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Fractional Distillation
Submitted by:
Co, Vian Paolo V.
Comendador, Mikaela V.
Cruz, Patricia Ann A.De Jesus, Cara Gabrielle A.
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What is Fractional Distillation?
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Fractional Distillation
is a type of distillation that involves separation
of a mixture into its constituents based on the
differences in their boiling point (volatility).
It is practiced for those mixtures, in which the
boiling point of the components differ by less
than 25 ºC at one atmospheric pressure.
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The component with the least boiling point is
separated first, while the component with the
high
est boiling point is drawn off at th
e last.
If the boiling point of the constituents differ
by more th
an 25 ºC, th
en simple distillationprocedure is implemented for separation.
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How does Fractional Distillation
Work?
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In the process of fractional distillation, a specific
apparatus is used for boiling the mixture and
collecting a series of fractions of the constituent
substances.
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The laboratory setup for fractional distillation
includes a round-bottom boiling flask,
condenser, adapter (that connects boiling flask
and condenser), fractionating column (withinthe adapter) and a collection flask.
A thermometer is fixed to the adapter formonitoring the temperature.
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The fractionating column is usually composed
of plates arranged in a horizontal manner,
which enhances the separation by allowing
condensation, evaporation and re-
condensation of the separated components.
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The vapor of the component substance afterpassing the fractionating column is passed to
the condenser, which is fixed with a water
inlet and water outlet pipe.
In the water inlet pipe, cold water is
constantly supplied to cool down or condensethe separated vapor.
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Eventually, warm water after being circulated
through the condenser is removed via the
outlet pipe.
The component undergoes condensation in
the condenser, which is then collected in the
collection flask as a purified liquid.
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The constituents with lower boiling point
tend to collect at the top portion of the
fractionating column, while those with higherboiling point settle at the bottom of the
column
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Though this type of distillation provides
better separation of constituents, it requiresmore energy and longer time than the usual
simple distillation.
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What are t
he uses of fractionaldistillation?
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Fractional Distillation
is practiced in large-scale alcoholic
fermentation in order to purify alcoh
olicbeverages.
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Beer and wine produced after fermentation of grains
and grapes contain less than 15 percent alcohol.
It is due to the fact that a high concentration of alcoholkills the yeast that are responsible for proceeding
fermentation.
In such a condition, fractional distillation is practicedto purify alcohol and make stronger alcoholic drinks.
In addition, fractional distillation is also used forsolvent recycling, extraction of essential oils andpurification of fragrances in perfume industries.
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Another use of fractional distillation is in theseparation of impurities contained in crude oil.
In fact, fractional distillation is the most commonprocedure followed for separation of mixtures in
petroleum refining industries and chemical industries.
In petroleum refining, gasoline is separated firstfollowed by kerosene, heating oil and lubricating oil.
This technology implemented in industries is referredto as continuous fractional distillation.
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Difference of Fractional fromsimple distillation:
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fractional distillation and simpledistillation
are based on the same principle, but differ in
procedure.
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When the substances in a mixture have boilingpoints which differ largely, simple distillation is
the first choice.
When that isn't the case, fractional distillation
is used. This process uses a fractionating
column, while simple distillation doesn't.
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Simple distillation cannot guarantee high purity of the separated component but
fractional distillation can provide separated
chemicals with a high degree of purity.
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fractional distillation is used in separating
mixtures whose components have boiling
points that are too close to each other, while
simple distillation is used in case of mixtures
whose components have boiling points that
are substantially far apart.