What is collaboration?What is collaboration?
Collaboration is:
"an interactive process that engages two or more participants who work together to achieve outcomes they could not accomplish independently."
Collaboration is:
"an interactive process that engages two or more participants who work together to achieve outcomes they could not accomplish independently."
Inter-Organizational & Intra-Organizational Collaboration
Inter-Organizational
May involve different
disciplines and cultures,
outside familiar norms and practices
May involve different
disciplines but occurs within
familiar culture, norms and practices
Taxonomy Taxonomy of of CollaborativCollaborative e E-learning: E-learning: Levels of Levels of CollaboratioCollaborationn
Level of Collaboration 1: Level of Collaboration 1: DialogueDialogue
Participants exchange ideas to find shared purpose and coherence in the plans and/or tactics needed to coordinate their efforts.
Level of Collaboration 2: Peer Level of Collaboration 2: Peer ReviewReview
Participants exchange work for mutual critique through peer review and incorporate others' comments.
Level of Collaboration 3: ParallelLevel of Collaboration 3: Parallel
Participants each complete a component of the project. Elements are combined into a collective final product, or the process moves to another level of collaboration.
Level of Collaboration 4: Level of Collaboration 4: SequentialSequential
Participants build on each other's contributions through a series of progressive steps. Elements are combined into a collective final product, or the process moves to another level of collaboration.
Level of Collaboration 5: Level of Collaboration 5: SynergisticSynergistic
Participants think together to collaborate fully in creation of a product that meshes each one’s contributions into a whole.
Trust ContinuumTrust Continuum
As collaboration increases, so does the need for trust. In collaborative efforts, trust is:
"the confidence that a person is competent to reach a goal and
is committed to reaching it." (Handy, 1995)
Trust-Building LoopTrust-Building Loop
Strategic or Organizational: Form expectations about collaboration based on reputation, past behavior or agreements
Personal:Have enough trust to take the risk needed to initiate or move to next level of collaboration
(Adapted from Huxham & Vangen, 2005)
Building Trust & Respect Through Building Trust & Respect Through DialogueDialogue
Listening and responding to each other;
Providing affirmative comments;
Including everyone;
Making decisions Summarizing key
points.
Listening and responding to each other;
Providing affirmative comments;
Including everyone;
Making decisions Summarizing key
points.
Getting acquainted.Committing to common purpose.Organizing the project, establishing roles, norms and procedures.Speaking with a common language.
Exchange work for mutual critique.
Learning to Give and Receive Learning to Give and Receive Feedback through Online Peer Feedback through Online Peer ReviewReview • Assess which elements
to include in collaborative project– or which elements need revisions.
• Provide respectful, constructive criticism.
• Work within mutually acceptable boundaries and set criteria.
• Assess which elements to include in collaborative project– or which elements need revisions.
• Provide respectful, constructive criticism.
• Work within mutually acceptable boundaries and set criteria.
Understand elements of the project. Divide and allocate tasks. Set timelines and standards. Coordinate, communicate progress. Develop mutual accountability; deal with
underperforming team members and/or resolve conflicts
Edit, compile, assemble outcomes.
Organizing the Project:Organizing the Project:Parallel or Sequential CollaborationParallel or Sequential Collaboration
All steps described previously.
Practice participatory decision-making.
Balance individual interests with group purpose.
Thinking & Creating Knowledge Thinking & Creating Knowledge Together: Synergistic Collaboration Together: Synergistic Collaboration