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Fresh Ideas for Teaching and AssessmentRay Wallace
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…… this presentation is based on a lecture and workshops
which I gave at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow as
Visiting Professor in October 2014
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What do I mean by ‘Fresh Ideas’
Most ideas have their origins elsewhere but sometimes they can lay forgotten and not be ‘main stream’ or in current practice. Sometimes they have been given little exposure in the past or be used in one discipline and not in another. Whatever their status they take on the mantle of ‘fresh’ when they are new to an audience and I hope that you will find something here that is fresh to you.
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‘Tips’ and ‘tricks’ from an ‘old hand’ at
teaching!
Criteria referenced assessment (project
work)
Student negotiated learning (labs)
The ‘one minute lecture’ as an aid to
focussed understanding
Fresh Ideas for Teaching and Assessment
Presentation content
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‘Tips’ and ‘tricks’ from an ‘old hand’ at teaching!
Fresh Ideas for Teaching and Assessment
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Know and understand your content
Do not give too much information
Be preparedEstablish a good rapport
with your audience
The ‘key secrets’
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Know and understand your content
Do not give too much information
Be preparedEstablish a good rapport
with your audience
The ‘key secrets’
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Know and understand your content
Do not give too much information
Be preparedEstablish a good rapport
with your audience
The ‘key secrets’
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Know and understand your content
Do not give too much information
Be preparedEstablish a good rapport
with your audience
The ‘key secrets’
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Know and understand your content
Do not give too much information
Be preparedEstablish a good rapport
with your audience
The ‘key secrets’
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Know and understand your content
Do not give too much information
Be preparEstablish a good rapport
with your audience
The ‘key secrets’
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Know and understand your content
Do not give too much information
Be preparedEstablish a good rapport
with your audience
The ‘key secrets’
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Know and understand your content
Do not give too much information
Be preparedEstablish a good rapport
with your audience
The ‘key secrets’The ‘key secrets’
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Know and understand your content
Do not give too much information
Be preparedEstablish a good rapport
with your audience
The ‘key secrets’
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Be honest when you make a mistake or don’t know the
answer to a question
Don’t embarrass or pick on individual students
Present as though you are passionate and really interested
in your topic (even if you are not!)
Make eye contact with the audience
The ‘key secrets’
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Don’t embarrass or pick on individual students
Present as though you are passionate and really interested
in your topic (even if you are not!)
Make eye contact with the audience
The ‘key secrets’
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Be honest when you make a mistake or don’t know the
answer to a question
Don’t embarrass or pick on individual students
Present as though you are passionate and really interested
in your topic (even if you are not!)
Make eye contact with the audience
The ‘key secrets’
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Be honest when you make a mistake or don’t know the
answer to a questionDon’t embarrass
Present as though you are passionate and really interested
in your topic (even if you are not!)
Make eye contact with the audience
The ‘key secrets’
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Be honest when you make a mistake or don’t know the
answer to a question
Don’t embarrass or pick on individual students
Present as though you are passionate and really interested
in your topic (even if you are not!)
Make eye contact with the audience
The ‘key secrets’
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Be honest when you make a mistake or don’t know the
answer to a question
Don’t embarrass or pick on individual students
Present as though you are passionate and really interested
in your topic (even if you are not!)
Make eye contact with the audience
The ‘key secrets’
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Be honest when you make a mistake or don’t know the
answer to a question
Don’t embarrass or pick on individual students
Present as though you are passionate and really interested
in your topic (even if you are not!)
Make eye contact with the audience
The ‘key secrets’
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Be honest when you make a mistake or don’t know the
answer to a question
Don’t embarrass or pick on individual students
Present as though you are passionate and really interested
in your topic (even if you are not!)
Make eye contact with the audience
The ‘key secrets’
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Be honest when you make a mistake or don’t know the
answer to a question
Don’t embarrass or pick on individual students
Present as though you are passionate and really interested
in your topic (even if you are not!)
Make eye contact with the audience
The ‘key secrets’
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Focus on what is important Repeat key points
Be approachable/let students ask questions in
private if needs beDo not be patronising
The ‘key secrets’
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Focus on what is important Repeat key points
Be approachable/let students ask questions in
private if needs beDo not be patronising
The ‘key secrets’
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Focus on what is important Repeat key points
Be approachable/let students ask questions in
private if needs beDo not be patronising
The ‘key secrets’
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Focus on what is important Repeat key points
Be approachable/let students ask questions in
private if needs beDo not be patronising
The ‘key secrets’
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Focus on what is important Repeat key points
Be approachable/let students ask questions in
private if needs beDo not be patronising
The ‘key secrets’
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Focus on what is important Repeat key points
Be approachable/let students ask questions in
private if needs beDo not be patronising
The ‘key secrets’
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Focus on what is important Repeat key points
Be approachable/let students ask questions in
private if needs beDo not be patronising
The ‘key secrets’
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Focus on what is important Repeat key points
Be approachable/let students ask questions in
private if needs beDo not be patronising
The ‘key secrets’
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Focus on what is important Repeat key points
Be approachable/let students ask questions in
private if needs beDo not be patronising
The ‘key secrets’
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Criteria referenced assessment (project work)
Fresh Ideas for Teaching and Assessment
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To put this in context we must first of all look at how we assess students
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Assessments
Take many forms
Formative – used to provide feedback & generally does not
contribute to the final grade
Summative – normally used to determine a
final grade and measure achievement
Need to be set against reference points
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Norm Referencing
Criterion Referencing
"Best practice in grading in higher education involves striking a balance between criterion-referencing and norm-referencing"
Easily recognizable, for example: if a question asks for three facts and the student gives three correct facts, three marks are awarded. Marks are totalled and the resulting normal distribution is then used to allocate grades to students based on a pre-determined proportion of grades.
Unlike norm-referencing, there is no pre-determined grade distribution (bell curve) and a student’s grade is not influenced by other students but is awarded by comparing his or her achievements with clearly stated criteria for learning outcomes and standards for particular levels of performance.
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Criteria referenced assessment of project work is an aspect of
At the time we developed criteria referenced assessment of project work, the use of criterion referencing was not nearly so widespread as it is today
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Project Work
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PROJECT WORK
There are many facets to project work
It requires a range of
different skills
Some skills are subject specific
Many skills are generic
Skills are often viewed
subjectively by different people
There is a need to quantify skills in a
summative assessment
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PROJECT WORK
There are many facets to project work
It requires a range of
different skills
Some skills are subject specific
Many skills are generic
Skills are often viewed
subjectively by different people
There is a need to quantify skills in a
summative assessment
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Skills are often viewed subjectively by different
people
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It was this problem in the early nineties at Nottingham Trent University that led myself and other colleagues to develop a competency based strategy to overcome difficulties we had with marking when over half of our final year students carried out their projects overseas
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Intellectual & scientific
input
Comprehension of the project
Day-to-day record keeping
Initiative
Communication skills
Practical skills
Organisation/Planning
Commitment & motivation
Extent of supervision
Nine Key Skill Areas
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Each key skill area is assigned six competency levels which are
arranged in random order in a table
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CRITERION
Intellectual & Scientific Input Please tick
ONE box
The student demonstrated an enquiring mind
and an ability to innovate by controlling the
direction of the project.
The student devised many aspects of the project
independently.
The student made useful contributions to the
development of the project.
The student showed an ability to devise practical
or theoretical ideas facilitating the progress of
the project.
The student provided only a few ideas and little
personal contribution to the project.
The student provided a technical rather than an
intellectual contribution to the project.
Six competency levels
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CRITERION
Intellectual & Scientific Input Please tick
ONE box
The student demonstrated an enquiring mind
and an ability to innovate by controlling the
direction of the project. 5The student devised many aspects of the project
independently. 3The student made useful contributions to the
development of the project. 2The student showed an ability to devise practical
or theoretical ideas facilitating the progress of
the project. 4The student provided only a few ideas and little
personal contribution to the project. 0The student provided a technical rather than an
intellectual contribution to the project. 1
The six competency levels are given a weighting factor of 0-5
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Outcomes
This method of assessment results in a much more consistent assessment of student abilities across different supervisors (both in our own institution and in partner institutions)
It solved the problem of how we could reconcile the differing marks given to students for projects carried out in different geographical locations
Students have a much clearer idea of the targets and goals which they need to achieve in order to obtain good grades
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Student negotiated learning (labs)
Fresh Ideas for Teaching and Assessment
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Specific example is organic practical laboratories but the concept and technique can be applied to many forms of activities that are assessed and where the lecturer in charge is looking for ways to ease the burden of marking
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How can we make them more interesting?
How can we get the students more involved?
How can we develop additional skills in students?
How can we save marking time?
ORGANIC PRACTICAL LABORATORIES
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Lecturer in charge of laboratory adopts a
PROACTIVE approach
WEEK 1
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Lecturer in charge of laboratory adopts a
PROACTIVE approach
WEEK 2
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Lecturer in charge of laboratory adopts a
PROACTIVE approach
WEEK 1-6
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Meeting to mark laboratory work
Peer assessment – books are exchanged on a
random basis
Samples prepared are laid out and
arranged in a pecking order of visual quality by
students with guidance from
lecturer
Melting points and typical yields are
disclosed
Answers to associated laboratory questions
are discussed
Marks are assigned
Books are returned to individual students who can challenge the marker if they
feel that their book has been unfairly
marked
WEEK 8 (in students’ own time)
Marking session typically takes 1½
hours
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Lecturer in charge of laboratory adopts a
PROACTIVE approach
WEEK 8 and beyond
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BENEFITS
Students appear to be more enthusiastic
about lab work
More interaction between students
Additional skills developed – for
example negotiation skills
General improvement in overall marks (… but students who normally
attempt to ‘play the system’ tend to receive lower ratings from their
fellow students)
Happy atmosphere in laboratory
Marking completed by prearranged date and the students get their
books back immediately, fully
marked
Marking system open and each student has
the opportunity to have a say in it
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PROBLEMS
Some students object to this different
approach to lab work
Some types of work (eg interpretation of nmr and ir spectra)
are not amenable to marking by students
Students are not as good as the lecturer
at assessing each others answers to
questions (these are checked by lecturer and any gross errors
corrected)
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Reference
• Negotiation and Peer Assessment in the Organic Laboratory R G Wallace, Proceedings of Variety in Chemistry Teaching Meeting, York, September 1996, 35.
Cited by Simon B. Duckett, Nigel D. Lowe and Paul C. Taylor in Addressing Key Skills in the Chemistry Curriculum: Structured Learning Packages, UNIVERSITY CHEMISTRY EDUCATION 1998, 2 (2), “This concept of negotiating a mark scheme with students has been previously applied by Wallace”.
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The ‘one minute lecture’ as an aid to focussed understanding
Fresh Ideas for Teaching and Assessment
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The One Minute Lecture
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Definition:
A focussed lecture delivered in ONE minute
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The ‘one minute lecture’ = Mini or Microlecture
‘Microlectures’ in a generic sense are short video clips and/or audio recordings
They have been discussed (generally in the United States) as a vehicle to engage students’ attention and which students can rerun to grasp important
concepts
To be effective they need to be teamed with more in-depth study methods and discussion
They have tended to be used by academics almost exclusively to deliver material to students rather
than an assessment of students’ understanding of topic areas
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In my specialism of chemistry the one minute lecture traces
its origins back to ‘A 60-second course in organic chemistry’
LeRoy A. McGrew, J. Chem. Educ., 1993, 70 (7), p 543
Chemists and chemistry educators need to improve
chemistry's image to the lay public (an oft cry over the
decades). McGrew provided the readers of his paper with
lecture notes for the "One Minute Professor" to be used at
cocktail parties and other social gatherings!
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Purpose
Provide concise summary of a particular topic
Practise the art of giving a short talk
Introduce small chunks of chemistry to non-scientists
Identify important & apposite points of a given topic
Practice at structuring & presenting work at an appropriate level & within specific guidelines
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Many different variants in the way that it can be run
Explored by a number of different people in different
disciplines
Often now referred to as a ‘microlecture’
Methodology not just confined to chemistry
Core concept is that the
message delivered is
• Focussed
• Succinct
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Basics & ground rulesThe lecture must have as its basis a written document
The lecture must be written in good English and have a logical structure, e.g. subheadings or divisions
The written presentation should be no longer than one side of A4 paper
You should be able to ‘deliver’ the lecture at a normal speaking speed in sixty seconds (error margin 55-65 seconds)
An overhead transparency should be produced to support the lecture (detail needs to be kept to a minimum here)
The lecture must contain a minimum number of relevant facts (this will depend on the topic area but a working guideline would be no more than 10) Some facts will be more
important than others and your aim should be to emphasise 3 or 4
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I shall use an example fromchemistry but you should not be put off by that if you are a non-chemist as you should be able to see the principles which are involved
Level: First year undergraduate degree in chemistry
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Example from chemistry – organometallic reagents potential content
1. Definition of an organometallic reagent
2. Types of organometallic reagents
3. Syntheses
4. Physical and spectroscopic properties
5. Structures
6. Historical aspects
7. Bonding in organometallic reagents
8. Applications
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First approach:
1. Definition of an organometallic reagent
2. Types of organometallic reagent
3. Syntheses
4. Structures
5. Applications
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Second approach:
1. Definition of an organometallic reagent
2. Bonding in organometallic reagents
3. Applications
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Two approaches
• similar in that they both begin with a definition, yet they differ markedly in emphasis
• first approach ‘traditional’ • easy to incorporate factual material
• second approach• more interesting and challenging • less factual • listener will clearly see you have got to grips with your subject if you adopt
the second approach
DESCRIPTIVE
EXPLANATORY
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Second approach - outline• Definition of an organometallic reagent - ‘compound which
contains a bond between the element carbon and a metal’
• Bonding in organometallic reagents: (a) the MC bond polarisation makes the metal susceptible to nucleophilic attack and the carbon susceptible to electrophilic attack (b) the nature of the metal M affects the degree of polarisation of the MC bond
• Applications of organometallic reagents: (a) CC bond forming reactions via Grignards and alkyl lithium reagents (substitution) (b) reaction with carbonyl compounds and derivatives (nucleophilic addition)
Couple of examples to focus audience attention
Expand –electronegativity/type of bonding
Good simple examples required
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A one-minute lecture on organometallic reagents FULL TEXT
• Organometallic reagents are organic compounds that contain a bond between carbon and a metal, such as lithium or magnesium.
• The polarity of a covalent bond between two different elements is determined by their electronegativity. The more electronegative an element is, the more it attracts the electron density in the bond.
• Normally in organic molecules the heteroatom is more electronegative than carbon and thus carbon bears a slight positive charge. This is not usually the case when carbon is bonded to a metal.
• An orbital diagram* for methyllithium shows that the filled C-Li orbital is close in energy to the carbon orbital, so the electrons reside mostly on the carbon atom.
• This means that carbon in these compounds is susceptible to electrophilic attack. This can be used in organic synthesis for carbon-carbon bond formation by reacting with ‘positive’ carbon, for instance with an organic aldehyde in an addition reaction, as shown here*.
(155 words)
*indicates when speaker should point to overhead (you would need to
add a suitable example to your slide or replace the one given)
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ENERGY
sp3sp3sp3sp3
MO
MO*
2s
Li.
Li C C.
lithium carbon
bond
lithium-carbonatom bond
these three orbitals are
involved in C-H bonds
Orbital diagram for the C-Li bond in MeLi
Simple carbon-carbon bond forming reaction
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References
• L.A. McGrew, J. Chem. Educ., 1993, 70, 543.
• T.P. Kee, Educ. In Chem., 1995, 100-101.
• R. Murray & R. G. Wallace, S205 The Molecular World, Book 11: Developing Skills (Science Supplementary Material), 2002, 22-26, Open University Press.
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Conclusions and roundup
Good teaching methods are
developed over the years and
need to be built on good
foundations
Assessment
methods are
often in the
hands of the
institution and
the new lecturer
can generally
have little say in
these at the
macro level but
there can be
scope for
innovation at the
micro level
Established
methods of
teaching,
learning and
assessment are
not necessarily
the best, neither
are new fashions
and trends. As in
all things wise
judgement is
called for
There can often
be good ideas
and practices to
be found in the
old literature
which lay
forgotten
Besides
establishing their
credentials as
good
researchers,
young academic
staff should not
neglect
establishing an
identity as a good
teacher
The days of being
an excellent
researcher and a
poor lecturer are
over
Raising research
income and
establishing a
strong positive
reputation relies
on good
communication
skills – JUST
WHAT ARE
NEEDED IN
TEACHING!
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Conclusions and roundup
Good teaching methods are
developed over the years and need to be built on good
foundations
Assessment methods are often in the hands of the institution and the new lecturer can generally have
little say in these at the macro level but there can be
scope for innovation at the
micro level
Established
methods of
teaching,
learning and
assessment are
not necessarily
the best, neither
are new fashions
and trends. As in
all things wise
judgement is
called for
There can often
be good ideas
and practices to
be found in the
old literature
which lay
forgotten
Besides
establishing their
credentials as
good
researchers,
young academic
staff should not
neglect
establishing an
identity as a good
teacher
The days of being
an excellent
researcher and a
poor lecturer are
over
Raising research
income and
establishing a
strong positive
reputation relies
on good
communication
skills – JUST
WHAT ARE
NEEDED IN
TEACHING!
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Conclusions and roundup
Good teaching methods are
developed over the years and need to be built on good
foundations
Assessment methods are often in the hands of the institution and the new lecturer can generally have
little say in these at the macro level but there can be
scope for innovation at the
micro level
Established methods of
teaching, learning and assessment
are not necessarily the best, neither are new fashions and trends. As in
all things wise judgement is
called for
There can often
be good ideas
and practices to
be found in the
old literature
which lay
forgotten
Besides
establishing their
credentials as
good
researchers,
young academic
staff should not
neglect
establishing an
identity as a good
teacher
The days of being
an excellent
researcher and a
poor lecturer are
over
Raising research
income and
establishing a
strong positive
reputation relies
on good
communication
skills – JUST
WHAT ARE
NEEDED IN
TEACHING!
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Conclusions and roundup
Good teaching methods are
developed over the years and need to be built on good
foundations
Assessment methods are often in the hands of the institution and the new lecturer can generally have
little say in these at the macro level but there can be
scope for innovation at the
micro level
Established methods of
teaching, learning and assessment
are not necessarily the best, neither are new fashions and trends. As in
all things wise judgement is
called for
There can often be good ideas and practices to be found in the old
literature which lay forgotten
Besides
establishing their
credentials as
good
researchers,
young academic
staff should not
neglect
establishing an
identity as a good
teacher
The days of being
an excellent
researcher and a
poor lecturer are
over
Raising research
income and
establishing a
strong positive
reputation relies
on good
communication
skills – JUST
WHAT ARE
NEEDED IN
TEACHING!
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Conclusions and roundup
Good teaching methods are
developed over the years and need to be built on good
foundations
Assessment methods are often in the hands of the institution and the new lecturer can generally have
little say in these at the macro level but there can be
scope for innovation at the
micro level
Established methods of
teaching, learning and assessment
are not necessarily the best, neither are new fashions and trends. As in
all things wise judgement is
called for
There can often be good ideas and practices to be found in the old
literature which lay forgotten
Besides establishing their
credentials as good researchers, young academic staff should not
neglect establishing an
identity as a good teacher
The days of
being an
excellent
researcher and
a poor lecturer
are over
Raising
research
income and
establishing a
strong positive
reputation
relies on good
communication
skills – JUST
WHAT ARE
NEEDED IN
TEACHING!
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Conclusions and roundup
Good teaching methods are
developed over the years and need to be built on good
foundations
Assessment methods are often in the hands of the institution and the new lecturer can generally have
little say in these at the macro level but there can be
scope for innovation at the
micro level
Established methods of
teaching, learning and assessment
are not necessarily the best, neither are new fashions and trends. As in
all things wise judgement is
called for
There can often be good ideas and practices to be found in the old
literature which lay forgotten
Besides establishing their
credentials as good researchers, young academic staff should not
neglect establishing an
identity as a good teacher
The days of being an excellent
researcher and a poor lecturer are
over
Raising
research
income and
establishing a
strong positive
reputation
relies on good
communication
skills – JUST
WHAT ARE
NEEDED IN
TEACHING!
![Page 84: Fresh ideas for teaching and assessment](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052905/5584ab27d8b42a045c8b4dbc/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Conclusions and roundup
Good teaching methods are
developed over the years and need to be built on good
foundations
Assessment methods are often in the hands of the institution and the new lecturer can generally have
little say in these at the macro level but there can be
scope for innovation at the
micro level
Established methods of
teaching, learning and assessment
are not necessarily the best, neither are new fashions and trends. As in
all things wise judgement is
called for
There can often be good ideas and practices to be found in the old
literature which lay forgotten
Besides establishing their
credentials as good researchers, young academic staff should not
neglect establishing an
identity as a good teacher
The days of being an excellent
researcher and a poor lecturer are
over
Raising research income and
establishing a strong positive
reputation relies on good
communication skills –
JUST WHAT ARE NEEDED IN TEACHING!
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