![Page 1: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Fungi of Medical ImportanceFungi of Medical Importance
Prof. Md. Prof. Md. AkramAkram HossainHossain 20122012Prof. Md. Prof. Md. AkramAkram HossainHossain 20122012
11Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesProf. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseases
![Page 2: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
ObjectivesObjectives
�� Types of fungal pathogensTypes of fungal pathogens
�� Classification and definition of fungal diseasesClassification and definition of fungal diseases
Major fungal infectionsMajor fungal infections�� Major fungal infectionsMajor fungal infections
�� Risk factors for opportunistic mycosesRisk factors for opportunistic mycoses
�� Laboratory diagnostic aspectsLaboratory diagnostic aspects
22Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesProf. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseases
![Page 3: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
FungiFungi-- Morphological ClassificationMorphological Classification
Moulds
Aspergillus
A. fumigatus
Mucorales
Yeasts & Yeast like
Cryptococcus
C. neoformans
C. gattii
Dimorphic
Moulds 250C
Histoplasma capsulatum
Yeasts/other phases /forms(370C)
Mucorales
(zygomycetes)
Mucor spp.
Rhizopus spp.
Dermatophytes
C. gattii
Candida
C. albicans
MalasseziaM. furfurM. globosa
Histoplasma capsulatumCoccidioides immitisBlastomyces dermatitidisSporothrix schenkii
33Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesProf. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseases
![Page 4: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
A. Mould form:Is a vegetative growth offungal filament known ashypha (Pl. Hyphae). Mass ofhyphae is known asmycelium. Fungi may behyaline or coloured(dematiaceous),multicellular.
Basic growth forms
(dematiaceous),multicellular.
B. Unicellular or Yeastform: Single-celled fungusthat reproduce by buddingto form blastoconidia,Colonies are moist ormucoid. Examples: Candida,Cryptococcus.
Filamentous, growing as multinucleate, branching hyphae, forming a mycelium
Yeasts, growing as ovoid or spherical single cells multiply by budding and division
44Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesCommon fungal diseases
![Page 5: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Thermal dimorphismThermal dimorphism
Dimorphic fungi (Histoplasmacapsulatum, Blastomycesdermatitidis) produce yeastform (parasitic/tissue form) at37oC (nutritional requirements37 C (nutritional requirementsmore complex) and mould form(saprophytic form) at 25-28oC.Sabouraud agar 25oC - mouldform.Brain heart infusion agar with5% blood 37o C - yeast form.
H. capsulatum, mould form
H. capsulatum, yeast form
55Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesCommon fungal diseases
![Page 6: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Soil - Coccidioides immitis,keratinophilic fungiDermatophytes(geophilic)
Soil associated withbird and bat faeces - Histoplasma capsulatum
Habitat for pathogenic fungi
bird and bat faeces - Histoplasma capsulatum
Soil associated withpigeon faeces - Cryptococcus neoformans
Soil and vegetable matter - Aspergillus, Mucorales
Human body - Candida albicans, Malassezia spp.
66Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesCommon fungal diseases
![Page 7: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
1. Mycotoxicosis - caused by ingested toxins
2. Allergic - Asthma, allergic bronchopulmonarydisease, IgE and or IgG mediated
Types of diseases/disorders
3. Colonization and invasion- Superficial and cutaneous- Subcutaneous- Deep seated, disseminated
- Opportunistic mycoses- True (endemic) mycoses
77Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesProf. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseases
![Page 8: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Common fungal diseasesCommon fungal diseases1. Superficial/cutaneous mycoses
� Tinea versicolor� Dermatophytoses
2. Opportunistic mycoses� Candidiasis� Candidiasis� Cryptococcosis� Pneumocystosis� Aspergillosis� Zygomycosis
3. True (endemic) mycoses� Coccidioidomycosis� Histoplasmosis
88Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesProf. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseases
![Page 9: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Superficial MycosesSuperficial MycosesTinea versicolor (Pityriasis)Tinea versicolor (Pityriasis)
A superficial fungal disease characterized by well-demarcated white, pink lesions often coalescing and often coalescing and covered with scales. The colour of the lesion varies according to the patient’s colour and exposure to sun light. It is caused by Malassezia species, a lipophilic yeast.
Hypopigmented Hyperpigmented
99Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesCommon fungal diseases
![Page 10: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Laboratory diagnosis
Direct microscopic examination of skin scraping reveal yeast cells and hyphal element and hyphal element (spaghetti meat ball appearance) of M. furfur. It requires lipid (olive oil) supplementation on SDA agar for growth.
LCB mount of skin scrapings from a case of Tinea versicolor
1010Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesProf. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseases
![Page 11: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
DermatophytosesIt is a superficial infection of the keratinizedstructures of the body (i.e. skin, hair and nails)caused by a closely related keratinophilic fungiknown as dermatophytes. The fungus colonizesstratum corneum. The arthrospores adhere tokeratinocytes, germinates and invade. Thestratum corneum. The arthrospores adhere tokeratinocytes, germinates and invade. Thetypical lesion of dermatophyte infection (ringworm) is a scaling patch with a raised margin.The main symptom is itching.
1111Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesProf. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseases
![Page 12: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Dermatophytes
Microsporum,Trichophyton, Epidermophyton
�� Infect keratinised tissue� Produce keratinase enzyme� Produce keratinase enzyme� Colonizes stratum corneum� Allergic and inflammatory lesions� Severity varies depending upon species
or strain involved
1212Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesProf. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseases
![Page 13: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
DiagnosisDiagnosis
Visual examination of the lesion
Proper sample collection
KOH microscopyKOH microscopy
Fungal culture(SDA + chloramphenicol +
cycloheximide)
1313Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesProf. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseases
![Page 14: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Laboratory diagnosisLaboratory diagnosis
Skin scraping, nailclippings and epilatedhairs
Direct microscopy in10-20% KOH
1414Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesProf. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseases
![Page 15: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
CandidiasisCandidiasis
A primary or secondary mycoticinfection caused by members of thegenus Candida. The clinicalmanifestations may be localized to themanifestations may be localized to themouth, throat, skin, scalp, vagina, orthe gastrointestinal tract, or becomesystemic as in septicaemia, endocarditisand meningitis.
1515Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesProf. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseases
![Page 16: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Candidiasis and other yeast infections
Etiology: The major causative species are:
Candida albicans (> 50%) (normal flora)
Candida parapsilosisCandida parapsilosis
Candida tropicalis
Other yeasts
Malassezia furfur (normal flora)
Cryptococcus neoformans (exogenous source)1616Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain,
Common fungal diseasesCommon fungal diseases
![Page 17: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Oropharyngeal candidiasis
Includes thrush, glossitis,stomatitis and angular cheilitis(perleche). Thrush exhibitscreamy gray membranecovering the tongue. Newborns(5%) commonly contact this by(5%) commonly contact this byexposure to C. albicans in thevagina during delivery. Thrushis often associated withpatients with severeimmuonological impairment suchas HIV, leukemia, and diabetesmellitus
Oral thrush
Oral candidiasis in an AIDS patient
1717Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesCommon fungal diseases
![Page 18: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
"Nappy rash" candidiasis in an infant with spread to the mouth area.
1818Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesCommon fungal diseases
![Page 19: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Vulvovaginal candidiasisCandida is one of the important causes of vulvovaginitis. The condition is characterized by a curd-like, milky vaginal discharge, often associated with broad-associated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, third trimester of pregnancy, low vaginal pH and diabetes mellitus. Refractory vaginal candidiasis may be associated with HIV/AIDS.
White plaques on vaginal mucosa
1919Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesCommon fungal diseases
![Page 20: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Budding and pseudohyphae formation in Candida species
2020Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesCommon fungal diseases
![Page 21: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Laboratory diagnosis
Vaginal candidiasis:
High vaginal swabs should be taken. Direct microscopy/ Direct microscopy/ Gram-stained smear reveals yeasts with pseudohyphae.
2121Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesCommon fungal diseases
![Page 22: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
CryptococcosisCryptococcosisA chronic, subacute to acute pulmonary,systemic or meningitic disease, initiated by theinhalation of the fungus. Primary pulmonaryinfections have no diagnostic symptoms and areusually subclinical. On dissemination, the fungususually shows a predilection for the centralusually shows a predilection for the centralnervous system.
Distribution: World-wide.Etiological agent: Cryptococcus neoformans
Cryptococcus gattii
2222Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesProf. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseases
![Page 23: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Natural habitat and pathogenesis of C. neoformans
2323Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesCommon fungal diseases
![Page 24: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Laboratory diagnosis
The demonstration of encapsulated yeast cells in CSF, tissue biopsy, BAL and urine (after prostate urine (after prostate massage) is diagnostic.
Antigen detection:
Capsular polysaccharide
India ink preparation
2424Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesCommon fungal diseases
![Page 25: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
PneumocystosisPneumocystosis
Pneumocystis carinii (jiroveci) is a fungus thatcauses pneumonia in immunocompromised patientsparticularly those with AIDS. It attacks theinterstitial tissue of the lung causing markedinterstitial tissue of the lung causing markedthickening of the alveolar septa and alveolileading to significant hypoxia which can be fatalif not treated. The treatment of choice istrimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination.
2525Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesProf. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseases
![Page 26: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Photomicrographs of alveolar lavage stained by methanamine-silver demonstrating the typical configuration of the cyst walls on high power. Taken from Hopkin, 1991 2626Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain,
Common fungal diseasesCommon fungal diseases
![Page 27: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
AspergillosisAspergillosisAspergillosis is a spectrum of diseases of humans and animals caused by members of the genus Aspergillus. These include (1) mycotoxicosis due to ingestion of contaminated foods; (2) allergy and sequelae to the presence of conidia or transient growth of the organism in body orifices; (3) colonization without extension in preformed cavities and debilitated tissues; (4) invasive, body orifices; (3) colonization without extension in preformed cavities and debilitated tissues; (4) invasive, inflammatory, granulomatous, necrotizing disease of lungs.
Distribution: World-wide.
Etiological agents: Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger, A. nidulans and A. terreus.
2727Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesProf. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseases
![Page 28: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The life cycle of AspergillusThe life cycle of Aspergillus
Spores inhaled Germination
Mass of hyphae (plateau phase) Hyphal elongation and
branching
2828Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesCommon fungal diseases
![Page 29: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (opportunistic mycosis)(opportunistic mycosis)
Risk factors for invasive aspergillosis
� Prolonged neutropenia
High doses corticosteroids therapy of� High doses corticosteroids therapy ofseveral weeks duration
� Organ transplant recipients receivingimmunosuppression
� Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD).2929Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesProf. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseases
![Page 30: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Laboratory diagnosisLaboratory diagnosis
Clinical specimens:Respiratory: Fresh sputum, bronchoalveolarlavage, biopsy etc.
Disseminated: Skin lesions biopsy
Direct microscopy: Septate,dichotomously branched hyphal fragments(digested in 10 % KOH-calcofluor) -Aspergillus/Fusarium
3030Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesProf. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseases
![Page 31: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
KOH-calcofluor mount showing septate Aspergillus hyphae
3131Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesProf. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseases
![Page 32: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
� Etiology: Caused by members of Zygomycetes-
Rhizopus, Mucor, Absidia etc.)
� Distribution: Ubiquitous, inhalation of spores (sporangiospores).
� Risk factors:
ZYGOMYCOSISZYGOMYCOSIS
� Risk factors:Ketoacidosis and hyperglycemia (Rhinocerebral)Complicate prolonged neutropenia (Pulmonary/systemic)Chelation therapy with deferoxamine (Pulmonary/systemic)Immunosuppressive therapy (Pulmonary/systemic)Severe burns (Cutaneous)Malnutritions, ulcers (Gastrointestinal)
3232Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesProf. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseases
![Page 33: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
RhinoRhino--cerebral zygomycosiscerebral zygomycosis
Usually associated with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus or ketoacidosis, steroid induced hyperglycemia. Infections usually begins in the Infections usually begins in the paranasal sinuses following the inhalation of sporangiospores and may include the orbit, palate, face, nose or brain. Necrotizing tissue reaction; can be fulminating. Fungus has predilection to invade blood vessels causing embolization and necrosis. 3333Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesProf. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseases
![Page 34: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Microscopic features:Hyphae are broad,hyaline, aseptate orwith rare septa.Sporangiophores longand end in a sphericalSporangiophores longand end in a sphericalcolumella which issurrounded by a sac likesporangium. Rhizoids(root-like extensionsfrom the stolon) areseen in Rhizopus andAbsidia.
Lactophenol cotton blue mount of Mucor sp.
3434Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesProf. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseases
![Page 35: Fungi of Medical Importance Prof. Md. … › downloadable file › Common fungal dieases...- Subcutaneous - Deepseated,disseminated - Opportunisticmycoses - True(endemic)mycoses Prof](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f60aa7e708231d443dc32/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
3535Prof. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseasesProf. Muhammad Akram Hossain, Common fungal diseases