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Forestry & Society
Reforestation
HORT/RGSC 302
J.G. Mexal
Spring 2001
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Forestry & SocietyReforestation/Outline
• World Overview
• US Overview
• Types of Reforestation
• Artificial Reforestation Practices
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Forestry & SocietyReforestation/ Threatened Original forests-The Africa & Russia/ WRI 1997
Low to no threat
Medium to high threat
Second growth forests
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Forestry & SocietyReforestation/ Threatened Original forests-The Americas/ WRI 1997
Low to no threat
Medium to high threat
Second growth forests
Unknown
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Forestry & Society
Reforestation Needs/ World/ WRI 1997
0
3000
6000
9000
12000
15000
18000
Russia &Europe
Asia NorthAmerica
SouthAmerica
Africa Oceania
Original Forest
Remaining Forest
1000 km2
40%70%
25%
30%
71%
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Forestry & Society
Reforestation/ World/ WRI 1990-1991
Country Forest Land Reforestation
KK acres KK acres KK seedlings
USSR 2,295 11.22 (0.5%) ~6,700S. Amer. 2,120 1.88 (0.1%) ~1,130Africa 1,691 0.88 (0.05%) ~ 530Asia 1,215 14.10 (1.2%) ~6,000Canada 1,078 1.78 (0.2%) ~1,100USA 731 4.39 (0.6%) ~2,500Europe 393 2.58 (0.5%) ~1,500Oceania 390 0.29 (0.07%) ~ 174
E
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Annual Reforestation in Brazil/ Bacha Appl Econ 35(6):631:2003
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
1988 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Pulp & PaperCharcoalFarmers
Hectares
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Small Farm Reforestation in Brazil/ Simmons et al. Agrofor Sys 56:89:2002
Species Latin name Number (cases)
Mahogany Swietenia macrophylla 6,465 (6)
Brazil nut Bertholletia excelsa 3,472 (6)
Teak Tectonia grandis 2,400 (3)
Freijo Cordia sp. 3,500 (2)
Andiroba Carapa guianensis 700 (3)
Ipe Tabebuia sp. 600 (2)
Other 264 (7)
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• 42 billion trees have been planted since 1982
• number of sandstorms has grown from 5 in the ‘60's to 24 in the ‘90's
• deserts are expanding at a rate of 3,800 square miles a year
Stuart Isett/Polaris, for The New York Times
In northwest China, the Taklimakan's sands are shifting toward poplar trees planted west of Aksu in a vast project intended to halt desertification.
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Forestry & SocietyReforestation/Outline
• World Overview
• US Overview
• Types of Reforestation
• Artificial Reforestation Practices
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Forest Plantations Importance/ Sedjo For.Chron. 77(2):221:2001
• US produces 30% of worlds industrial wood production– Industry provides 95% of industrial wood
• Global Harvests:– Old growth 22%– 2nd growth, minimal management 14%– Indigenous 2nd growth, managed 30%– Indigenous industrial plantations 24%– Exotic industrial plantations 10%
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Forestry & SocietyReforestation/Who Does It? In Mississippi
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
<50 <100 <250 <500 <1000 <5000 >5000
Percent of Population
Size of Land Holding (ac)
ReforestCut’nRun
FWRC Res. Bull. FO172
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Forestry & SocietyReforestation/Who Does It? In Mississippi
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14Percent of Population
Total Household Income
ReforestCut’nRun
FWRC Res. Bull. FO172
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Forestry and SocietyForest Service Receipts by Program FY 1993
USDA FS Ecosystem Management 1993 Ann. Rep.
Grazing1%
Recreation4%
Other5%
Minerals17%
Timber73%
Million Dollars
981
220
70
50 Total 1993 Receipts
$1.330 billion
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Forestry & Society
US Acres Reforested/ TPN 49:5:1999
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
Acres (K)
Dust Bowl
SCS
CRP
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Forestry & Society
Reforestation/ Who plants what?Million hectares
NIPF
Industry
NFS Other public
Science Findings PNW 31:2/01
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5%
17%
78%
Forestry & Society
US Acres Reforested/ TPN 49:5:1999
4%
17%
79%
Acres Planted
South
West
North
South
West
Seedlings Planted
2,636,102 ac 1,624,000,000 seedlings
North
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Deforestation - Reforestation
The Situation: Top 10 states in 1992State Production
(billion board-ft)Seedling
Production (kk)Oregon 6.0* 87Washington 4.4* 85California 3.9* 61Georgia 2.8 251Mississippi 2.5 38Alabama 2.1 237Arkansas 1.8 120Idaho 1.8 55North Carolina 1.7 104South Carolina 1.4 99
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Forestry & Society
US Seedling Production-1997/ TPN 49:5:1999
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Georgia
AlabamaFlorid
aTexas
Arkansas
North Carolina
South Carolina
Louisiana
Oregon
Washington
Seedlings (millions)
1997
2002
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Forestry & SocietyReforestation/Outline
• World Overview
• US Overview
• Types of Reforestation
• Artificial Reforestation Practices
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Forestry & SocietyReforestation/ Types of Reforestation
• Natural– Seed– Stump sprouts (coppicing)
• Artificial– Seeding
• seed tree seeding (aerial or manual)
– Planting• bareroot container cutting
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Forestry & SocietyReforestation Practices/ Seed Tree Regen.
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P. echinata Natural Regeneration Following Harvesting Intensities/SJAF 27(3):206:’03
1,000 sound seed/ac
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1993 1994 1995 1996
0 (clearcut) 540 2570 80100(control)
Remaining Pine BA (ft2)
Seed Year
Harvest
Blown-in Seed?
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Natural Regeneration of Appalachian Forests/ Beckage et al. Can.J.For.Res. 30:1617:2000
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Betula lenta Acer rubrum Oxydendrumarboreum
Liriodendrontulipifera
Quercus sp. Nyssa sylvatica Carya sp.0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Seeds/m2
Seedlings/ha
Species
Seed Rain (seed/m2) Seedlings (#/ha)
1 ha = 10,000m2
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Forestry & SocietyReforestation/Outline
• World Overview
• US Overview
• Types of Reforestation
• Artificial Reforestation Practices
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Forestry & Society
Artificial Reforestation Costs & Benefits
• Benefits– Earlier Reestablishment of
Forest– Faster Growth– Regenerate Desired
Species– Plant Genetically Improved
Seedlings– Reduced TSI Costs
• Costs– More Expensive– Environmental
Criticisms• “monoculture”• pesticides• soil degradation• biodiversity
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Forestry & SocietyArtificial Reforestation Practices
• Site Preparation
• Planting/Seeding
• Aftercare
• Timber Stand Improvement (TSI)
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Forestry & SocietyArtificial Reforestation Practices
Harvest
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Forestry & SocietyArtificial Reforestation Practices
On-site chipping
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Forestry & SocietyReforestation Practices/Site Preparation
Tree Crusher
Helicopter application of herbicide
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Forestry & SocietyReforestation Practices/Site Preparation
Logging damage
Site prep. burn
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Forestry & SocietyReforestation Practices/ Site Preparation
Tree crush & burn, AR Burn & Rip, OK
Site prep, AR
KG blade
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Forestry & SocietyArtificial Reforestation Practices-Ripping
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Forestry & SocietyReforestation Practices/ Site Preparation
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Forestry & SocietyReforestation Practices/Bareroot Nursery
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Forestry & SocietyReforestation/Stocktype
• South– 1+0 bareroot seedling (pine & hardwoods)– containerized seedling (longleaf pine)
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Forestry & SocietyReforestation/Stocktypes
Westbareroot seedling: 2+0, Plug+1,
1+1, 2+1containerized
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Forestry & Society
Reforestation/NW US & BC Canada/ GTSRS-25, 1999
252229
47 52
109140
0
100
200
300
400
500
1995 1997
BC container
NW barerootNW container
Seedlings (Millions)
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Containerized longleaf pine
Containerized western hemlock
Forestry & SocietyReforestation/Stocktypes
Bareroot Sitka Spruce
Bareroot Douglas-fir (cull)
Tissue Cultured Douglas-fir
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Forestry & SocietyReforestation Practices/Nursery
Vegetative Propagation-mother plants
Cuttings
Gmelina
Hybrid poplar
1yr
6yr
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Forestry & SocietyReforestation Practices/Nursery Harvest
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Forestry & SocietyReforestation Practices/
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Container Seedling Survival in Canada/Scagel & South, unpubl
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Nursery1Nursery2Nursery3
Seedling Diameter at Planting (mm)
Survival (%)
AUSFNMC Newsletter Fall’00
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Forestry & SocietyReforestation/Planting Season
• South & West– Winter, rainy season– Trees are dormant (tolerant to abuse)
• Rocky Mountain Region– Rainy season (late summer)– Trees are actively growing– “Fall is for Planting”
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Forestry & SocietyReforestation Practices/Planting
Machine planting
Hand Planting
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Forestry & SocietyReforestation Practices/Planting
Barerootseedling
Planted seedling
4-yr-old plantation
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Forestry & SocietyReforestation/Site Preparation/
10th Bi. So. Silv. Res. Conf.
Basal Area Growth (ft2/yr)
Control
Fell
KG & ChopKG, Chop & Velpar
KG, Windrow, Burn, Disk
KG, Windrow, Burn, Disk, Oust, AmNit
Pinus taeda-15 yr Piedmont GA
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Forestry & SocietyReforestation/Site Preparation/
10th Bi. So. Silv. Res. Conf. p318
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Height (ft)DBH (in)
6
4
2
0
Pinus taeda- 15 yr Piedmont GA
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Deforestation - Reforestation
The Situation:Chile
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Deforestation - Reforestation
The Situation:Chile
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Atributos morfológicos Propagación por Esqueje / Pinus radiata
1
2
3
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Deforestation - Reforestation
The Situation:Chile
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Forestry & SocietyReforestation-Tanzania/ Kevin Lombard
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Forestry & SocietyReforestation-Tanzania/ Kevin Lombard
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Forestry & SocietyReforestation- Mexico
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Forestry in Mexico
Overview
• Tremendous forest productivity• Diverse forest species• Growing human population• Conversion to agriculture
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Deforestation - Reforestation
The Situation
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CeibaZorra
Gmelina
Teak
E. urophyla
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Deforestation - Reforestation
The Situation:India
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Deforestation - Reforestation
The Situation:India
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Forestry & SocietyReforestation/Review Questions
• Compare reforestation efforts in North America with other regions of the world.
• What are the different types of reforestation methods?• What are the costs and benefits of artificial reforestation?• What are the important timber producing states in the
US?• Describe growth responses to different site preparation
practices.