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FRANZ BOAS 1858-1942
Boas en route to Baffin Island 1883 and Central Inuit; to study reflectivity of sea-water
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eS3wqv96VcM
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Anthropologists playing golf
Odyssey Series on Boas
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kv8cYPiWNDc
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eS3wqv96VcM
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Personal Life
Born: July 9, 1858 Minden, Westphalia, Germany
Parents: Meier Boas & Sophie Meyer Boas
Married to Marie Krackowizer
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Education
Studied geography & physics at Universities of Heidelberg, Bonn, and Kiel
Earned B.A. degree: University of Heidelberg in 1881
Same year, earned Ph.D. from University of Kiel
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Early Research
Expedition to Baffin Land, Canada in 1883-1884
Fieldwork among EskimoInterest in anthropology
Immigrated to U.S. (1885)
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Early Career
Worked for journal ScienceEditorial position
Fieldwork: 1885-1896North Pacific Coast of North America for museums
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Career
Project: World's Fair in Chicago (1892-1893)
Native American cultures to general public
Pioneered life group displaysDioramas
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Chicago World’s Fair Diorama
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Career
Moved to New York (1896)Assistant Curator: Ethnology & Somatology (physiology & anatomy)
American Museum of Natural History
Lectured: Columbia UniversityProfessor of Anthropology,1899
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Research
Best known: Kwakiutl Indians Northern Vancouver & adjacent mainland of British Columbia, Canada
Established new concept of culture & race
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Research
Everything important to study of culture
Collecting data on all facets of a culture was necessary to understand culture
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Kwakiutl Indians
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Kwakiutl Indians
Bear Totem Pole Wearing a Mask
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•Inuit perceive & name hundreds of colors & qualities of sea-water
•Earliest anthropological attempt to employ phenomenology
• Development of human consciousness and self-awareness
CENTRAL ESKIMO STUDY
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Analyst seeks to understand phenomena by grasping how they make sense within the framework of subject’s thought-world
Hamats'a coming out of secret room," and "Kwakiutl Indian ceremony for expelling cannibals."
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1885:1885: First expedition to Northwest Coast (Bella Coola)
1886:1886: First collecting trip for American Museum of Natural History (New York City) to Nootka and Kwakiutl — massive documentation of Northwest Coast culture
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The Practice of Museum Exhibits
• No storage rooms or cases
• No natural lighting
• Life groups most demanding
• Time
• Materials
• Skill
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The Practice of Museum Exhibits
• Labels – “ultimate limitation to the possibility of a museum anthropology”
• Boas believed artifact secondary to monographic interpretation of scientist
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Boas at American Museum, 1900
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Typological vs. Life Group
U.S. National Museum
Life group, 1896
U.S. National Museum
Typological, 1890
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Museums: Entertainment, Instruction, Research
Boas curator at American Museum 1896-1905
Over 90% of visitors “do not want anything beyond entertainment”
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Museums: Entertainment, Instruction, Research
Visitor groups:ChildrenSchool teachersResearchers
Researchers justify large museums “for the advancement of science”
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Countered early evolutionist views of Louis Henry Morgan & Edward Tylor Stages each culture went through during development
Franz Boas and his students changed American anthropology forever
Cultural Relativism
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Cultural relativismDifferences in peoples result of:
HistoricalSocialGeographic conditions
All populations have complete and equally developed culture
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Historical Particularism
Each culture has a unique history
Not assume universal laws govern how cultures operate
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Assumptions of Historical Particularism:
26
1.Rejects general laws, rankings, concept of “progress”
2.No simple or complex societies -- only different societies
3.“Unilineal evolution” is ethnocentric
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Assumptions of Historical Particularism:
6. Not 6. Not CCultureulture, but cultures
7. Culture7. Culture, not race, determines behavior
8. Methodological rigor8. Methodological rigor
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•Superorganic: Product of collective or group life
•Individual has an influence
•Unconscious: Filter through which reality is perceived
•Not the object of attention
•Adaptive: Culture helps individuals adapt to their environment
BOASIAN CONCEPT OF CULTURE
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Images of Native Americans
//thesocietypages.org/socimages
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SOCIAL AND
CULTURAL
LINGUISTICS
ARCHAEOLOGY
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
ANTHROPOLOGY
Four Field Approach
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Generation of anthropologists established Boasian doctrines in North American universities:
Alfred A. Kroeber Ruth Benedict Margaret Mead Rhoda Métraux Robert Lowie Edward Sapir Paul Radin Alexander A. Goldenweiser Clark Wissler
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Cultural Relativism Historical Particularism “Race, language, and culture” as
independent variables Superorganic Cultural Determinism Data Collection “without” theory Emphasis on Fieldwork 4-field approach
FRANZ BOAS
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Contributions to Anthropology
1937--Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at Columbia Un.
Made anthropology a distinguished and recognized science
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Contributions to Anthropology
Authored many books: ExamplesAuthored many books: Examples
Growth of Children (1896 – 1904)The Mind of Primitive Man, 1938Primitive Art, 1927Anthropology and Modern Life, 1938
Race, Language, and Culture, 1940Dakota Grammar, 1941
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Contributions to Anthropology
Boas was entertaining Professor Paul Rivet and other colleagues at a luncheon in the Faculty Club (Columbia Un).
He collapsed into the arms of Claude Claude Levi-StraussLevi-Strauss and died on December 21, 1942.