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Forces of
Change
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Spheres of Earth
A.Lithosphere: includes all landmasses on Earth - about 30% of the Earth’s surface
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B. Hydrosphere: includes all water bodies on Earth - about 70% of the Earth’s surface
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C. Atmosphere: the layer of gasses extending 1,000 miles above the Earth’s surface - 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen
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D. Biosphere: supports all life on Earth - animals, humans, and plants
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Internal Forces
of the Earth
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Structure of the Earth
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A Layered Planet:
-Inner Core
- Outer Core
- Mantle
-Crust
Structure of the Earth
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Structure of the Earth
Inner Core— super hot, dense and solid iron and nickel
Outer Core -Molten or liquid iron and nickel
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Structure of the Earth
Mantle— Thick layer of rock (1800 miles thick); mostly solid, but has pockets of magma (melted rock)
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Structure of the Earth
Crust— very thin layer; rocky surface
• Below the oceans, the crust is about 5 miles thick. Below the continents it averages 22 miles in thickness.
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The Plate Tectonic Theory
1. The lithosphere— the earth’s crust and upper layer of the mantle —are broken into a number of large, moving plates.
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2. The plates slide very slowly over a hot, pliable layer of mantle.
Mantle
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3. The earth’s oceans and continents ride atop of the plates and constantly pull apart, collide, and grind against one another at plate boundaries
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4. This constantly changes the Earth’s surface
- pushes up mountains
- creates new land
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5. Most earthquakes & volcanoes occur along the plate boundaries.
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The Ring of Fire is a circle of volcanic mountains surrounding the Pacific Ocean
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Ring of Fire
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What Happens When Plates Meet?
Nice to meet you!
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Tectonic Plates Move in 3 Ways
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1
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Convergent = Collide
• If 2 oceanic plates collide, one slides under the other.
• Islands often form
this way.
Two of a Kind - Oceanic
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Convergent
• If 2 continental plates collide, the land folds or cracks into huge blocks.
• Example: Mountains
Two of a Kind - Continental
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Continental Convergent
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Two Different A.When a continental and sea plate meet,
the heavier oceanic plate slides under the lighter continental plate.
• The sea plate becomes magma and burst to through the crust to form volcanic mountains.
Convergent
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This is called Subduction
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Two DifferentB. Or when sea platesslide under
continentalplates, they leavebehind debris. This
cancause continents togrow outward. It iscalled accretion.
Convergent
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2
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Plates pull apart from each other and the deep rift, or crack, allows magma to well up between plates.
These areas are likely to have earthquakes, volcanoes, and rift valleys.
Divergent = Pull Away
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Spreading ZoneTwo sea plates moving away
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3
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Transform =Move Horizontally
•When they meet, friction can lock them into place for a long periods, allowing pressure to build below the crust.
•When the pressure gets too great the plates come unstuck and move. This is an earthquake.
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At a FAULT, the plates will grind or slide past each other rather than colliding. Example: San Andres Fault.
Fault
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Other Information
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Hot SpotsHot regions deep within the mantle thatproduce magma, which rises to the
surface.
Volcanic island chains form as oceanic plates
drift over the hot spot.
Example: Hawaiian Islands.