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Hmjfltnzhm [ npn Ltdnfgnd Mtahnd Hmjfltnd K mvrmf rfld
Knmhmjfltnzhm DdFljmtno
hmjfltndhahlftl
smenp klngknr
Pmrmhljfltnzhm DdPazntno
jlgnnjzlghmjfltndhahlftlsmenptnr
Olrrahmjfltnzhm
Iyd Pazntno
\yj. mgmffoafdsnyafu
Hndraympymimg
pmrmglg srmghmjfltndhahlftlsmenptnr
Mftnolrrahmjfltnzhm DdPazntno
dmrd pmrmglgvl mftnpmrmglg
hmjfltndhahlftlsmenptnr
Olrrnhmjfltnzhm
Iyd
Pazntno
Hndraympymimg
mftnpmrmglghmjfltndhahlftlsmenptnr
notglhlhn lgldtrafgmrm smenp hmkklglrnf jstlrknnhmjfltnd mgmfm karu ldnghl zlggnnfl pmrmhmjfltnzhm
klfnr.Iufuf zkk zlggnd knmhmjfltnzhmkr. ^mfn itflgldtrafgmr notglhn hmkklglrnf jstlrknn hmjfltnd mgmftmrmofkmf ntnghlsn zlggnnfl knmhmjfltnzhm klfnr.Pmrmhmjfltnzhm smklcl kmrkmf inr hmjfltnd mgmfuyjugmfk zmhmf jrglf inr zlggndtnr.
Inrkl Daimgt, Fndlg, Klhnr jnin hltmgglrnf kmrkmf inrhmjfltnd mgmf uyjugmfhmk emgkl dlfkngnnfklf hmjfltndzlggnd jstlrhlsn zlggnn vmrkr dn, iufm kmolrrahmjfltnzhm klfnr.
^rk. Ka. Kr. Mtnggm Lvcnf Moyafdmrmensmr Dacmtlpl fnvlrsntlsn Helfknsgnd Dnhyms Klrs Fatgmr 900?
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rfld
f mz inr notglhlhn lgldtrafm smenp
Mtahgmr, hagldgglr
ymkm nyafgmr, pmrmhmjfltndtnr.
Mzat mtahu, PMYMHMJFL[D[Y
=s 9s 9p
F =s99s99p3
^rk. Ka. Kr. Mtnggm Lvcnf Moyafdmrmensmr Dacmtlpl fnvlrsntlsn Helfknsgnd Dnhyms Klrs Fatgmr 900?
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Saru 11
Mmkmdnglrklf emfjnsn pmrmhmjfltndtnr1
Fm (==)
Cm (90)
D+ (=>)
A9- (5)
rfld 2 Pmrmhmjfltnzhm
Plrnyaknd [miga
Plrnyaknd tmiga flklfflhgnknr 1
Plrnyaknd tmiga inrdnhymc nnf ad omykmgmrmtr.
Elr tlst vlmrmtrhmkm duggmfgr.
Lglhlftglr emdd
fkminr ad ingjnyn nnfklimrfkrr.
gd Klflhlglr
kzlfsnzkn !!!
Lglhlftglrnfarjmfnzmsyafu yadtu.
Ingjnyn iughmd jt.
Dnhymcgmr mfgmhyarku.
Plrnyaknd [migakmdn Mnglglr
Dagafgmr mnglglr emgnfkldnjrupgmrkr.
Mnglglr inr dagafkmagminglcln jnin inrdmdagafkm km agmingnr.
Mnglglr fuhmrmkmf znymklnsnhglrl smenptnr.
^rk. Ka. Kr. Mtnggm Lvcnf Moyafdmrmensmr Dacmtlpl fnvlrsntlsn Helfknsgnd Dnhyms Klrs Fatgmr 900?
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Plrnyaknd [miga
g ingnhslg plrnyaknd tmiga Yus dnhymc Khntrn Hlfklgllv
tmrmo
fkmf =5?> y
g
fkm artmym dafughutur.
Hlfklgllv, ilfzlr zlggndglr tmymf lglhlftglrn mrdmmrdmym knzknnfkl, mtah dtglsnfl kmymfmf inr tmiga lgkllthntnr.
A zmhmfgmr ingnfhlylf imz lglhlftglrnf (sdmfknyuh,jmgyuh vl jlrhmfyuh (ldmsngndaf) jnin) vmrgf, emttmzlggndglrnfn tmehnf lklinghntn.
Gatemr Hlylr nsnhgn mrmtrhmc km, =55? ygfkm, Hlfklgllv'klfimhsz agmrmd, mtah dtglglrnfl jrl inr plrnyaknd tmiga aguturhuvl "vmgmfs" dmvrmhf artmym mtht.
Lglhlftglrnf Snhjlglrn
ad mz smykm lglhlftnf ingnfknn zmhmfgmrkm, lglhlftglr, Pgmta'fuf
Lsdn ^ufmfggmrf duggmfk taprmd-emvm-su vl mtl slhiagglrnfklf
ympt uymrgmhmgmrgm snhjlglfnyarku. Kmem safrm ylfn lglhlftglr
dlolkngkndl, th lglhlftglrnf lfnfkl safufkm "mgtf"m kflcln
kfclsnfklf yagm dmf snhymcgmr tmrmofkmf, jfl (mgtf) hlrdlzgn
snstlhkldn elr jlzljlfnf mk, inr lglhlftl vlrngkn. A kflhkl ingnflf
lglhlftglrnf imzgmrff "snhym" slhiagglrn ygl2
Mtah durmhygm tmfkhz Baef Kmgtaf, lglhlftglrnfsnhjlglfhlsn dafusufkm, lhilrglrklf agumfslhiagglrnf duggmfghmsf flrkn. Iu yftlhl jrl, imzlglhlftglrnf snhjlglrn yglykn2
Lf safufkm, =5=3 ygfkm, Baf Bmdai Ilrzlgnus nsnhgn
mrmtrhmc, lglhlftglrnf mkgmr tlhlg mgfmrmdsnhjlglfhlsn ondrnfn artmym mtt. Eg duggmfghmdtm agmf iuyftlhl jrl2
=. Elr lglhlft, = ym km 9 emrotlf agumf inr snhjlygl nomkllkngnyar vl iu snhjlfnf ngd emron elr zmhmf iyd ymzgyar.
9. Snhjlglrkl sdgdgm, lglhlftnf fjngnzcl mkff ngd emronduggmfgyar.rflnf2 E (Enkrablf2 Eykrajlf), C (Dmriaf2 Cmriaf),
F (Mzat2 Fntrajlf)
^rk. Ka. Kr. Mtnggm Lvcnf Moyafdmrmensmr Dacmtlpl fnvlrsntlsn Helfknsgnd Dnhyms Klrs Fatgmr 900?
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3. Llr lglhlftnf im emronygl snhjlglflf imdm inrlglhlft vmrsm, iu lglhlftnf snhjlsnfkl im emronf ymffm,fjngnzcl mkff ndnfcn emron kl ldglfnyar.rflnf2 El (Elgyuh, Elgnuh), Cm (Dmgsnyuh2 Cmgcnuh),
Fl (Flaf2 Flaf)
;. Llr lglhlftnf fjngnzcl mkff ngd 9 emron, inr knlrlglhlftgl myfysm, snhjlsnfkl im emronf ymffm, iu dlzim emrotlf safrmdn ngd artmd aghmymf slssnz emro jltnrngnyar.rflnf2 Cg (Dgar2 Cegarnfl) vl Cr (Drah2 Cerahnuh)
?) Pnlrrl mfk Hmrnl Curnllnfstlnfnuh (Ls, >>) Mgilrt Lnfstlnfolrhnuh (Oh, =00) Lfrnca Olrhnjmggnuh (Jm, 3=) Jmggnm)emefnuh (=0) Gnsl Hlntflrhlfklglvnuh (Hk, =0=) Khntrn Hlfklgllvfailgnuh (Fa, =09) Mgorlk Failgralftjlfnuh (Yj, ===) Zngelgh Yalftjlf
(\fufuhnuh)rutelroarknuh (Yo, =0;) Lrflst Yutelroarkslmiarjnuh (Sj, =0?) Jglff [.
Plrnyaknd [migaMgdmgn Hltmgglr[aprmd Mgdmgn Hltmgglr
Jln Hltmgglrn
Emgablfglr
Msmg Jmzgmr
Gmftmfntglr mfk Mdtnfntglr
Mfm Jrup
Mfm Jrup
^rk. Ka. Kr. Mtnggm Lvcnf Moyafdmrmensmr Dacmtlpl fnvlrsntlsn Helfknsgnd Dnhyms Klrs Fatgmr 900?
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Iufuf kfkm plrnyaknd tmigakm ylr mgmf lglhlftglrnf uzlggndglrn kl vmrkr 4
Mtahnd vl nyafnd mp
yafgmhm lflrbnsn
Lgldtraf ngjnsn
Lgldtrafljmtnognd
Mtahnd vl nyafnd mp
Inrinrnfl imgmfh ndn mtahuf ldnrkldglrn mrmsfkmdnartmgmhm uzmdgf gghlsnygl mtah vlym nyaf ymrmpgmr
iugufmingnr.Inr drnstmg nnfkl dahu ndn nyafuf hlrdlzglrn mrmsfkmdnuzmdgd, U-fgmr drfh (knormdsnyafu UYK) ngl tmynflknglingnr. Drnstmgglrnf aufkm iu uzmdgd, inr dmtyafufymrmp ngl inr mfyafuf ymrmpff tapgmhfm lnttnr.
rfld
O9 hagldgglrnfkldn O-O im uzufguu =;; ph knr. Iu kllrnfymrs ogar mtahufuf ymrmp agmrmd dmiug lkngnr (=;;/98 :9ph).
dn nyat mrmsfkmdn uzmdgd ;39/98 9=? ph
Llr Gn nyafufuf hlrdlznygl inr nyatmfyafufuf hlrdlzn mrmsfkmdn uzmdgd
tmynf lkngnrsl Gn+ vl N- mrmsfkmdn uzmdgdtmf
Gn+ nyafufu ymrmp elsmpgmfmingnr.
95; ph8 Gn+
ymr
mp
+ N-
ymr
mp
95; ph 8 Gn+ ymrmp + 9=?
Gn+ ymrmp 8 ?5 ph
Dmtyafnd mp
^rk. Ka. Kr. Mtnggm Lvcnf Moyafdmrmensmr Dacmtlpl fnvlrsntlsn Helfknsgnd Dnhyms Klrs Fatgmr 900?
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Mfyafnd mp
Flklf 1
Mtah mp plrnyaknd tmigakm ymtmy agmrmd nglrglkndl (mtahfuhmrms mrttdm) dgr.
fd ymtmy agmrmd nglrglkndl mtahuf k dmiuufm inrlgldtraf vl ldnrkll kl inr prataf ngmvl lkngnr. Mfcmddmium ngmvl lknglf inr lgldtrafuf mtahuf emchnfnjlfnglthl jc, ldnrkll dmtgmf inr pratafuf mtahufemchnfn dgthl jcfl lnt klngknr, kmem ddtr.Pratafuf mtah emchnfn izhl jc jmgnp jlgknnfklf mtah
mp ymtmy agmrmd nglrglkndl dgr.
Flklf 1
Mtahnd mpgmr jrupgmrkm mm karu nfkndl iyr.
fd elr jruptm lgldtraf inr st dmium jnrlr vl ngmvllknglf pratafgmrf mtah mpf dgthl ltdnsn, st dmiumjnrhn iugufmf lgldtrafgmrf mp iygthl ltdnsnfnfymffkm dd dmgr.
Itf iufgmrf ymffkm lgldtraf dmyilttnn zmhmf agumfnyaf mpff kmem dd, lgldtraf dmzmfk zmhmf agumfnyaf mpff km kmem iyd agmcm mdtr.
yafgmhm Lflrbnsn
Kmnhm kmrkmf s mgmf (lfkatlrhnd) inr dnhymsmg agmykr.Inr mtahkmf inr lgldtrafu uzmdgmtrhmd nnf vlrnghlsnjlrldlf hnfnhuh lflrbnyl nyafgmhm lflrbnsn klfnr.
Inr lgldtrafu dmrhmd nnf jlrldgn lflrbn inrnfcn nyafgmhmlflrbnsn, ndnfcnyn dmrhmd nnf jlrldgn lflrbn ndnfcn nyafgmhmlflrbnsnknr.
[minndn inrnfcn nyafgmhmkmf safrm + ydg inr nyaf aguur vlmrtd iu + ydg nyafkmf inr lgldtraf dmrhmd kmem iydlflrbn jlrldtnrnr.
^rk. Ka. Kr. Mtnggm Lvcnf Moyafdmrmensmr Dacmtlpl fnvlrsntlsn Helfknsgnd Dnhyms Klrs Fatgmr 900?
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Hj =s9 9s9 9p? 3s9
Hj Hj+ + l- E8+:35 dB/hag
Hj+ Hj9+ + l- E8+=;
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Elpsn kl, tlpdnhlglrkl ltdnfknr.
Lf ydsld tlhlg lflrbn kzlyglrnfkl inr tld lgldtraf tmrgmr.
Iu lgldtrafu ad dagmy dmyilklrld += ydg nyafgmraguturmingkndglrn nnf, duvvltgn nfknrjlfknrglr.
Ns vl lgldtrnn ad nyn ngltnrglr.
Suygm ltdnglnhglrn ad jgkr, suygm tlpdnhl safucufkmenkrablf jmz mm dmrrgmr.
Mgdmgn hltmgglr ucuzkur vl rlmdsnyaf dmrhfkmf kmhthmyaguygm smo emgkl lgkl lknglingnrglr.
Pmrgmd drhz smr har hmvnhsn drhz hmvn
Mgdmgn Hltmg Ylmdsnyafgmr
Enkrablf 9 H (d) + E9 (j) 9 HE (d)Adsnblf Gn (d) + A9 (j) GnA9 (d)
9 Fm (d) + A9 (j) Fm9A9 (d)H (d) + A9 (j) HA9 (d) H 2 D, Yi, Cs
Mzat ? Gn(d) + F9 (j) 9 Gn3F (d)Emgablf 9 H (d) + U9 (j) 9 HU (d)
Su 9 H (d) + 9 E9A (s) 9 HAE (mq) + E9 (j)
Enkrablf (E)
ecp 2 elxmjafmg cgasl pmcdlk
Enkrablf ngd agmrmd =::? ygfkm Elfry Cmvlfknsetmrmofkmf dlolknghntnr.
Enkrablf nshn nsl Mftanfl Gmvansnlr tmrmofkmf vlrnghntnr.
Enkrablf rlfdsnz vl dadusuz inr jmzkr.
^mfc zlggnl smenp agkuu nnf zlg mrtgmrkm huemomzmlkngnr.
Enkrablf au inglndglrnfkl += ,hltmgenkrr inglndglrnfkl nsl -= ydslgtjlfhl imsmhmfmsmenptnr.
zatapgmr
==E Enkrablf =
9E Ktlryuh =3E [rntyuh
^rk. Ka. Kr. Mtnggm Lvcnf Moyafdmrmensmr Dacmtlpl fnvlrsntlsn Helfknsgnd Dnhyms Klrs Fatgmr 900?
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Eacm - Inrnsn imfm plfclrlfnf kfkmdn iu dmkmr
ldncn lynf fl agkuufu syglylingnr hn 1
Sakyuh (Fm)
Icc 2 emcnh hlrdlzgn dind
Sakyuh
Sakyuh inglndglrn yzyggmrkmf ilrnnfsmfgmr tmrmofkmf duggmfghtr vlsakyuh, ilgdn kl, ingnflf hmkklglrnf lflsdnsnknr.
irmfnglr, sakyuh dmriafmtf hndrapdrc zlggndglrnfn iugmrmd ymrmpmfsuhmfgmrfkm, mtl krhlklduggmfh vl inglnl, irmfncn dprlf
mfgmhfm jlglf flglr mkf vlrhnglrkn.
Lczmcgd, tmrh vl oatarmogd mgmfgmrfkm cmh ymphfkmvl saorm tuzu (FmCg) lgklsnfkl
sv sakyuh, fdgllr smftrmgglrkl sautucu jrlvnfkl kfym dmiuufuf %9.?'sf aguturmf sakyuh, kfymkm lf
iag iugufmf mgtfc lglhlfttnr vl mgdmgn hltmgglr mrmsfkm kmlf iag iugufmfkr
Iufm dmrf, kamkm lglhlft emgnfkl rmstgmfhmz vl durusakyuh dgarnknf (FmCg) lgldtragnzn yaguygm lgkl lkngnr.
lntgn mgmhgmrf ympgmrff duvvltglfknrnghlsnfkl vlkdhl hltmgglrnf smogmtrghmsfkm duggmfgr.
FmD mgmh, flhgn inr s ngltncnsnknr. Sakyuh lglhlftnfnf knlr flhgn inglndglrnysl dastnd
FmAE sakm dg (Fm9CA3), dmimrthm tazu (FmECA3) vlsakyuh fntrmttr (FmFA3).
_urkuh_urkuhInr lgldtraf dmyilttnh
Lhnf hnsnf 1
Pazntnonh mrtd.
FmO
^rk. Ka. Kr. Mtnggm Lvcnf Moyafdmrmensmr Dacmtlpl fnvlrsntlsn Helfknsgnd Dnhyms Klrs Fatgmr 900?
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Patmsyuh (D)
Icc 2 emcnh hlrdlzgn dind
Patmsyuh (D)
Patmsyuh Intdnglrnf jlgnnhn nnf ad flhgn inr lglhlft
agmf patmsyuh, au taprmd tnpnfnfinglnhnfkl ylr mgr vl jirlglrnf ympsfm kmdmtgr.
Slrmhnd, cmh, smiuf, glfs vl ilfzlrnhmkklglrnf ymphfkm,
Sakyuh vl patmsyuh mgmh (FmD), nyn inrs ngltncnknr.
Patmsyuhuf au tuzu, elh dnhymsmg elhkl tncmrn mkmf flh tmr2 rflnf,patmsyuh enkradsnt, patmsyuh fntrmt,patmsyuh dmriafmt, patmsyuh sgomt, vs.
Klfly 2 Patmsyuhuf sukmdn kmvrmf Yuinkyuh (Yu)
Icc 2 emcnh hlrdlzgn dind
Yuinkyuh
Yuinkyuhu ngd agmrmd =5?= kl Yailrt Iufslf vl JustmvDnrceeaoo spldtrasdapn yftlhn ngl iugkugmr vl tmyofkmdn ndnilgnrjnf drhz nzjn flklfn ngl ymdut mfgmhfkm ruinkyuhagmrmd mkgmfkrkgmr.
ad dagmy nyafgmhms flklfnygl, slzyuhm mgtlrfmtno agmrmd,uzmy mrmgmrfkmdn "nyaf hatargmrfkm" duggmfghmdtmkr.
_mduh tpglrnfnf vl oataslgglrnf kl ympsfm dmtgmf flhgninr ingllfknr.
zlg cmhgmrf ymphfkm vl dmgp mrmtrhmgmrfkm kmduggmfgr. Myrcm dmtmgnzr agmrmd duggmfh km vmrkr.
Slzyuh (Cs)
Icc 2 emcnh hlrdlzgn dind
^rk. Ka. Kr. Mtnggm Lvcnf Moyafdmrmensmr Dacmtlpl fnvlrsntlsn Helfknsgnd Dnhyms Klrs Fatgmr 900?
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Slzyuh (Cs)
Slzyuh Iu hltmgnf ngd dlon Yailrt Iufzlf vl Justmv Dnrceeaoo
tmrmo
fkmf =5?0 y
g
fkm hnflrmg sukm dlolkngkn. Slzyuhuf smo agmrmd lgklsn ingnflf srmkmf sakyuh lgklsn
jnin klngknr. Mtah smmtglrnfkl, dzgtlsn gmhimgmrfkm vl dmtmgnzr
agmrmd, ilgnrgn lglhlftglrnf enkrablfglfhlsnfkl duggmfgr. ^mdf zmhmfkm, ntncn j snstlhglrnfkl kl duggmfghmym
imgmfhtr. _mduh tpglrnfkl, emvm dmgftgmrf yad lthld nnf
duggmfgr. Adsnblfl dmr lngnhn ydsldtnr vl dagmy nyafnzl agur. Iu flklfgl kl, radlt hatargmrfkm ntncn agmrmd duggmfgr.
Ormfsnyuh (Or)
Ormfsnyuh ngd agmrmd =>3> ygfkm Hmrjulrntl Plrlytmrmofkmf dlolknghntnr.
Ormfsnyuh \rmfyuh vl taryuh hnflrmgnfnf nlrnsnfkliugufur. Omdmt smo lglhlft agmrmd nzagmsyafu hhdfklngknr.
Ormfsnyuh, mdtnfyuhuf pmrmgmfhms safucufkm vlymtaryuh prataf iahimrkhmf safucufkm lgkl lkngnr.
Ormfsnyuh hltmgnfnf duggmfh mgmfgmr ingnfhlhldtlknr. Ormfsnyuh hltmgn emddfkm dlsnf inr ingjn iugufhmhmdtmkr.
Hltmg yzlyn emvmkmdn flhklf kagmy hmtgmhmdtmkr.Emvkm ymfhms ngl ormfsnyuh adsnkn aguturur. Or(d) + A9(j) OrA9(d)
9M Jruiu [aprmd MgdmgnHltmgglr
[aprmd Mgdmgn Hltmgglrzlggndglrn
Plrnyaknd tmigafuf imtmf ndnfcn jruiufkm (kndly srmsfkm)
ylr mgmf lglhlftglrknr. Sdgdgm ilymz rlfdgn agup, yuhumdvl nglflingnr ympkmkrgmr.
Mgdmgn hltmgglrklf kmem mz tlpdlf (tlpdnhlyl jnrhlyllngnhgn) dmrmdtlrkl aghmgmrff ymffkm, lrnhl vl dmyfmhmscmdgdgmr kmem ydsldtnr. yafgmhm lflrbnglrn kl mgdmgnhltmgglrklf kmem ydsldtnr.
[aprmd lglhlftglrn nshn, iu jruptmdn lglhlftglrnf taprmdtmiugufmf adsntglrnfnf, lsdn dnhymingnhcnglr tmrmofkmf myrinrlr lglhlft agmrmd kfghlsnfklf jlgnr.
^ad yad partmdmg drhz dzg ylng
^rk. Ka. Kr. Mtnggm Lvcnf Moyafdmrmensmr Dacmtlpl fnvlrsntlsn Helfknsgnd Dnhyms Klrs Fatgmr 900?
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Ilrngyuh (Il)
Mdumhmrnf
RhrtEcp 2 elxmjafmg cgasl pmcdlk
Ilrngyuh ^dsld armfkm s lhlinghl zlggnn flklfnygl, emvm vl
uzmy tmtgmrfkm, ngltnnh uykugmrfkm, fdgllr smftrmgglrklvl ozl ymphfkm, emono hltmg mgmhgmrfkm, U-f tpglrnfnf plfclrlglrnfkl ^dsld inr lrnhl fadtmsfm smenp aghms, emonognn vl
lgndtlf ad kmem lsfld inr hltmg aghms flklfnygl,ingjnsmymr pmrmgmrfkm,
bnrasdapgmrkm vl nfmmt sldtrfkl imdr mgmh km, dmyfmd ymphfkm, lgldtrnd
imgmftgmrfkm vl lgldtratgmrkm duggmfgr. Rhrt vl mdumhmrnf, ilrngyuhuf kllrgn drnstmg oarhgmrkr.
Hmjflzyuh (Hj)
Ecp 2 elxmjafmg cgasl pmcdlk
Hltmgnd hmjflzyuh =>. yzygf imgmrfm dmkmr lgkllknglhlhntnr.Iufm dmrgd, hmjflzyuh, inglndglrnfnfimzgmr, ad kmem fcl ingnfnyarku.
=505 kl fjngnz dnhymcs Euhpery Kmvy duru hmjflzyuhdgarrgl hltmg patmsyuhu ztglhlyn immrk.
=53= kl yltlrgn hndtmrkm hmjflzyuh lgkl lknglingkn. Hmjflzyuh, fnspltlf tlpdnf inr hltmgknr. Iu yzklf,
kamkm slrilst agmrmd iugufhmz. [aprmdtm lf iag iugufmflglhlftglr mrmsfkm sldnznfcn srmy mgr.
Imgcm ndn hnflrmg emgnfkl iugufur2hmjflznt (HjCA3) vlkagahnt THjCm(CA3)9X.
Oatarmo hmdnflglrnfnf jvkl vl ogm
dmpgmhmgmrfkm, nmrlt onldglrnfkl vl ymfjfiahimgmrfkm
mghnfyuhkmf tl inr armffkm kmem emonoaghms flklfnygl, mgmhgmrfkmf umd vl ozlymphfkm
lczmcgd mgmffkm flh tmymf inglndglrn klvmrkr.
kdh klhnr ymphfkm vl urmfyuh imtmaghmd zlrl lntgn hltmgglrnf tuzgmrfkmfsmogmtrghms nglhnfkl
hnfl tugmgmrff, mykfgmthm mhpugglrnfnf,rlfd hmkklglrnfnf vl ongtrlglrnf ymphfkm
Dmgsnyuh (Cm)
ccp (cuinc cgasl-pmcdlk)
^rk. Ka. Kr. Mtnggm Lvcnf Moyafdmrmensmr Dacmtlpl fnvlrsntlsn Helfknsgnd Dnhyms Klrs Fatgmr 900?
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gd agmrmd =505 ygfkm Ilrzlgnus vl Paftnf, cnvm nlrnsnfkldnCmAnf (gnhl) lgldtragnzn ngl dmgsnyuh mhmgjmh (cnvmg
hmklf mgmh) lgkl lthn. Kmem safrm Euhpery Kmvytmrmofkmf ngd klom smo agmrmd nzagl lknghntnr.
Dmgsnyuh kamkm smo agmrmd iugufhmz. Lf omzgm dnrltmfkm (CmCA3) iugufur.
Hlrhlr vl dmgsnt tl myf oarhgl smenptnr. Lf flhgnhnflrmgglrn kagahnt (CmCA3 HjCA3), mpmtnt (3Cm3(PA;)9),jnis (CmSA;.9E9A) knr.
_cut smg nnf lf jlrldgn lglhlfttnr. Dlhndglrnf vlknglrnf jlgnnp duvvltglfhlsnfn smgmr. Omdmt vcuttmdmgsnyuh omzgmg iirld tmfm slilp agur.
[aryuh, urmfyuh vl znrdafyuh jnin hltmgglrnfemzrgmfhmsfkm vl lntgn mgmhgmrf lgklsnfkl
sv ymgmrf klenkrmsyafufkm cmfggmrf dlhnd, kn, dmiud vl ilfzlrn k nsdlglt
ympgmrfkm intdnglrnf ifylsnfkl kfym dmiuufkmdn lf iag ilnfcn lglhlft aghms dmrf,
ad rlmdtno aghms flklfnygl msgm lglhlft emgnfkliugufhmz.
dnrltm, bnps vl ogarntnf ympsfkm km vmrkr. CmCA3, CmA jnin inglndglrn flh ldncn agmrmd
Strafsnyuh (Sr)
ccp (cuinc cgasl-pmcdlk)
Strafsnyuh Mkmnr Crmwoark ngd agmrmd =:>0 ygfkm straftnmfnt (SrCA3)
hnflrmgnfn tmfhgmhtr. =505 ygfkm nsl Euhpery Kmvytmrmofkmf lgldtragnz yftlhn ngl nzagl lknghntnr.
Ylfdgn tlglvnzyafgmr nnf jrft tpglrnfnf vl klhnr lsmsghdfmtsgmrf ymphfkm,
nfdafuf smogmtrghmsfkm, nmrlt onldglrnfkl vl emvmn onldglrkl drhz rlfjnf lgkl
lknghlsnfkl fdgllr pngglrkl vl oasoargu iaymgmrf ymphfkm Strafsnyuh tntmfmt, ydsld inr drghm nfknsnfl vl lghmstmf
kmem jlfn inr aptnd kmghm smenp aghms flklfnygl, ngjnldncn inr aptnd hmkklknr.
Imryuh (Im)
icc (iaky-clftrlk cuinc)
^rk. Ka. Kr. Mtnggm Lvcnf Moyafdmrmensmr Dacmtlpl fnvlrsntlsn Helfknsgnd Dnhyms Klrs Fatgmr 900?
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Imryuh Imryuh ngd agmrmd =::; ygfkm Cmrg Scellgl tmrmofkmf
tmfhgmfhtr. Ngd agmrmd =505 ygfkm Euhpery Kmvytmrmofkmf fjngtlrlkl ldstrmdtl lknghntnr.
_mduh tpglrnfkl, iubnglrkl, emvmn onldglrkl vl ogarlsmfgmhimgmrkm
imryuh sgomt vl nfda sgomt nlrlf inr pnjhlft agmf"Gntapaf",
Imryuh sgomt, dmgc ilymz zlggnnygl iaymgmrf nlrnnfkl,U-f nfclglhlglrnfkl vl cmh ymphfkm
imrnt, pltrag duyugmrf mhmdtm duggmfgmf svgmrfnlrnnfkl mrgd dmzmfkrc ufsur agmrmd, dmuudymphfkm,
imryuh dmriafmt omrl zlenrn agmrmd, imryuh fntrmt vl dgarmtkm pnratldfnkl (onldngnd) ylng rlfjnf lgklsnfkl duggmfgr.
Ymkyuh (Ym)
icc (iaky-clftrlk cuinc)
Ymkyuh Ymkyuh, =5>5 ygfkm Curnlglr tmrmofkmf plceiglfk
(\3A5) mk vlrnglf urmfyuh hnflrmgn zlrnfkl ympgmfmrmtrhmgmr srmsfkm artmym dmrgk.
Ymkyuh, urmfyuhuf rmkyamdtno agmrmd pmrmgmfhmssafufkm hlykmfm jlglf rfglrklfknr. Iu yzklf knhurmfyuh hnflrmgglrnygl inrgndtl, jlflggndgl jrmfntgn dmymgmrkmiugufur.
Ymkaf jmz lgklsnfkl duggmfgr. Dlfkngnnfklf gkmymfiaymgmrf ympsfm dmtgr.
zlggndgl dmfslr tlkmvnsnfkl, rmkyuh ylrnfl Ca-?0 jninkmem jvlfgn ym km kmem jg rmkyanzatapgmrfduggmfghms yagufm jnknghldtlknr.
Ftraf dmyfm agmrmd km duggmfgr.
3M Jruiu Lglhlftglrn
Iar (I)
reahiaelkrmg
^rk. Ka. Kr. Mtnggm Lvcnf Moyafdmrmensmr Dacmtlpl fnvlrsntlsn Helfknsgnd Dnhyms Klrs Fatgmr 900?
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Iar Lglhlftlr iar =505 ygfkm Ormfsz dnhymc Jmy-Gussmc ngl
Imraf Gauns [elfmrk vl imhsz agmrmd fjngnz dnhymc SnrEuhpry Kmvy tmrmofkmf iugufhutur.
Hltmggl mhltmg mrms ymr n gltdlf zlgg nl smenp inr lglhlfttnr.
Iar tminmttm eninr zmhmf slrilst emgkl iugufhmz. Kamkm ymdgmd 930 lnt iar hnflrmgn agkuu
ingnfhldtlknr. Mharo iar, myrt lkncn ylng rlfjn nnf pnratldfn (onldngnd)
mgmffkm vl mtlglyncn agmrmd radltglrkl duggmfgr. [lfns rmdltglrnfnf, fdgllr smftrmgglrkl duggmfgmf
rljgmtrglrnf vl sym kmymfdg cmh rfglrnfnf ymphfkmkm flh tmr.
Iaruf lf flhgn tncmrn inglnn, ymgth mhmg cmh lgymoffvl inr mmrtc agmf sakyuh plriarmtf ymphfkmduggmfghmdtmkr.
Knlr iar inglndglrn kl, iarasngndmt cmhgmrf ymphfkmduggmfgr.
Iaraf-=0 nzatapu, fdgllr smftrmgglrkl artmhkmdn ftrafgmrezgm lhlrld tlpdnhlglrn ymvmgmthmd ym km kurkurhmdnnf, fdgllr rmkymsyafm dmr dmgdmf agmrmd vl ftrafilgnrglyncn mgltglrkl duggmfgr.
[ldstng mgmffkm flh tmymf inr knlr iar inglnnysl,iarnd msnttnr.
[ntmfyuh vl tufjstlf ngl inrgndtl duggmfh safucufkm,mrg kd mfcmd sym dmr knrlfgn mgmhgmr lgkl lkngnr.
^mdf zmhmfkm mrtrnt (ldglh ngtnemi) tlkmvnsnfklduggmfghmym imgmfmf iar inglndglrn kl uhut vmmt lknyar.
Jz klzlfoldtmfgmrff inglnhnfkl kl iar iugufuyar.
Iar, zlggndgl slrmhndglrnf srgmfhmsfkm vl lhmylsmfmynnfkl duggmfgr. Iu sldtr [rdnylfnf lf ad iartdlttnn mgmfgmrkmf inrnfn aguturhmdtmkr. ^mrmrgmfgmfimgcm iar zlggndglrn mmkmdn jninknr2
Srf dvmhggf krr.
Srf yzly jlrngnhnfn krr.
Pmrgmdg vl smykmhg mrttrr. Lgldtrnl dm ymgtdmf kmvrmfrdlf, inr hltmgnfdnfl ilfzlr sjlnrjlfgnn jstlrlf iaraf fntrnt inglnn, myf zmhmfkm,dmrtrgk elremfjn inr hmkklyn lghms slrtgnnfl jltnrncnzlggndtlknr.
Iar enkrrglr lftlrlsmf inglndglrknr, ad rlmdtnoglrknr.Dlfkngnnfklf ymfmrgmr. Su ngl iarnd msnt vl enkrablf vlrnrglr.
IE3 yadtur, I9E? , I;E=0 , I , I
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Mghnfyuh (Mg)
ccp (cuinc cgasl-pmcdlk)
Mghnfyuh =59: ygfkm Zaeglr tmrmo fkmf iugufhutur.
Mghnfyuh emono inr hltmgknr. [adsnd lngknr. Kamkmslrilst emgkl iugufhmz.
lntgn hutomd mgltglrnfnf vl kldarmsyaf hmgzlhlglrnfnfmfm ymph hmkklsnknr.
Imdr, hmjflzyuh vl knlr hltmgglrgl aguturkuumgmhgmr, smo emgnfklf ad kmem jg zlggndglrlsmenptnr.
mgmhgmr emono mfcmd jg hltmgglrnf jlrld kuyugkuu,imtm ozl vl umd ymph aghmd zlrl, elr trg
mgmfkm duggmfgr. Lgldtrnd ngltdlfgnn imdrf ymgfzcm %?0' dmkmr agsm km,
emono ymps flklfnygl lgldtrnd ngltnh emtgmrfkm duggmfgr.
Mghnfyuh taz emgkl Ol (NNN) adsntnlglhlftlg klhnrlnfknrjlylrld iyd hndtmrkm s mm dmrtr vl iu lsfmkmnfknrjlfhn klhnr lrnr. Iu rlmdsnyafm [lrhnt rlmdsnyafuklfnr.
9 Mg(d) + Ol9A3 (d) 9 Ol(d) + Mg9A3 (d)E08-5
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Jmgyuh (Jm)
arteareahinc
Jmgyuh hltmgn ngd agmrmd =5:< ygfkm Glcaq kl Iansimukrmftmrmofkmf dlolknghntnr.
Jmgyuh mghnfyuhuf lgklsn srmsfkm ymf rf agmrmd lgkllkngnr. Iadsnt hnflrmgnfnf smogmtrghms ngl mghnfyuh nglilrmilr lgkl lkngnr. Kmem safrm lgldtragnz ngl smo agmrmd lgkllkngnr.
Cmh vl parslglfglrl sgmd inr jrfh vlrhldtl duggmfgr. Cmh zlrnfl srgkfkl, agkudm pmrgmd inr myfm
aguturur. ^mr ngltdlfglrnf vl trmfsnstr ilfzlrn myjtgmrf rltnhnfkl
ymyjf agmrmd duggmfgr. Myrcm, dumrtz tlrhahltrlglrnf vl gmzlr knyatgmrff
ymphfkm vl thr tlspntnfkl kl duggmfgr. Jmgyuh mrslfnt, lgldtrnn karukmf m lvnrlinghl
zlggnnfl smenptnr.
fknyuh (Nf)
tltrmjafmg
fknyuh Kd scmdgdgmrkm lrnylinglf mgmhgmrf ymphfkm
duggmfgr. rflnf, %:? armffkm jmgyuh, %9; armffkm km nfknyuh
nlrlf mgmh, akm scmdgfkm svkr. Jlrhmfyuh trmfsnstrglrnf, kmhtcgmrf, tlrhnstrglrnf vl
oatangltncnglrnf ymphfkm duggmfgr. Hltmgglrnf vl cmhf zlrn nfknyuhgm dmpgmfkfkm,
mthasolrnd mfhmym dmr jhgl ympgmfgmrkmf kmemkmymfdg agmf myfmgmr lgkl lkngnr.
[mgyuh ([g)
ecp (elxmjafmg cgasl-pmcdlk)
[mgyuh hltmgn ngd agmrmd =5?= ygfkm Snr Znggnmh Craadls
tmrmofkmf dlolknghntnr. [mgyuh hltmgn vl inglndglrn ad tadsnd hmkklglrknr. Iu
flklfgl duggmfh lsfmsfkm ad knddmtgn agufhmgkr.Imdgm dlsnglinglcld dmkmr yuhumd hltmgknr.
[mgyuh hltmgn ddrtg hnflrmgglrnf ympsfkm iugufur. Lfad pnrnt hnflrmgnfkl iugufur.
Ddrt, slglfyuh ym km mrslfnd ngl aguturkuu inglndglr,=9
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;M Jruiu Lglhlftglrn Dmriaf (C)
ecp (elxmjafmg cgasl-pmcdlk)
Dmriaf Dmriaf, cmfggmr nnf lf emymtn lglhlfttnr. fd itf
cmfg hmkklglr dmriaf inglndglrnfklf aguhugmrkr. Ecrl zmrfkmf mm dmiuufm, jz hlrclnfklf inr
jlynnf iayfuzgmrfm, yuhurtm ilymzfkmf ygmf zlenrnfldmkmr saf klrlcl omrdg arjmfnd ympgmrf elpsn, dmriaftlhlggn inglndglrklf aguur.
[h arjmfnd inglndglrnf ympsfm jnrlf dmriaf, svymgmrf klenkrmsyafufkm (sukmf mrfkrghmsfkm), myrcmklhnr vl mgmhgmrff nglfhlsnfkl duggmfgr.
lgnd ymphfkm, fdgllr tlpdnhlglrnf daftragfkl,
gmstndglrnf rlfdglfknrnghlsnfkl, pgmstnd smfmynfkl, iaympnjhlftglrnfnf lgklsnfkl vl ymgmyc hmkklglrnfymphfkm km iu lglhlfttlf ymrmrgmfgr.
Duruf dmglhglrkl duggmfgmf jrmont oarhu vl lghms oarhu,dmriaf lglhlftnfnf ndn flhgn mggatrapukur.
Dmriaf-=; nzatapu km, rmkyamdtno ym tmynfnfkl duggmfgr. Dmriafuf "ougglrlf" klflf drl innhgn ym km "fmfatp"
klflf sngnfknr innhgn hagldgglrn kl, saf yggmrkm zlggndgllgldtrafnd vl fmfatldfagabn mgmfgmrfkm klvrnhslgnglrglhlglr smgmhmdtmkr.
Dmriafuf ; tmfl mggatrapu vmrkr.
Iufgmr mharo, jrmont, lghms vl ougglrlfknr
Ougglrlf jlflggndgl ? dmriaf mtahufuf kzglhslg agmrmdinrinrn ngl imgmfmrmd aguturkuu nn ia drlslg, sngnfknrndvl emgdmsmg ympgmrkr.
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Dmriaf fmfatpglr flhgn lgldtrafnd vl hldmfnd zlggndglrlsmenp fmfaympgmrkr. Fmfatpglr ngd agmrmd tld iayutgu
dumftuh tlgglr nnf pratatnp agmrmd kfgkfklf adiyd inr ngjn ldtn. Knlr duggmfg zlggndglrnfdlolknghlsnygl 4 zlggndgl kmymfdgg, patmfsnylg duggmfhmgmfgmrf amgtt. rflnf, dmriaf fmfatpglr fmfahltrndiayutgmrkmdn lgldtrafnd klvrlglrkl ym km duvvltglfknrnghnpagnhlr hmgzlhlglrkl duggmfgmingnr.
Sngnsyuh (Sn)
knmhafk
Sngnsyuh Sngndaf Sngnsyuhuf ngd dlon =59; ygfkm Ilrzlgnus tmrmofkmf
jlrldglstnrnghntnr. Sngnsyuh kajmkm sngndmt msnkn (hSnA9.fE9A) vl tuzgmrn
emgnfkl iugufur. ^lrdmiujufuf ymdgmsnd %9
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Mr smo sngnsyuh, iar, jmgyuh, oasoar ym km mrslfnd ngljglfknrngknnfkl4 trmfsnstrglr, jfl jzlglrn vlkarugtucugmr jnin, lgldtrafnd lfkstrnsnfkl iyd flh
tmymf myjtgmrf ymphfkm duggmfgmf sngndaf dmrhgmrlgkl lkngnr. Lgldtrafnd hndranpglrnf ymphfkm ymrngltdlf agmrmd
duggmfgr. Knmtahgmr vl rmkyagmrymgmr jnin ahurjmszgmrf k
nsdlgltglrnfnf ympsfm dmtghms flklfnygl kl, ymmhsmgflh tmhmdtmkr.
Iu k nsdlgltglr, kmem safrm knil dlrld, lntgn dmymgmrfympsfm dmtgr.
Intdnglrnf vl nfsmf nsdlgltnfnf ympsfkm km sngnsyuh iugufur.Sngndaf dmrink (SnC), ingnflf lf slrt hmkklglrklf inrnknr.
Sngnsyuh enkrrglr Sngmf mkf mgrgmr. Lf imsnt hafasngmfSnE; kr. Enkradmriaf inglndglrnfl ilfzlrglr.
SnA9 fnf haknondmsyafgmr mrmsfkmdn imft mmkmdnldngkl jstlrngnr
5:00C =;:00C =:0
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Dmgmy Kamkm lf omzgm dmgmy tm agmrmd ingnflf SfA9 ongnzn
(dmssntlrnt) emgnfkl iugufur. Knlr inr ongnz kl Cu9OlSfS; stmffntknr. Smo aghmymf dmgmy ilrmilrnfkl iugufmf klhnr, duruf jnin
ymimfc hmkklglrklf tldrmr lrntnglrld myrgr. Lrnhlfadtmsff inrmz yudmrsfkm stgkfkm ydsld scmdgdtmlrnylfglr dmgmykmf myrgmrmd dpd aguturur.
(jrn dmgmy), (ilymz dmgmy) vl ngl jstlrnglf 3haknondmsyafu vmrkr.
Dmgmy emvmkm farhmg mrtgmr mgtfkm dmrmgkr. Omdmtstghms ngl dmgmyknadsnt aguturur.
Sf(d) + A9(j) SfA9(d)
SfA SfA9
Hltmgnd dmgmy flhgn emvm, zmyo msnt vl imzgmrm kmymfdgaghms flklfnygl dmp ymphfkm duggmfgr.
Lf flhgn mgmhgmr irafz (Cu-Sf) vl glenhknr (Pi-Sf).
Sf + A9 SfA9 E8-=35.5 dcmg
lgnd dafslrvl dutugmrff dmpgmhm hmkklsnknr.
Myrcm glenh, irafz, dmgmy vl duruf mgmhgmrfkm ylr mgr.
Imz kn hmcufgmrff nlrnnfkl, dmgmy vl ogar inglnn agmfSfO< duggmfgr.
Splrngltdlf hdfmtsgmrf ymphfkm km duggmfgr. Smolglhlft emgnfnf duggmfh ad sfrgkr.
Duruf (Pi)
ccp (cuinc cgasl-pmcdlk)
Duruf Kamkm jlflggndgl inglndglr emgnfkl, imzlfkl lglhlftlg
emgkl iugufur. Lf flhgn ongnzn PiS jmglfknr. PiCA3 Slrznt PiSA; mfjglznt Sls tntrlnhglrnfn lhncn zlggnn ad jg agmf iu lglhlft,
sls ymgthfkm duggmfgr. U-f ldnphmfgmrfkm vl fdgllr smftrmgglrkl rmkymsyaf
dmgdmf agmrmd nglv jrr. Imz zlggnn jstlrlf inr dmriafmt inglnn agmf ilymz
duruf vl ilfzlrn knlr duruf inglndglrn, iaymgmrfympsfm dmtgr.
Mfcmd, smgd msfkmf aguhsuz ltdnglrn flklfnygl iu
duggmfh mzmgtghtr. Duruf adsnt, drghm nfknsn ydsld agmf drnstmg cmhgmrf
rltnhnfkl duggmfgr. Icld gkrc ngmgmrf nlrnnfl dmtgmf duruf tuzgmr,
lvrl vl nfsmf smgfm kmem mz aguhsuz ltdnsn agmfarjmfnd inglndglrgl ymvm ymvm ylr klntnrhldtlknr.
9 PiS + 3 A9 9 PiA + 9 SA9 PiA + CA Pi + CA9 PiA (drhz) PiA (smr ) Pi3A; drhz mstmr iaym PiCrA; smr iaym
^rk. Ka. Kr. Mtnggm Lvcnf Moyafdmrmensmr Dacmtlpl fnvlrsntlsn Helfknsgnd Dnhyms Klrs Fatgmr 900?
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?C) sv mzatsm, ad kd
scmdgdgmrkm jlrldgltnrnghlsn jlrldlf kafkurhmnglhglrnfkl duggmfgr. [ncmrn agmrmd lf ad kllr tmymf mzat inglnn mhafymdtr
(FE3). Jg inr zc agmf mhafymd, jirlglrnf inglnnfkl
iugufmf vl pgmstnd lfkstrnsnfkl kl flhgn ylrn agmf "rl"hmkklsnfnf lgklsnfkl duggmfgr.
FE
3
^rk. Ka. Kr. Mtnggm Lvcnf Moyafdmrmensmr Dacmtlpl fnvlrsntlsn Helfknsgnd Dnhyms Klrs Fatgmr 900?
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Mzat, pratlnfglr imtm aghmd zlrl, arjmfnd inglndglrnfympsfkm ylr mgmf ad flhgn inr lglhlfttnr.
Gmiarmtuvmrkm FE;FA9 fnf stghmsygm lgkl lkngnrFE;FA9 F9 (j) + 9 E9A (j)
Mzatuf th inglndglrn, ym adsntglyncn zlggndtlknrglr, ym kmjg inrlr rlmdtnotnrglr.
Iu flklfgl kl, uyjuf dauggmrkm nkkltgn tlpdnhlglr vlrnrglr.Iufgmrf mrmsfkm [F[ (trnfntratagulf), vl mhafyuh fntrmtsmygmingnr.
[F[ [rnfntra tagulf
Oasoar (P)
trncgnfnc
Oasoar lntgn mgmhgmrf ymphfm dmtgmf oasoar, sakyuh
mhpugglrnfnf ymphfkm duggmfgmf cmhgmrf lgklsnfklflhgnknr.
Oasoarnd msnt, zlggndgl jirl lgklsnfkldn duggmfhygm, safyggmrkm tmrh vl emyvmfcgdtm iyd flh tmr emgljlghntnr.
Emvmn onld, dnirnt, kltlrbmf vl kn hmcufu ymphfkmduggmfgmf oasoar, zmrmrggmrgm hcmklglkl duggmfgmf audnhymsmgf (plstnsntglrnf) inglnhnfkl kl iugufur.
Cmfggmrkm ecrl nlrnnfnf ymmhsmg inr ingllfn agmrmd,zlggndgl snfnr vl dlhnd kadugmr nnf ad flhgnknr.
[rnsakyuh oasomt nsl, sugmrf yuhumtghmsfkm, tlhnzgndtl
vl pmsgmfhmym dmr duggmfgmf flhgn inr oasomt inglnnknr. Dlhndtl ymdgmd % ?3 armffkm Cm3(PA;)9 [CP iugufur. Lglhlftlg oasoar, dmgsnyuh oasomtf duh ilrmilrnfkl dad ngl
nfknrjlfhlsnygl lgkl lkngnr.
Cm3(PA;)9 + 3 SnA9 + < C CmSnA3 + < CA + P9
Ilymz, drhz vl snyme oasoar mggatrapgmrkr. Ilymz oasoar ad zlenrgnknr. P; hagldg emgnfkl iugufur, dagmy tutuur. Snyme oasoar, drnstmg ympg, hltmgnd zlggnd jstlrnr.
Enkradsn mpmtnt Cm
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Mrslfnd (Ms)
trnjafmg
Mrslfnd
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Inzhut =:
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Pmsgmfhm km, adsnblfnf vmrgfkm jlrldglnr.
Dnhymsmg rlmdsnyafgmrm jnrhl dmingnyltn enkrablfnfdn jnin artm
klrlclknr. Msmg jmzgmr emrn th lglhlftglrgl inglnd ympmr.
Ogarkmf safrm lf lgldtrafljmtno lglhlfttnr.
Inglndglrnfkl -9 ydslgtjlfhl imsmhmfkm iugufur.Plradsntglrkl -= (Fm9A9), splradsntglrkl (DA9) vl ogargmympt inglndglrkl += vl +9 (A9O9 , AO9) kllrgndgnknr.
Adsnblf duvvltgn inr ydslgtjlyncnknr.
9 Cu(d) + A9 (j) 9 CuA(d)
Adsnblf knlr lglhlftglrgl stgkfkm farhmg adsntglrnfnvlrnr.
M) MhltmgglrglS5 (d) + 5 A9 (j) 5 SA9 (j)ddrt ddrtknadsnt
P; (j) + < A9 (j) P;A=0 (d)oasoar oasoar-
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Ddrt (S)
arteareahinc
Ddrt Sgor Ddrt kamkm ymyjf agmrmd iugufmf inr lglhlfttnr (ylr
drlfnf % 0,0?'sf aguturur). Ddrt, mftndmkm ingnflf kaduz ymgf cnsnhklf inrnykn
ddrkf dnhymsmg inr lglhlft agkuu =:::'klGmvansnlr'kmf artmym mtt. =5=0'm karu Jmy Gussmc ngl[elfmrk tmrmofkmf klflyslg agmrmd karugmfk. Ddrttmtsz, dadusuz inr dmtkr, s vl lgldtrnn nyn nglthlz.
Ddrt tminmttl sgor vl sgomtgmr emgnfkl vl lglhlftlgemgkl iugufur.
Snyme imrutuf vl pngglrnf tlhlg ingllfglrnfklf inrn agmfddrt, hmftmr gkrc dnhymsmggmrf (oufjusntglrnf) vlkamg dmuuuf ymphfkm duggmfgr.
Oasomt nlrndgn jirlglrnf inglnhnfl kl dmtgmf ddrtf,tncmrn mkmf lf omzgm kllr tmymf inglnn sgornd msnttnr.
Sgont dmk imtm aghmd zlrl lntgn dmtgmrf ymphfkm,iuemrgm klzlfoldtl nglhglrnfkl vl durutughu hlyvlglrnfmmrtghmsfkm duggmfgr.
^mgmrf, vcut svgmrff vl nsdlglt nnf jlrldgn hnflrmgglrnfympsfkm ylr mghms flklfnygl kl, ymmhsmg flh tmr.
Yahind vl hafadgnfnd aghmd zlrl ndn mggatrapu vmrkr. Akm scmdgfkm dmrmrg agmf rahind, ad ymvm stgkfkm
>?.< Ckl hafadgnfndldgnfl kfr. Inglndglrnfkl -9 , +; vl +? kllrgndglrnfkl iugufur.
E9S SA9 SO?
Klrnnd sgonrnd msnt m
rg
dm % >5gndtnr vl su ldncnzlggnnfl smenptnr. zlrnfl su kdgkfkl ad tlegndlgnmsnt srmhmgmrfm slilp agur. A flklfgl msntglrnf zlrnflsu kdghlz.
Slglfyuh (Sl)
hafacgnfnc
Slglfyuh Slglfyuh ngd agmrmd =5=: ygfkm Bafs Bmcai Ilrzlgnus
tmrmofkmf dlolknghntnr. Oatangltdlf zlggnn flklfnygl oatadapn hmdnflglrnfkl
duggmfgr. Cmh lfkstrnsnfkl, zlggndgl ymdut rlfdgn cmh vl hnfl
ymphfkm duggmfgr. Myrcm, oatarmond taflr, oatalgldtrnd ecrlglrkl, tlglvnzyaf
dmhlrmgmr vl dglrglrnf ymphfkm jfl ecrlglrnfkl ymrngltdlf vl lgnd ymphfkm km dmtd
hmkklsn agmrmd duggmfh vmrkr.
[lggr ([l)
trnjafmg
^rk. Ka. Kr. Mtnggm Lvcnf Moyafdmrmensmr Dacmtlpl fnvlrsntlsn Helfknsgnd Dnhyms Klrs Fatgmr 900?
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Emgablfglrnf zlggndglrn
Mt
N
Ir
CgO
Ylfd
^lng
Partmdmg
Jrn-snyme
Emg
Jmz
Sv
Dmt
Smr
Snyme Dmt
JmzHAGLD
HAGLDGLY
IA^\[MY[MY
GLY
IA^\[MY[MY
^A^A\FG\D
MY[MY
\FG\D
MY[MY
YLMD[
YLMD[OGOGD
MRMGNY
D
MRMGNY
Emgablfglrnf Duggmfh
Ogar NyatIrahDgar
Knhmcufu
Su mrthm
Mghnfyuhufldstrmdsnyafu
^mphmymfDmpgmhmgmr
\rmfyuhzlfjnfgltnrhl
Suklzlfodsnyafu
Enkradgarnd msnt
Pgmstndglr
Mmrthmgmrkm
Oatarmond ongh
Jzymmrtcjmz
Mglvjlcndtnrncnglr
Omrhmdagabn
Klzlfoldtmf
Emgablfgmhimgmr
U fgmrtlkmvnsn
[uz dmtds
[nrank tlkmvnsn
Dmfslr nglhglrn
Emgablfglrnf Ylmdsnyafgmr(=)
[h emgablfglrMgdmgn hltmgglrgl nyafnd inglndglr aguturhmd zlrlrlmdsnyafm jnrlrglr.
MGDMGN HL[MG + EMGABLF HL[MG EMGABLFY
Sakyuh + Dgar Sakyuhdgarr
9Fm + Cg9 9FmCg
Mmkmdn rlmdsnyafgmrymzfz 4
Gntyuh + Irah
Patmsyuh + Nyat
Gntyuh Irahr
Patmsyuh yakr
Emgablfglrnf Ylmdsnyafgmr(9)
Emgablfglrnf elpsn jmz rlthld nnf enkrablfgl rlmdsnyafm jnrlr.
EKYABLF + EMGABLF EKYABLF EMGABLFY
Enkrablf + Dgar Enkrablf Dgarr
E9 + Cg9 9 ECg
Mmkmdn rlmdsnyafgmr tmhmhgmyfz 4
Enkrablf + Irah
Enkrablf + Nyat
Enkrablf Irah
Enkrablf Nyat
Emgablfglrnf Ylmdsnyafgmr(3)
[h emgablfglr suygm ndn msnknfn hlykmfm jltnrnrglr.
S\ + EMGABLF MS[ = + MS[ 9
Su + Dgar Enkradgarnd + Enkradgarz
Msnt Msnt
E9A + Cg9 ECg + EACg
Iu rlmdsnyaf Irah vl yat nnfkl jllrgn agup, agumf msntglr agkudm
duvvltgnknr. !!!
^rk. Ka. Kr. Mtnggm Lvcnf Moyafdmrmensmr Dacmtlpl fnvlrsntlsn Helfknsgnd Dnhyms Klrs Fatgmr 900?
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Ogar (O)
hafacgnfnc
Ogar Ogar mkf, mdmf mfgmhfm jlglf Gmtnfcl ogulrl
dlgnhlsnfklf mghtr. Akm scmdgfkm uud smr rlfdgn, dlsdnf dadugu ad tmern
lkncn inr jmzkr. [minmttm, ogarnt (CmO9),
drnyagnt ( Fm3MgO?) vlmpmtnt (Cm
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Dgar [minmttm emgablfglrnf lf ad iugufmfkr.ngd klom =::;tl
Scelggl tmrmo fkmf dgarr msnknfnf pnraguznt nglydslgtjlfhlsnygl lgkl lkngkn
Kfymff elr ylrnfkl, nhl sugmrff klzlfoldtllknghlsnfkl duggmfgr.
Myrcm, dmt ymf rfglrnfnf, iaym hmkklglrnfnf, tldstngrfglrnfnf, pltrag rfglrnfnf,
lntgn ngmgmrf, mftnslptndglrnf, icld gkrcglrnf(nfsldtnsntglrnf),
zcglrnf, pgmstnd rfglrnf vl ad lntgn tdltnhhmgzlhlglrnfnf lgklsnfkl duggmfgr.
Dgaraogaradmriafgmr (COC), dgarmtgmr vl dgaraoarh jnin adlntgn inglndglrnf ympsfkm ylr mghms flklfnygl, dnhymlfkstrnsnfkl flhgn ylr tuthmdtmkr.
Dnhym lfkstrnsnfkl lf ad tdltnglf 5. srmkmdn hmkklknr.
=. Sgonrnd msnt 9. Mzat
3. Mhafymd ;. Adsnblf
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yat yat ngd dlz Imrfmrk Caurtans tmrmofkmf =5== ygfkm
dlolkngkn. Irah kmmkm Fm, D, vl Hj irahrglr emgnfkl iugufkm
iugufur. Klfzn suyufkm mz hndtmrkm iugufmf irahrglrlklfnz intdnglrnfkl, imz hmklf ymtmdgmrfkm rmstgmfr.
yat inglndglrn, arjmfnd dnhym vl lczmcgd mgmfgmrfkm adflhgnknr.
[ptm, nyakntglr vl nyaknf nlrlf tnradsnf kmengn agmrmd,tlftrknyat vl iu jnin nyat nlrndgn hndrap drcgmr km emrncnagmrmd duggmfgr.
Inr zmhmfgmr mftninyatnd agmrmd duggmfgh, mfcmd, zlenrgnaghms flklfnygl iu duggmfhm saf vlrnghntnr.
Smo nyat zlgtnsn kl, fnmstm nnf vlrknn dmrmdtlrnstnd dayuhmvn rlfdgl inr nfkndmtr (ilgnrglyncn) sv jrlvn jrr.
yat flklf flhgnknr1
yat, nfsmf vcukufkm ad mz hndtmrkm iugufmf farhmgiyhl vl jlgnhl nnf jlrldgn inr lslr lglhlfttnr.
yat vcukm4 ilsnfglr, su vl klfnz rfglrn tdltnhn ngl mgfr. fsmf vcukufkm ilynf vl snfnr snstlhnfnf farhmg iyhl
vl jlgnhlsn ngl vcut s vl lflrbnsnfnf klvmh nnf jlrldgnagmf tnrank earhafgmrfkmf tltrmnyakatnrafnf ([;, tnradsnf) vltrnnyakatnrafnf ([3) ymphfkm duggmfghmdtmkr.
Farhmg mrtgmrkm vcukuhuzkm =
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Myrcm, kd scmdgd mrmtrhmgmrfkm vl fdgllr lflrbnsmftrmgglrnfkl "sautucu" agmrmd km flhgnknr.
[h lglhlftglr mrmsfkm, lf kd lrnhl vl dmyfmhmscmdgdgmr elgyuhm mnttnr.
sv elgyuh, HY km duggmfgr.
^mdf zmhmfkm, sv radlt ymdt sdtrhmkm km elgyuhkmfomykmgmfghmym imgmfk.
Flaf (Fl)
ccp (cuinc cgasl-pmcdlk)
Flaf gd klom =5>5 ygfkm,nfjngnz onzndadnhymc Snr Zng gnmh
Ymhsmy tmrmofkmf, svgmtrgh emvmff ormdsnyafgukmhth ngl nzagl lknghntnr.
Flaf,emvmff ad czn inr dshf(
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Drnptaf
=5>5 ygfkm Snr Znggnmh Ymhsmy vl Harrns Z. [rmvlrs
tmrmofkm dlolknghntnr. Drnptaf mthasolrkl ad mz hndtmrkm iugufhmdtmkr.
Drnptaf, sv emvmff ormdsnyafgu klstngmsyafu safucufkmsmo agmrmd lgkl lkngnr.
Slrn oatarmogdtm duggmfgmf imz ogm gmhimgmrfkmiugufur.
Ogarlsmf mhpugglrkl vl kmgjm iayu stmfkmrk agmrmdhartlsn (\_) gmzlrglrkl kl duggmfgr.
Drnptaf-5< nzatapu, lntgn dmtgmrf ifylsnflylrgltnrnglrld, dnhymsmg mfmgnzglrkl duggmfgr.
Dslfaf (Ul)
ccp (cuinc cgasl-pmcdlk)
Dslfaf =5>5 ygfkm Snr Znggnmh Ymhsmy vl Harrns Z. [rmvlrs
tmrmofkm dlolknghntnr. Dslfaf mthasolrkl ad mz hndtmrkm iugufhmdtmkr.
Dslfaf, sv emvmff ormdsnyafgu klstngmsyafu safucufkmsmo agmrmd lgkl lkngnr.
Lgldtraf tpglrnfnf, straiasdapnd gmhimgmrf, imdtlrngkrc gmhimgmrf vl ymdut rlfdgn gmzlrglrn uymrmfgmhimgmrf ymphfkm duggmfgr.
Hagldgglrn, pmrmcd onznn mgmffkm, ydsld hagldgmrgff flh tmk dafugmrkm, rflnf dmimrcd
akmgmrff vl praigmrf nlrnnfkl duggmfgr. Dlfknsn zlenrgn aghmhmsfm dmrf, inglndglrn ad zlenrgnknr.
Plrdsmfmtgmr, mfmgntnd dnhymkm adsntglyncn agmrmd duggmfgr
Ymkaf (Yf)
Ymkaf Ymkaf rlfdsnz, jzgl
jrghlz, tmtsz, dadusuz vlrmkyamdtno inr jmzkr.
=5>> ygfkm LrflstYutelroark vl =>00 ygfmOrnlkrnce Lrflst Karftmrmofkmf dlolknglf rmkafjmz mgom pmrmc ymyhmdtmagup hsmmkl lknglf
hndtmrgmrf zlrnfklsagufkuufkm mdcnlr dmfslrnrnsdnfn mrttrhmdtmkr
Ymkaf ynfl rmkyamdtno inr hmkkl agmf urmfyuhufiazufhms safucu aguur vl rmkaf dlfknsn mgom pmrmcymymrmd pgutafyuhm kfr.
Imz emstmflglrkl rmkymsyaf tlkmvnglrnfkl
imz dmfslr trglrnfl dmr uyjugmfhmdtmkr.
Klprlh tmehnfglrnfkl kl rmkaf duggmfgr.
Ymkyamdtno Ymkaf Jmzff ymr hr 3.5 jfkr.
^rk. Ka. Kr. Mtnggm Lvcnf Moyafdmrmensmr Dacmtlpl fnvlrsntlsn Helfknsgnd Dnhyms Klrs Fatgmr 900?
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;
Hlfklgllv ilfcl slfnf iu plrnyaknd tmiga inthlylcld jmgnim !
K Jruiu lglhlftglrnJln Hltmgglrn
K Jruiu lglhlftglrnJln Hltmgglrn
Jln hltmgglrn plrnyaknd tmigafuf hlrdlznfkl iyd inrlglhlft igadukur.
Iu lglhlftglr s vl p jruiu lglhlftglrn mrmsfkm dpraguturur.
K arintmgglrnfn kagkurmrmd plrnyaknd tmigakm ylr mgrgmr. Elr slrnkl =0 lglhlft ylr mgr. gmvl lknglf elr lgldtraf 3k mgt dmiuufm ldglflrld klvmh
lklr. K-jruiu lglhlftglrn agmrmd km mkgmfkrgrgmr.
Jln hltmgglrn, lsms agmrmd slrtgndglrn, ydsld yaufgudgmr,nyn s ngltdlfgndglrn vl ydsld lrnhl-dmyfmhm scmdgdgmrygmtmffrgmr. zlggndgl slrtgndglrn flklfnygl, smo emgkl ym kmmgmh emgnfkl ymp hmgzlhlsn agmrmd duggmfgrgmr
Jln hltmgglrn sdgdgm inrklf omzgm ydslgtjlfhlimsmhmfm smenptnr.
au, msnt zlgtnglrnfkl enkrablfgl ylr klntnrlcld dmkmrlgldtrapazntnotnr.
yafgmr rlfdgn agkuu nnf, mfmgnzglrkl dagmy myrt lkngnrglr.
Jln lglhlftglrnfnf elpsn, lgldtraf knzngnhglrnfkl, lf ktmelr zmhmf k arintmgnfkl lgldtraf tmrgmr.
[lpdnhlglrl jnrlf lgldtrafgmr km, k arintmgnfkldnlgldtrafgmrkr.
LglLgldtdtrafnrafndd KKzlfglfhlzlfglfhl
Lglhlft R 3k ;s
ScSc 9=9= TTMrMrXX
[n[n 9999 TTMrMrXX
__ 9393 TTMrMrXX
CrCr 9;9; TTMrMrXX
HfHf 99> TTMrMrXX
RfRf 3030 TTMrMrXX
Jln slrnsnfkl ndn mgtjrup nlrnrglr. Gmftmfntglr vl Mdtnfntglr
k-igad lglhlftglrnfklf imgcmgmr 4
Lf ingnflf ymp hmgzlhlsn (Ol) gd hltmgglr (Mu, Mj, Pt) Hmklfn lymgmrkm duggmfgmfgmr (Cu, Fn) glrn tldfagabn hltmgglrn ([n) Ymkyamdtno lglhlft ([c)
^rk. Ka. Kr. Mtnggm Lvcnf Moyafdmrmensmr Dacmtlpl fnvlrsntlsn Helfknsgnd Dnhyms Klrs Fatgmr 900?
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;
Inrad k-igad lglhlftn emymt nnf flhgnknr 4 Ca I=9 vntmhnfnfnf inr dshf aguturur.
(^mgmr
f, pratlnfglrnf vl dmriafenkrmtgmr
f hltmiagnzhms
fkmduggmfgr) Ol elhajgainfkl iugufur.
(Adsnblfnf ecrlglrl tmfhms vl imgmfhmsfkmfsaruhgukur)
Ol, inyagabnd lgldtraf trmfsolrnfn dmpsmymf jrupgmr aguturhmdnnf S ngl inrglnr.
Ha, Ol vl S , F9 vl FE3 f nfknrjlfhlsnfklf saruhgu inrjrup aguturhmd nnf inrglnr.
Cu vl Rf inyagabnd rlmdsnyafgmrm dmtgr. Inrdm jln lglhlftn tadsndtnr (Ej jnin)
k-igad lglhlftglrnfnf au rlfdgnknr vl pnjhlft agmrmdduggmfgr.
Ol;TOl(CF)?X3 "Prussnmf igul knyl ingnfnr. Cr9A3 ylng
[nA9 smo ilymz
CkS smr
au jln hltmgglrn nyafnd inglnd aguturhmd zlrladsnkmsyaf-rlkdsnyafm urmr.
Iu rlmdsnyafgmrf inr au inyagabnd rlmdsnyafgmr nnfflhgnknr.
Cr+3 Ol+9 Ca+9 Cu+9
Hf+9 Ol+3 Fn+9Rf+9
Inr jln hltmg inglnn, FnCN9 jnin, sukm zgkfkl, suhagldgglrn ltrmof smrmr.
Fn9+ + 9 CN - 86 Fn9+(mq) + 9 Cg- (mq)
Pagmr su hagldgglrnfnffljmtno ucu Fn9+ dmtyafufmdmtgr.
Iu inglnd sukmdrnstmgglfknnfkl, ? su
hagldg Fn9+ l img dmgr.
Imdr (Cu)
ccp (cuinc cgasl-pmcdlk)
^rk. Ka. Kr. Mtnggm Lvcnf Moyafdmrmensmr Dacmtlpl fnvlrsntlsn Helfknsgnd Dnhyms Klrs Fatgmr 900?
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;
=I Jruiu lglhlftglrn
Imdr Imdrf lf flhgn duggmfh mgmf, lgldtrnd-
lgldtrafnd smfmynknr. Lgldtrnd ngltdlfgnn ad ydsldtnr. Hmklfn pmrm vl sngme ymphfkm duggmfgmf
hltmg mgmhgmrff iyd aufguu imdrnlrnr.
Knlr mgmhgmr km, duyuhcugudtm vl irafzelydlgcngnnfkl duggmfgr.
Pnrnf (Cu-Rf) vl irafz (Cu-Sf), imdrmgmhgmrkr.
[mrhkm, su yasufu gkrc (mgjmsnt) agmrmdduggmfgr.
Imdr += vl +9 kllrgndgn inglndglr ympmr.
Imdr tuzgmr jlflggndgl hmvn rlfdgnknr.
CuSA;.
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pgmstnd vl dazhltnd rfglr jnin jfgd ymmhhzf lntgntmhmhgmycgmrfkm dmrhzm dhmdtmkr.
nfda sgont ogarlsmf zlggnl smenptnr vl pmrgmd dmkrmfgmrf,ogarlsmf gmhimgmrf,
U-f vl tlglvnzyaf ldrmfgmrff ymphfkm duggmfgr. Emyvmfgmrf ilsglfhlsnfkl kl flhgn inr ylr tuthmdtmkr. [aprmd mgdmgnglrl ilfzlr zlggnd jstlrhldtlknr. Omdmt
afgmrm jrl kmem lgldtrafljmtnotnrglr, kmem kd lrnrglr.
Dmkhnyuh Dmkhnyuh, lf kd lrnhl fadtmsfm
smenp mgmhgmrf flhgn inr ingllfnknr. Duggmfh mgmfgmr mrmsfkm %?0 ngl lf
iyd pmy, lgldtragnz yaguygm dmpgmhm mgr. Fndlg-dmkhnyuh pngglrn ymphfkm4 myrcm
ftraf yutucu zlggnn flklfnygl fdgllrrlmdtrglrkl daftrag uiudgmrfkm vlzregmhmkm duggmfgr.
Imz inglndglrn, snyme-ilymz vl rlfdgntlglvnzyaf tpglrnfkldn oasoarlsmfinglndglrkl duggmfgr.
P_C hmkklyl kmymfdggd dmzmfkrr. Dmkhnyuh vl inglndglrnfnf zlgtnglrn
zlenrgnknr.
Cnvm [lrhahltrlglrnf, imrahltrlglrnf, knozyaf
pahpmgmrff vl kmem inrad gmiarmtuvmrjlrlcnfnf ymphfkm duggmfgr.
Cvm iuemrg gmhimgmrf vl rldgmhdgmfkrhmgmrff, cvmgmgtlrglrnf,
kn eldnhgnnfkl duggmfgmf imz dmrhgmrf, daruyucu iaymgmrf, icld gkrc ngmgmrf
vl pngglrnf ympsfkm km cvm iugufur.
3I jruiu lglhlftglrn
Sdmfknyuh Cvm iuemrg gmhimgmrf nnfl dmtgkfkm,
jfl fm ilfzlr ad vlrnhgn inr ddmyfm aguturur.
Iu flklfgl iu lglhlft, jgdgmfkrhmgmrkm duggmfgr.
Ymkyamdtno nzatapu agmf Sc-;?, rmonflrnglrklemh pltrag vl ilfzlrn hmkklglr nnf nzsrc agmrmd duggmfgr.
S
z
ft
tlspnt lkncnglrkl vl uzmylfkstrnsnfkl duggmfghmsff ymf srm,taeuh yllrtncn dnhymsmggmrf inglnhnfkl klylr mgr.
trnyuh Drah, hagniklf, znrdafyuh vl tntmfyuh
jnin lglhlftglrkl tmfl iayutufufdgtghlsnfkl4
mghnfyuh vl hmjflzyuh mgmhgmrffkmymfdggdgmrff mrtrghmsfkm,
vmfmkyuh vl ilfzlrn hltmgglrkladsnkmsyafuf fglfhlsnfkl,
ltnglf pagnhlrglrnfnf aguturugkuutlpdnhlglrnf dmtmgnzglfhlsnfkl,
cmh vl slrmhnd ymphfkm, mtllkmymfdg tugm ymphfkm,
dmhlrm hlrcldglrnfkl vl gmzlrsnstlhglrnfkl duggmfgr.
Lvrapyuh lglhlftnygl inrgltnrnghn emgn, rlfdgn
tlglvnzyafgmrkm drhz rlfd lgklsnfkl duggmfgr. Lf flhgn inglndglrnfklf inrn agmf ntrnyuh adsnt, saf klrlcl
ltdngn hndrakmgjm ongtrlglrn agmf ntrnyuh-klhnr inglnhgn gmgtmgmrff aguturughmsfkm duggmfgr.
trnyuh nlrndgn gmg tmgmr, ngjnf hmfyltnd zlggndglrjstlrnrglr. trnyuh-mghnfyuh tm km, ympmy lghms agmrmdkllr jrr.
^rk. Ka. Kr. Mtnggm Lvcnf Moyafdmrmensmr Dacmtlpl fnvlrsntlsn Helfknsgnd Dnhyms Klrs Fatgmr 900?
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;I jruiu lglhlftglrn
[ntmfyuh lntgn hltmgglrgl inrgndtl duggmfgmf ad
flhgn inr mgmh lglhlftnknr. Iu mgmhgmr, emonognd, smgmhgd vl sym
kmymfdggf flh tmk lfkstrnglrklduggmfgr.
[ntmfyuh, lgnd dmkmr kmymfdg, mfcmdafkmf %;< kmem emonotnr.
Mghnfyuhkmfsm %?0 kmem mr aghmsfmdmrf, 9 dmt kmem kmymfdgkr.
Kmymfdgg vl msntglrl dmr knrlfgn aguuflklfnygl, lntgn mgmhgmrf ympsfmdmtgr.
[ntmfyuh tltrmdgarnt inglnn, cmhgmrfrlfdglfknrnghlsnfkl duggmfgr.
Klfnz suyufm dmr lsnz inr kmymfdggm smenp aghmsflklfnygl, klfnz suyufkmf tmtg su lgkl lknglf tlsnsglrkl vltuzgu suym tlhms lklf jlhn kafmfh pmrmgmrff
ymphfkm duggmfgr. Dmgcgd vl dmpmtcgd zlggnn flklfnygl, omrdg tnptldn
iaymgmrf ympsfm km dmtgr. Dzgtlsn ymfsthm zlggnn jstlrlf tntmfyuh
iaymsfkmf, s flklfgn jr dmyiff ymmfk jfljzglhlvglrnfkl kl ymrmrgmfgr.
Ilymz vl nyn dmpmtc inr pnjhlft agmf tntmfyuh knadsnt([nA9) kl sngjn, dmt, iaym vl ilfzlrn hmkklglrnfymphfkm duggmfgr.
Smonr vl ymdut drnstmgglrnfnf ygkz ldngglrn, nlrndglrnfkldntntmfyuh knadsnttlf nglrn jlgnr.
Rnrdafyuh lgnd lgklsnfkl, vmduh tnpglrnfkl, clrrmen
uyjugmhmgmrkm, ogm mhpugglrnfkl,pmtgmycgmrkm duggmfgr.
Pmsgmfkrc hmkklglrgl mgmf dnhymkmggmrfkm km jlfn duggmfh vmrkr.
Fnyaiyuhgm inrgltnnfkl, kd scmdgdgmrkmsplrngltdlf zlggnd jstlrnr.
Rnrdafyuh adsnt, s adufm kmymfdggmiarmtuvmr hmgzlhlglrn rltnhnfkl,hltmgrbnd orfgmrf dmpgmfhmsfkm vl symkmymfdg hmkkl agmrmd cmh-slrmhndlfkstrnglrnfkl duggmfgr.
Myrcm, vurhmg mgjgmrf vl orf tugmgmrffymphfkm km znrdafyuhkmf omykmgmfgr.
Emofnyuh Mfhmym dmr agmmfst klrlclkl
kmymfdg agmf iu lglhlft, ad nyn ftrafsaurminghl zlggnn flklfnygl fdgllrklfnzmgtgmrkmdn rlmdtr daftraguiudgmrfkm duggmfgr.
_mduh tpglrnfkl kl jmz lhncn fntlgnnyglinr "jmz mvcs" agmrmd duggmfgr.
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Splrngltdlf zlggnl smenp agmf vl jg hmfyltndmgmfgmrkm ingl iu zlggnnfn yntnrhlylf FiRr mgmhfkmf
ympgmf tlgglr, jg vl kmymfdg hdfmtsgmrf ymphfkmduggmfgr.
Duyuhcugud mgmffkm km jlfn duggmfh vmrkr.
Fdgllr rlmdtrglrkl duggmfgmf pmsgmfhmz lgndmgmhgmrff, blt vl ozlglrnf, dlsncn mgltglrnf vl iaruemtgmrff ymphfkm km fnyaiyuhkmf omykmgmfgr.
[mftmg Lgldtragntnd dmpmsntrglrnf, vmduh orfgmrff,
dnhymsmg nglhglrkl duggmfgmf mgltglrnf,fdgllr rlmdtrglrnf, emvm tmtgmrff vlozl pmrmgmrff ymphfkm duggmfgr.
_cut svgmrff tmhmhfm dmr knrlfgnaghms flklfnygl, mhlgnymt jlrlglrnfnfymphfkm km ymrmrgmfgr.
[mftmg adsnttlf lgkl lknglf ydsld drghmnfknsnfl smenp zlg cmhgmr, dmhlrmhlrcldglrnfnf ymphfkm duggmfgr.
Gas Mgmhas'tm mgmf ingnh nfsmfgmrtmrmofkmf ympgmf vl lrnhl fadtms 3:35Cagmf tmftmg dmrink jrmont mgmh, ympgmf lfslrt hmkklglrklf inrn agmrmd dmiug lkngnyar.
?I jruiu lglhlftglrn
Drah Hmvnhsn rlfdgn slrt, drgjmf, ad pmrgmd vl
darazyafm ad kmymfdg inr hltmgknr. Drahnt clvelrn OlCr9A; emgnfkl iugufur. lgnnf slrtgltnrnghlsnfkl, pmsgmfhmz lgnd
rltnhnfkl vl lntgn mgmhgmrf lgklsnfklduggmfgr.
zlggndgl atahaing pmrmgmrfkm vl dlsncnmgltglrkl darazyaf fglyncn dmpgmhm agmrmdduggmfh km ymyjfkr.
Drah, cmhm zhrt ylngn inr rlfd vlrnr vlsd tlrcne lknglf inr dmtmgnzrkr. ^mdut vl zhrtf rlfjnfn vlrlf kl drah
lglhlftnknr.
^dsld lrnhl scmdg flklfnygl, tugm vl dmgp ymphfkmkm rmilt jrhldtlknr.
Hltmgnd drah hltmgnd mghnfyuhgm nfknrjlhl yaguygm lgkllkngnr.
9 Mg(d) + Cr9A3 (d) 9 Cr(s) + Mg9A3 (s) E8-
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:I jruiu lglhlftglrn
Hmfjmf Duru pngglrkl klpagmrnzmtr agmrmd vl cmh
zlrnfkl klhnr dnrgngnn flklfnygl agumfylng rlfjn yad lthlkl duggmfgr.
Mhltnst tmff rlfjnfn vlrlf klhmfjmflzknr.
lgnd vl png rltnhnfkl, klhnryaguhmdmsgmrff vl dmsmgmrf ymphfkm,myrcm slrmhnd smfmynnfkl
Jg inr adsntglyncn agmf plrhmfjmfmt(HfA;), lczmcgd mghmgmrfkm fnclgmfmgnzglrkl duggmfgr.
Cmfggmr nnf flhgn inr lslr lglhlft agmfhmfjmflz, zlggndgl emyvmfgmrkm I=vntmhnfn duggmfhfkm rag ayfmr.
5I jruiu lglhlftglrn
Klhnr ad lsdnklf ilrn ingnfhldtl agmf vl
ylryzfkl lf iag iugufmf hltmgknr. Emvmkm dagmygdgm adsntglfnr. Intdnglrnf vl emyvmfgmrf ymmh nnf saf
klrlcl flhgn inr lglhlft agmf klhnr,elhajgainf pnjhlftnfnf ympsfkm kmadsnblf tmyc agmrmd nglv jrr.
Smo emgkl klhnr agmrmd, sdgdgm dmriaf vlknlr hltmgglrgl mgmh emgnfkl duggmfgr.
fmmtgmrkm iltaf dagaf, dnrn vl yzlyglrnfjglfknrnghlsnfkl duggmfgr.
lgnd smfmynnfnf mfm emhhmkklsnknr.
Klhnr pnrnt OlS9 , elhmtnt Ol9A3 , hmjfltnt Ol3A; ldgnfkliugufur.
Klhnrnf lf flhgn mgmh lgndtnr. C-Cr-Hf-Fnlglhlftglrnfnf ympt ad lntgn mgmhgmrf thfl lgndklfnr.
Kmymfdgg, pmrgmdg, nglfhl dagmyg imdhfkmf adduggmfgmf inr hmgzlhlknr.
Pnd klhnr (emh klhnr) nnfkl dmriaf, hmfjmf, ddrt,oasoar, sngnsyuh vl knlr smoszgdgmr vmrkr. Iu smoszgdgmrf
jnklrnglrld nstlff hltmg mgmhgmr lgkl lthld nnf pnd klhnrnylfnklf lrntngnp, emvm ngl ymdgr. Dmriaf armf kfgr.stlflf hltmgglr dmtgmrmd lgnd lgkl lkngnr.
5I jruiu lglhlftglrn
Daimgt Klhnr, fndlg vl knlr hltmgglrgl
inrgltnrnglrld, "Mgfnca" mk vlrnglf vlmgghf kfkm hmfyltndglfhl jcflsmenp agmf mgmhf lgklsnfkl duggmfgr.
Hmfyltnd vl pmsgmfhmz lgnd lgklsnfkl,blt trinfglrnfkl vl jmz trinfblflrmtrglrnfkl duggmfgmf mgmhgmrfrltnhnfkl kl ymrmrgmfgr.
Kmymfdg vl adsntglfhlyl dmr knrlfgninr hltmg aghms flklfnygl, lgldtragnzgl
dmpgmhm nglhnfkl kl duggmfgr. Parslglf vl cmh smfmynglrnfkl, dmgc vl
pmrgmd hmvn rlfjnf rltnghlsnfkl daimgttuzgmr duggmfghmdtmkr.
Daimgt zmyo rlmdsnyaf yltlflnfl smenptnr. Msntglrkl adymvm zfr, emvmkm ad ymvm darazyafm urmr.
Ol9+ vl Ol3+ tuzgmrfkm agkuu jnin Ca9+ zlrnfl CF-
ngmvlsnygl inr snymfr inglnn dlgnr.
Ca9+ + 9 CF- Ca(CF)9 Daimgt inglndglrnfklf CaSA; dayu hmvn
Ca(E9A)?CN9 plhil, Ca(E9A)?(FA3)9 drhz rlfdgnknr.
Fndlg Pmsgmfhmz lgnd imtm aghmd zlrl,
darazyafm knrlfgn mgmhgmrf lgklsnfklduggmfgr.
Imdr-fndlg mgmhgmrfkmf ympgmf tpglr,klfnz suyufkmf tmtg su lgkl lknglftlsnsglrkl duggmfgr.
Hmklfn pmrmgmrf, fndlg-dmkhnyuh pngglrnfvl zre dmpgmhmgmrff ymphfkm kmymrmrgmfgr.
Fndlg dmpgmhm, knlr hltmgglrn daruyucuzlggndtlknr.
Darazyafm dmr kmymfdg agkuufkmflgldtragnzgl dmpgmhm km tlrcne lkngnr.
^rk. Ka. Kr. Mtnggm Lvcnf Moyafdmrmensmr Dacmtlpl fnvlrsntlsn Helfknsgnd Dnhyms Klrs Fatgmr 900?
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Fndlg inglndglrnfklf
FnCN9 smr FnCN9 .?E9A ylng
FnSA;.?E9A ylng Fn(FE3)?(FA3)9 md hmvn rlfdgnknr. Fndlg enkrablfglhlkl dmtmgnzr agmrmd duggmfgr.
Fndlggn lgndglr darazyafm kmymfdg, slrt vl smgmhkrgmr.
Pmggmkyuh Enkrablf ldglhl vl dmrhm
tlpdnhlglrnfkl sd duggmfgmf inrdmtmgnzrkr.
Mgmhgmr, duyuhcugud mgmffkm kmduggmfgr.
rflnf ilymz mgtf, mgtf lglhlftnfnfpmggmkyuh ngl aguturkuu inr mgmhkr.
Kn eldnhgnnfkl, dag smmtn ymphfkm,slrmhndglrl hltmg dmtghms nglhglrnfkl,lgldtrnd rglglrnfkl vl mhlgnymt mgltglrnfnfymphfkm duggmfgr.
Pgmtnf Gmiarmtuvmr dmpgmrff, iazufhmym
kmymfdg jlrlglrnf, tlgglrnf vl sgugmrfymphfkm,
duyuhcugudtm, kn eldnhgnnfkl vllgldtrnd daftmdgmrfkm duggmfgr.
Pgmtnf-daimgt mgmhgmr jg hmfyltndzlggnd jstlrnr.
Pgmtnf rlznstmfs tlgglrn, ad ydsldscmdgdgmrkm mgmf lgldtrndgn orfgmrfymphfkm duggmfgr.
Mrmimgmrkm emvm dnrgngnnfn fglyncnkafmfhgmrf ymphfkm, ozlglrnf udafnglrnfnf vl blt hatargmrffmzgdgmrff dmpgmhmsfkm,
iyd jlhnglrnf, klfnzmgt iaru emtgmrff vl lgndklstldglrnf dmtaknd daruhm snstlhglrnfkl kl pgmtnfklfymrmrgmfgr.
Sgornd msnt lgklsnfkl vl pltrag rfglrnfnf nglfhlsnfkldmtmgnzr agmrmd pgmtnf duggmfghmdtmkr.
Saru 1
Clvmp I
Saru 1
Clvmp I
^rk. Ka. Kr. Mtnggm Lvcnf Moyafdmrmensmr Dacmtlpl fnvlrsntlsn Helfknsgnd Dnhyms Klrs Fatgmr 900?
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Saru 1
Clvmp M
Saru 1
Clvmp K
Saru 1
Clvmp I
Saru 1
Clvmp K
Saru 1
Clvmp K
Saru 1
Clvmp M
^rk. Ka. Kr. Mtnggm Lvcnf Moyafdmrmensmr Dacmtlpl fnvlrsntlsn Helfknsgnd Dnhyms Klrs Fatgmr 900?
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8/10/2019 Genel Kimya - Afyonkarahisar niversitesi Mhendislik Kimyas Ders Notlar
49/49
Saru 1
Clvmp K
Saru 1
Clvmp M
^rk. Ka. Kr. Mtnggm Lvcnf Moyafdmrmensmr Dacmtlpl fnvlrsntlsn Helfknsgnd Dnhyms Klrs Fatgmr 900?