Download - Fundamental know-how of Linux tech
Linux
Linux()
Unix MIT X Window Sun Openlook IBM/HP OSF (Open Software Foundation) Motif Motif CDE(Common Desktop Enviroment) Motif/CDER Windows Unix linux 1996 10 Lyx Matthias Ettrich KDE KDE K Desktop Environment CDE KDE GPL KDE Qt Qt Unix Qt GPL KDE GPL GNU Harmonny Qt 26 Miguel De Icaza GNOME(GNU Network Object Enviroment) KDE linux RedHat KDE/Qt RedHat GNOME Motif VS Openlook Trolltech KDE Qt KDE Free Qt QPL GNOME GTK GPL GNOME Qt/KDE C++ GTK/Gnome C GNOME KDE KDE1.1.2 GNOME1.0 GNOME1.0 KDE 1.0 Alpha GNOME linux Linus KDE 2000: Apple Eazel GNOME GNOME Helix Code GNOME KDE 2.0 KDE KOffice Kdevelop Kounqueror Internet EXPloer Sun Red Hat Eazel Helix Code GNOME Sun Star office GNOME Trolltech 10 4 Qt free edition GPL KDE Qt GNOME GNOME KDE/Qt GNOME Office/ Qt/GTK ? C++ Qt
Linux
Linux
Linux
IDE: /dev/hdx
SCSI: /dev/sdx
SATA: /dev/sdx
4 hda1,2,3,4
hda5
Linux vs. Windows
hda1 (C:)hda5 (D:)hda6 (E:)hda7 (F:)
hda2hda1hda2hda3
hda5hda6hda7
hda4
U
kickstart
swap 12
/boot/home
/opt/usr
/var
GRUB
GRUBGRand Unified Bootloader
GRUBLinuxBSDOS/2BeOS Windows
GRUBLILOLinux
Bash
?
Microsoft WindowsLinux
login:
: #
$
su username
root: sudo
X Windowstartx
CLI=Command Line Interface
history
!numberCtrl+RAuto complete
alias
: konsole, tty, who, chvt 2
(gpm)
BASH
John 3:1 Most assuredly, I say to you, unless one is born again, he
cannot see the kingdom of God.
bash GNUUnix shellBourne-Again SHell Bourne shell(sh)(Bourne again / born again)
Bourne shellshellStephen Bourne1978Version 7 Unixbash1987Brian Fox1990Chet Ramey
bashLinuxMac OS X v10.4shellUnixMicrosoft WindowsCygwinMSYSwindowsPOSIX
\Tab
\C-o
\M-? M-= TabM- \A+\S+/
\M-# \A+\S+3
\M-! ``sudo`` \A+\S+1
\M-~ \A+\S+`
\M-@ \A+\S+2
\M-$ \A+\S+4
\M-_ \A+\S+-
\M-* \A+\S+8
Vim=VIsual editor iMproved I A
ESC
:w
:q
:wq
:q!
:wq!
dd
n yny
p
/abc
:1
:$ G
ZZ
Emacs
EMACS vs. vi :The endless geek 'holy war'
EMACSVI
http://www.pathname.com/fhs/
fhs-2.3.pdf
/bin
file, which
/boot
vmlinuz
initrdinitial ram disk
System.mapkernelsymbolssymbols
/boot/grub
/devdev=device
bblock
ccharacter()
Linux()
sda16
mknod major minor
mknod /dev/sda16 b 8 16
USB
/usr/src/linux-/Documentation/devices.txt
fdisk /dev/hda
m
p
d
n
l
w
q
Parted
gparted, qtparted
/etc
/etc/inittab
/etc/fstab
/etc/profile
shell/etc/bashrc
/etc/rc.d/init.d/
/etc/rc.local
init
A good start is a half done.
init
1
init 0
shutdown -h now
init 6
shutdown -r now
init 1
/etc/fstab6
(blkid)
dump
fsck01
/etc
/etc/profile
/etc/profile.d/*.sh
env
echo $PATH
export PATH=$PATH:/new/path
/etc/bashrc
$USER/.bashrc
$USER/.bash_profile
/home
user1, wheel/home/a
adduser -g wheel -d /home/a user1
userdel -r username
/etc/passwd
/etc/shadow
/etc/group
/etc/defaults/useradd
/etc/skel/
/etc/login.defs
/lib/usr/lib
Linux(.a)(.so)
libxxxx.axxxxlib
libxxxx.so.major.minor, xxxxlib, major, minor
/etc/ld.so.conf
lddldconfig
/mnt
mount -t /
mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /path
mount file.iso /path -o loop
/media:
mount /dev/sdb1 /path -o iocharset=cp936,utf8=0
umount /mount_point
eject
/etc/fstab
/proc
/proc/[number]/
/proc/cpuinfo CPU
/proc/dmaDMA
/proc/interrupts
/proc/ioportsI/O
/proc/kcore
/proc/meminfo
/proc/version
/proc/cpuinfo 6 HT
processor
physical id
core id
siblings
cpu cores
vendor id GenuineIntel
/lost+foundext2ext3fsck
/optoptional
/misc
/root
/selinuxSecurity Enhanced Linux
/sbin
/srv
/sys2.6Sysfs,
proc
devfs
devpts
/tmp
/usr
UNIX System Resource
/usr/bin/:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/bin...
/usr/share/doc:MANPATH
/usr/share/fonts/zh_CN/TrueType/
/usr/share/wallpapers
/usr/include/
:/usr/src/linux-/
/var
/var/log/
/var/www/html/
FTP/var/ftp/
Spool=Simultaneous Perioheral Operation On-Line: /var/spoolmail, news,
/var/tmp: /tmp
/var/run
/var/lock
man
man
1
2
3
4 /dev
5 /etc/passwd
6
7
8 root
9 Linux
n
o
l
Woman
man
man code command
q
man -a command
man
man -aw command
man command | col -b > file_for_help
/etc/man.config
info
dmesg
mount
fdisk -l
free
df -h
du -sh
uname -a
PCIlspci [-vvxxx]
/ets/sysconfig/hwconf
GUI
XXFree86Xorg
X11R6=X protocol version 11 Release 6
/etc/X11/xorg.conf
startx = xinit + startkde
KDEGNOME
OS->Xserver->Xprotocol->wm->Xappl.
KDE vs. GNOME
Matthias EttrichMiguel De IcazaOpen LookBySUNCDEMotifByIBM/HP
/etc/X11/xorg.conf
cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf.orig
ServerLayoutX Server
FilesX Server
Module
InputDevice
Monitor
Device:vesa
Screen:
DRI=Direct Rendering Infrastructrue 3D
eth0, lo, wlan0, ppp0
/etc/sysconfig/network
IP
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
/etc/hosts
DNS/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/services
/etc/protocols
ifconfig
IP
ifconfig eth0:0 172.16.87.5 netmask 255.255.248.0
ifconfig eth0 hw ether xxxxxxxxxxxx
eth1
ifconfig eth1 down / ifdown eth1
eth1
ifconfig eth1 up / ifup eth1
ping
/proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_all
/etc/init.d/network restart
netstat -anp
route -n
route add default gw
nmap -p 'port_range'
nmapfe
traceroute
server1
tcpdump dst host server1
/etc/modprobe.conf
/etc/modprobe.d/
/lib/modules//kernel/drivers/
lsmod/insmod/rmmod/modinfo/modprobe
depmod -a
/lib/modules//modules.dep
cat:concatenate files and print on the standard output
-n 1
-b -n
-s
cat -n textfile1 > textfile2
tac
head/tail
more/less
grep apache /etc/passwd
-A num(After)num
-B num(Before)num
-v
sed
sed -e '1,10d' /etc/services | more
#
sed -e '/^#/d' /etc/services | more
ftp
sed -n -e '/ftp/p' /etc/service | more
awk
3
:
awk [-F filed-separator] 'commands' input-files
awk:
awk -f awk-script-file input-files
awk -F":" '{ print $1 $3 }' /etc/passwd
awk -F":" '{ print "username: " $1 "\t\tuid:" $3 }' /etc/passwd
diff
patch
cmp
commfile1file2
find /path -name "[A-Z]*" -print
1Mb
find . -size +1000000c -print
5
find / -mmin -5
locate
updatedb
/etc/updatedb.conf
rwx
ownergroupothers
chmod 755
chmod [uoga][+-=][rwx] file
-R
/umask
/
chown
chgrp
ls /etc > filename
ls /home >> filename
wrong_com 2> filename
&>
FD=file descriptor
30stdin, 1(stdout), 2(stderr), 3-9
Linux
cal 9 1752
ccal 2010 -t > ccal.html
ddate Discordian: 573
xeyes
oclock/xclock
yes
bc
glxgears
ps
ps -ef
ps aux
pstree
kill
kill -9
xkill
[Ctrl]+[Alt]+[backspace]
ps
USER
PID
%CPUCPU
%MEM
VSZKB
RSSKB
TTY
"?"
STATDRSTZZW
root (hd0,n)
kernel /path/vmlinuz
initrd /path/initrd.img
boot
Linux
NFS/HTTP/FTP
ISO
dd if=/dev/cdrom of=disc1.iso
boot: linux askmethod
: root
GRUB
/etc/grub.conf
password --md5
grub-md5-crypt
fdisk/parted
mkfs.ext3
mount
/etc/fstab
GRUB
Linuxsda6GRUBMBR
\C+\A+F2
mkdir /tmp/test
mount /dev/sda6 /tmp/test
chroot /tmp/test
mknod /dev/sda b 8 0
mknod /dev/sda6 b 8 6
vi /etc/grub.confboot=/dev/sda
/sbin/grub-install /dev/sda
mpg123mpg123-1.10.0.tar.bz2
tar xjvf mpg123-1.10.0.tar.bz2 -C /opt
/opt/mpg123/
INSTALL
./congifure
make
make install
mpg123