Future water management of cities
Research based decision support for urban water system development
Martin Rygaard ([email protected])
With help from Sarah, Brudler, Berit Godskesen, Karsten Arnbjerg-Nielsen, Erik Arvin, Linda L. Fang, Borja V. Perez, Benedek Plosz, Anders Damgaard
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EXAMPLE 1Decision support – Technology Development
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ObjectivesScenarios for
implementationof a novelressource recovery
technology
Assess the environmental impact of the
scenarios
Use Life Cycle Assessment as a support tool for the TRENS
developers
1
23
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The scenarios: Implementing TRENS
A Conventional watewater treatment
BAgricultural reuse:Irrigation & Fertilization
90%
10%
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The scenarios: Implementing TRENS
A Conventional watewater treatment
BAgricultural reuse:Irrigation & Fertilization
10 km
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LCA – Method in brief
• Functional unit: 1m3 of influent wastewater
• Life cycle inventory: operating reports for existing processes, databases for infrastructure and modeling of sludge and algal processes (ASM-2d and ASM-A)
• Impact assessment: International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD 2011)
• Uncertainty analysisContribution analysis
Pertubation analysis(sensitivity ratios)
Uncertainty assessment
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LCA – Method in brief
• Functional unit: 1m3 of influent wastewater
• Life cycle inventory: operating reports for existing processes, databases for infrastructure and modeling of sludge and algal processes (ASM-2d and ASM-A)
• Impact assessment: International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD 2011)
• Uncertainty analysisContribution analysis
Pertubation analysis(sensitivity ratios)
Uncertainty assessment
J Clavreul et al., 2014 Env. Mod. Software
EASETECH
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Included processes
Processes
A, B WWTP Construction
A, B WWTP Operation
A, B Discharge to sea
A, B Waste incineration
A, B Emissions to air
A, B Biogas combustion
A, B Combustion in flare
B TRENS
B Pipeline
B Fertilizer substitution
B Use-on-land
BAgricultural reuse:Irrigation & Fertilization
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Results
Scenario A: Without TRENS
Scenario B: With TRENS sidestream irrigation & fertigation
Marine Eutrophication
Human/Eco Toxicity
1 PE
x kg
coal/p/y
L. L. Fang et al. in revision for Water Research
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BAgricultural reuse:Irrigation & Fertilization
Process contributions scenario B
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EXAMPLE 2Decision support – Climate adaptation
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Cloudburst Management Plan for Nørrebro
“Green“ stormwater management:
• Decouple rain water from sewer
• Discharge of water via new flow routes – on the surface
• Represent asset in themselves
Transformation of roads, parks
and public areas
Sourc
e:
Konkre
tisering a
f Skybru
dspla
n N
ørr
ebro
(H
OFO
R, Københavns K
om
mune &
Ram
bøll 2
013)
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Results for the “green“ and “grey“ scenario
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
PE /
2.6
km
2
"Green"scenario
"Grey"scenario
Slide: Sarah Brudler
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EXAMPLE 3Decision support – Softening in Copenhagen
Drinking water softening will save households approx 80 SGD/person/yr
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(Godskesen et al. J.Env.Man. 2012)
-30%
-60%
Change in hardness levels
Assessing impacts of softening
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1.0
1.5
1.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.5
2.5
3.0
3.0
3.5
3.5
4.0
4.5
Calcium (mg/l)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Flu
oride (
mg/l)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
63.25
53.8311.0
25.0
33.018.005.1exp
SDMF
CaF
Unit: DMF-S
Softening AB
CD
E
A: Typical Danish groundwaterB: Softened groundwaterC: Typical desalinated and remineralized waterD: RainwaterE: Danish groundwater (high fluoride content)
Relation based on Danish water quality data: (Ca: 31.4-162.3 mg/l; F: 0.06-1.61 mg/l)
(Based on Bruvo et al., J. Dental Res., 2008)
Advice for the Danish Health Inspectors
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EXAMPLE 4Decision support – Alternative water ressources
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0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Groundwater based supply Desalination
En
vir
on
men
tal im
pact
(m
PET/
m3
)
DK Energy mix 2012
DK Energy mix target 2020
A shift towards treatment intensive water supply
(Rygaard et al., Sci.Tot.Env., 2014)
Environmental evaluation of scenarios for future water systems
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Future sustainable
watersystems
Economy
Health riskEnvironmental
impact
Freshwaterimpacts
Concrete / PE pipe production
Concrete production
TruckExcavation &
disposal of soil
Truck
Cleaning
Cleaning
ExcavationTreatment/ recycling
TreatmentExcavationExcavation &
disposal of soil
Grass seed / tree seedling
productionTruck
Mowing & disposal of
grass / cuttingsCompostingExcavationSowing / planting
Clay / gravel production
Truck LandfillingExcavationExcavation
Gravel / cobblestone production
Truck Cleaning LandfillingExcavationExcavation &
disposal of soil
Landfilling / composting /
treatmentExcavation
Excavation Landfilling
Pipes
Channels
Planted areas
Drainage
Paved areas
Decommissioning of park areas
Lowering of park areas
Manufacturing Transport Construction MaintenanceDe-
commissioningDisposal
(Brudler, 2015)