate: hot, dry
summers, mild, wet
winters. Slight
variations in seasonal
temperatures…NICE!
California Chaparral
Mediterranean Chaparral
http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/world_
biomes.htm
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Chaparral—Plant
Adaptations
Mostly low-lying shrubs
and small trees.
Many plants have leathery
leaves to resist water
loss
Many plant species have
oils in leaves to help
them resist fire…the fire
will take out “weaker”
plants that don’t belong.
Blue Oak
Fairy Duster
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Chaparral—Animal
Adaptations
Camouflage—to avoid
predation
Many animals will change
their diet as the season
changes.
Puma
Aardwolf
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Threats to the Chaparral
Human development—
very desirable climate
for humans to live. Grey Fox
King Protea
Wild Goat
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Desert
Ecosystems
Location:
Depending
on type of
desert, you
will find
them in
various
locations.
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Desert Abiotic
factors
Less than10 in/yr of rain (Less than 25 cm)
SOIL:
~Shallow, rocky or gravely
~Little to no topsoil due to high winds.
~Minerals not deep in soil.
http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/taiga.html
While there are many types of
deserts, they all share one
characteristic: They are the
driest places on Earth!
Temperature:
Summer 38 Deg
C (100 F)
Winter: 7 Deg C
(45 F)
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Threats to the Desert
Residential development
Off road recreational
activities destroy habitat
for plants and animals.
Some plants are removed by
collectors, endangering the
population.
Sonoran Desert
Dry Desert
http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/world_biomes.htm
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Joshua Tree http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/desert_plant_page.htm
Desert Plant
Adaptations:
Spines
Succulents
Thick, waxy cuticle
Shallow, broad
roots
All adapt to having
little water
Barrel Cactus
Ocotollio
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Desert Animal Adaptations:
Get water from food
Thick outer coat
Burrow during day
Large ears
Smaller animals =
less surface area
http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/desert_animal_page.htm
Javelina
Bob Cat
Armadillo Lizard
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http://www.runet.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/tundra/tundra.html
Tundra
Temperature:
Summer:12 D
Deg. C(54F)
Winter: -26 Deg.
C (-15F)
Location:
Found
north of
the Arctic
Circle
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Tundra Abiotic Factors
Rainfall: Less than 25 inches per year
Temp rarely higher than 100C
Permafrost layer
Short growing season
http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/taiga.html
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Tundra Plant Adaptations
Growing close to the ground
Having shallow roots to absorb the
limited water resources.
Trees grow less than 1 m high!
cottongrass
Reindeer lichen
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Perennials
Woody shrubs
http://www.runet.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/tundra/tundra.html
Heaths
Examples of Tundra Plants
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~Breed and raise young
quickly in the summer,
~migration
~Few predators
Small ears
Insulation, thick
coat
Arctic fox snowy owl
Grizzly Bear Tundra Animal
Adaptations
Other
animals: ~polar bears
~salmon
~caribou
~ falcons
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Threats to the Tundra
One of the most fragile biomes on the planet
The tundra is
slow to
recover from
damage.
Oil drilling
is
proposed
in Alaska
and other
areas!
Tufted Saxifrage
Polar Bear
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Freshwater Ecosystems
• Salinity <0.5 ppt.
• Lake are the deepest of fresh water systems
• Lakes are fed by underground aquifer or stream
• Ponds are fed by rainfall and may be seasonal http://mbgnet.mobot.org/fresh/
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Ponds
• Sun can reach bottom
• Fed by rainfall
• May be seasonal
• Algae and plants
throughout
Microscopic Animals
and Algae
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Lakes and ponds—Abiotic Factors
Littoral
zone: nutrient rich
area found
close to shore
Benthic
zone: bottom of the
lake where no
sunlight can
reach.
www.dnr.wi.gov
www.uwsp.edu
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• Plants are floating
algae and plants
along shoreline
• Animals live in or
near water
Lakes and ponds:
Plants and Animals
Adaptations
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Threats to lakes and ponds
All water systems
are being polluted
and degraded by
human impact
www.aquaticbiomes.gov
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Marsh http://mbgnet.mobot.org/fresh/wetlands/
Uses:
Animal/plant homes
Carbon “sink”
Water recharge
areas, removing
pollutants
Types: Brackish & freshwater
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Marsh—Plant
adaptations
• Very shallow with
land occasionally
exposed
• Saturated soil
• Low oxygen in water
and soil
• Emergent plants
http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/world_biomes.htm
Heron
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Swamp/Bogs
Location: Found on flat, poorly
drained land, often near streams
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Swamps/Bogs Abiotic
factors
Land soaked because of poor drainage
Decay is slow - Soil is acidic
Swamps
Large trees/shrubs
Adapted to muddy soils
Bogs - sphagnum
moss is dominant http://mbgnet.mobot.org/fresh/wetlands/
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Threats to Wetlands
Previous backfilling
and clearing for
farmland or
development has
been a concern.
www.kathimitchell.com
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/aquatic.html
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Rivers
At headwaters,
usually cold and
highly oxygenated.
As it flows, it will
broaden out, warm
up and this
completely changes
the biota you’ll find!
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River:Plant and Animal Adaptations
Will vary based on
where in the river
they are…at the
headwaters,
organisms need to
hang on!
www.3d-screensaver-downloads.com
www.cs.dartmouth.edu
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Threats to Rivers
Industry uses water to
dispose of waste
products
Runoff from homes
and other places
causes changes in
acidity, pollution, etc.
Dams alter the flow
of the water
www.nwk.usace.army.mil
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Estuaries http://mbgnet.mobot.org/salt/sandy/
• Fresh and salt water meet
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Plant and Animal Adaptations of the Estuary
Very productive
biome because it
receives lots of
light and nutrients
Often used as
nursery for young
www.lookoutnow.com & www.visualparadox.com
Manatee & a goose
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Threats to Estuaries
Many ports are found on estuaries - pollution
Human population
www.davenewbould.co.uk pers-erf.org
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Coral Reefs
• Close to equator
• Consistent water temperature
• Shallow water
• Low in Nutrients
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• Breeding area for many fish
http://mbgnet.mobot.org/salt/coral/
Animal adaptations of
the Coral Reef
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Threats to the Coral Reefs
Temperature is
important, too hot or
too cold and the
animals can’t live
there to create
limestone
Human intrusion
(scuba diving) is
damaging if you
touch/step on the reef
Pollution is also a
concern.
www.calacademy.org
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Oceans http://mbgnet.mobot.org/salt/sandy/
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Ocean Abiotic factors
Open ocean is one
of the least
productive areas on
earth, too little
sunlight to support
plant growth
Covers nearly
¾ of the Earth’s
surface.
http://www.worldbiomes.com/biomes_aquatic.htm
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• Plants are micro and macroscopic
Ocean Plant adaptations
http://www.calstatela.edu/faculty/eviau/edit557/oceans/norma/onfrm.htm
• Have floating plants (kelp shown here)
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Ocean Animal Adaptations
Zooplankton—
sea’s smallest
herbivores
Deep ocean animals
feed on detritus—
floating debris in the
water column.
http://www.kidzworld.com/site/p1951.htm
Hammerhead
Lion fish
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Threats to the Oceans
While the oceans are vast, they are
becoming more polluted
Overfishing and
some fishing
methods are
destroying fishing
grounds.
http://www.worldbiomes.com/biomes_aquatic.htm
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Polar Ecosystems
Can be
considered marine
ecosystems since
the base of food
chain is
phytoplankton
www.defenders.org
www.awi-bremerhaven.de
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Arctic vs. Antarctic
Arctic
relatively shallow,
lots of nutrients for
large variety of
animals in food
web, People, seals
and polar bears
found here.
nmml.afsc.noaa.gov
Antarctic
Penguins live here
Only continent not used
by humans (exc.
Research)
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Threats to the Polar Ecosystems
Reserves of
minerals draw
humans to these
fragile ecosystems.
The main threat to
wildlife has been the
increase in tourism~
garbage left behind newt.phys.unsw.edu.au