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Application of genetic engineering
By,Pillai Aswathy viswanathPG 1 BotanySt. Thomas college kozhencherry
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•Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification
• to add one or more new traits that are not already found in that organism.
•In France , this technology is called biomolecular engineering
•In 1973,Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer designed a methodology for transferring certain genes from one organism to another
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• The gene is a small piece of DNA that encoded for a specific protein
• A desired gene is inserted in to a vector DNA so that a new combination of vector DNA is formed
• The DNA formed by joining DNA segments of two different organisms is called recombinant DNA or chimeric DNA
• The gene is introduced in to a cell in the form of recombinant DNA
• The gene manipulation therefore is known as recombinant DNA technology
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• The organism whose genetic make up is manipulated using recombinant DNA technique , is called genetically modified organism (GMO).
• GMOs produced through genetic technologies have become a part of everyday life,
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• However, while GMOs have benefited human society in many ways
• Genetic engineering techniques have been applied in numerous fields including :-
Agriculture Medicine Genetic studies . etc• some disadvantages also exist;
therefore, the production of GMOs remains a highly controversial topic in many parts of the world.
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Application in Agriculture
• Improvement in agricultural production and the food and nutrition situation depents on land ,water and energy resources.
• From 1970 a new type of reasearch started with the aim of producing new varieties of plants by genetic recombination techniques.
• They are genitically engineered plants • They have acquired a new trait from the
introduced DNA and inherit the trait for many generations
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• The new plants produced by such techniques are supposed to be:-
virus resistant plant insect resistant plants, herbicide resistant plant • growing crops of your choice (GM food)• for preservation of fruits• Some genetically engineered microorganisms
are used as nitrogen fixers
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virus resistant plant• to make virus resistant
crops. The most common way of doing this is by giving a plant a viral gene encoding the virus' 'coat protein'.
• The plant can then produce this viral protein before the virus infects the plant.
• When the virus tries to infect the plant, the production of its essential coat protein is already blocked.
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• Tansgenic tobacco is developed by introducing gene coding for capsid protien of tobacco mosaic virus
• TMV-coat protein inserted in to tobacco cell using Ti plasmid
• Viral capsid inhibit viral replication of TMV when infected
• All genetically modified virus resistant plants on the market (e.g. papayas and squash) have coat protein mediated resistance.
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GM squash with virus resistance (top) protects the squash from the damaging effects of the virus (bottom)
papaya with virus resistance
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insect resistant plants,• Insect attack is a serious agricultural
problem leading to yield losses and reduced product quality.
• Each year, insects destroy about 25 percent of food crops worldwide.
• many transgenic plant with insect resistantance have been developed by adopting gene transfer methods
• The gene helps the plants produce proteins that are toxic to certain insects
• They reduced the use of chemical pesticides in agriculture
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• The genetically modified crops is called Bt-crops, because the insect-killing gene in the plant comes from the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis.
• Bt gene produces insecticidal crystal protien (ICP) also known as cry protien which is in an inactive, crystalline form.
• When consumed by insects, the protein is converted to its active, toxic form (delta endotoxin), which in turn destroys the gut of the insect and is completely safe for humans.
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Examples of some Bt crops A common soil bacterium so called because it was first isolated in the Thuringia region of Germanydiscoverd by Ishiwatari in 1901
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herbicide resistant plant • Many transgenic plants with herbicide
resistance have been developed by using genetic engineering
• Such transgenic plants tolerate the herbicides and be safe in the field ,when the herbicides are applied in the field
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Example for herbicide resistant plant
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Growing crops of your choice • Genetically modified foods are foods
derived from genetically modified organisms.
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• The FLAVR SAVR tomato was the first genetically engineered crop product
• Through genetic engineering, the ripening process of the tomato will slow down and thus prevent it from softening, while still allowing the tomato to retain its natural colour and flavour.
• Thus the shelf life of the tomato become improved
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• The tomato was made more resistant to rotting by adding an gene which interferes with the production of the enzyme polygalacturonase.
• The enzyme normally degrades pectin in the cell walls and results in the softening of fruit which makes them more susceptible to being damaged by fungal infections.
• Improved taste and look
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BiofertilizersGenetically engineered nitrogen fixers• Nitrogen is the most essential macro-element
for proper healthy crop• Molecular nitrogen in the atm. Is converted to
biologically usable forms by nitrogen fixing micro organisms eg:Rhizobium
• In leguminous plants nitrogen fixing nodules are formed in the roots due to the symbiotic realation ship with bacteria
• The special ability of nitrogen fixing bacteria is due to the presence of an enzyme called nitrogenase complex
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• Some genetically engineered micro organism are used as nitrogen fixers
• rizobium species carry nif genes , later genes will transferred to the free living bacteris like klebsiella pneumoniae ,salmonella typhimurium etc
• These genetically engineered microbes are capable of fixing the atmospheric nitrogen in the soil they are used as biofertilizers in agriculture.
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• In 1971 dixon and postgate successfully transferred the nif genes to free living nitrogen fixer klebsiella pneumoniae
• Klebsiella is naturally found as a free-living soil bacterium
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Application in Medicine.• Some of the most promising and powerful
applications of genetic engineering are in the field of medicine.
• Researchers are using it to diagnose and predict disease, and to develop therapies and drugs to treat devastating diseases like cancer, Alzheimer's, diabetes, and cystic fibrosis. Etc.
• At present about 30 recombinant therapeuties have been approved for human use
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• The application of recombinant DNA technology has played a major role in :-
Production of human insulin Production of human growth hormone Production of vaccines production of interferons Gene therapy
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Production of human insulin• Insulin is a hormons produced by beta
cells in the pancreas that controls the absorption of glucose by cells.
• The deficiency of insulin leads to diabetics in man
• Diabetics is treated by injecting insulin• In the past, diabetics needed to take
insulin purified from pigs and cows to fulfill their insulin requirement. However, non-human insulin causes allergic reactions in many diabetics.
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• Recombinant DNA technology has allowed the scientists to develop human insulin by using the bacteria as a host cell
• it is also available in the market. It is believed that the drugs produced through microbes are safer.
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Production of human growth hormone
• Human growth hormone (HGC) is secreted by the anterior lobe of pituitary gland . It also called somatotropin
• The deficiency of somatotropin leads to dwarfism in man
• The cDNA of somatotropin was introduced in to Ecoli The genetically engineered E coli produces human growth hormone
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Production of vaccines • A vaccine is a biological preparation that
improves immunity to a particular disease• Genetic engineering is used to developed
vaccines against some sever diseases• Hepatitis B vaccines, First human trials of
vaccine against Hepatitis B• A gene coding for surface antigen HBsAg was
isolated from Hepatitis B virus and cloned in Ecoli
• The genetically engineered microbes will produced HBs antigen
• This antigen is isolated purified and used for vaccination
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• Edible Vaccine involves introduction of selected desired genes into plant and then inducing these altered plants to manufacture the altered protein.
• Banana is currently being considered as the edible vaccine against hepatitis B
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Production of interferons
• Interferons is an antiviral protein.• Interferons is produced by infected
animal cells and it protects the cells from the second viral infection
• They induced the production of cellular protein kinase and phosphodiesterase which selectively destroy viral RNAs and proteins. So the virus fail to multiply in the cell
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• The cDNA of the various interferons were isolated from human cell and introduced in to E coli
• The genetically engineered E coli cultures produced interfrons
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Gene therapy• Medical scientists now know of about 3,000
disorders that arise because of errors in an individual's DNA.
• Conditions such as sickle-cell anemia, Huntington's chorea, cystic fibrosis, and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome are the result of the loss, mistaken insertion, or change of a single nitrogen base in a DNA molecule.
• Genetic engineering makes it possible for scientists to provide individuals who lack a certain gene with correct copies of that gene.
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• Treatment of genetic disorders by replacing defective gene by a normal functional gene is called gene therapy
• The gene used in gene therapy is often called gene drugs
• The drug gene may be introduced in to somatic cells or germs cells or zygotes .
• If the genes are introduced into somatic cell it is called somatic cell gene therapy
• If genes are introduced into eggs or zygotes it is called germline gene therapy
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• The gene drug may be introduced in to target cells by using retrovirus, electroporation ,transfection etc
• The first clinical gene thearapy was given in 1990 to a 4 year old girl with adenosine deaminase deficiency
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Application in Genetic studies• Today recombinant DNA
technology is used extensively in research laboratories worldwide to explore myriad questions about gene structure, function, expression pattern, regulation, and much more.
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• The most common application of recombinant DNA is in basic research, in which the technology is important to most current work in the biological and biomedical sciences.[8
• Recombinant DNA is used to identify, mapping genes sequence, and to determine their function.
• Mapping helps in finding the inheritance of many rare genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis, haemophilia etc.
• It helps in understanding the expression and regulation of a commercially important trait.
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] • rDNA probes are employed in
analyzing gene expression within individual cells, and throughout the tissues of whole organisms.
• Recombinant proteins are widely used as reagents in laboratory experiments and to generate antibody probes for examining protein synthesis within cells and organisms.
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Reference• Rev.Fr.Dr.S. Ignacimuthu(1998) basic
biotechnology .Tata McGraw-Hill publishing company
• Bilgrami K.S,Pandey A.K (2001)introduction to biotechnology.CBS Publishers
• Gupta P K (2007)elements of biotechnolgy. Rastogi publication
• geneticsresearch.org/applications-of-genetic-engineering.php
• www.boundless.com • www.infoplease.com/cig/biology/dna-technology-
applications.html
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