Download - Genetics
![Page 1: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Gene, chromosome,DNA
DNA
![Page 2: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Patterns of Inheritance• Complete Dominance• Incomplete Dominance• Codominance• Pleitrophy• Epistasis• Multiple Alleles• Polygenic• Sex Linked• Sex influenced• multifactorial
![Page 3: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Blending theory
• Genetic materials are like liquids
Particulate theory
Hereditary units are discrete units or genes
![Page 4: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Mendel
• Made genetics quantifiable
• Experimental crosses
• Character- detectable inherited feature
• Trait-variation of a character
![Page 5: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• True breeding or pure bred- always produced the same trait
• Hybrids produced different variants
WHY
![Page 6: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Nature vs Nurture
• What role is played by genetics?
• What role is played by the environment?
![Page 8: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
A a
AA aa
a aAA
aaAA
Gametes (A,a) segregate
![Page 9: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Principles of Heredity• Alternative versions of genes (alleles)
account for variations in a trait.• For each character, an organism inherits
two alleles, one from each parent.• If alleles differ, then the dominant will be
fully expressed over the recessive.• The two alleles segregate (separate)
during gamete formation.• Alleles on different chromosomes
segregate independently of one another
![Page 10: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
•A •a
•B •b
•Independent Assortment and Segregation
•For an organism of the genotype AaBb
![Page 11: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
•Meiosis results in the following:
![Page 12: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
•a •A
•b •B
•Independent Assortment and Segregation
•For an organism of the genotype AaBb
•ab •AB
![Page 13: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
•A •a
•B •b
•Independent Assortment and Segregation
•For an organism of the genotype AaBb
•AB •ab
![Page 14: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
•a •A
•B •b
•Independent Assortment and Segregation
•For an organism of the genotype AaBb
•aB •Ab
![Page 15: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
•a •A
•b •B
•Independent Assortment and Segregation
•For an organism of the genotype AaBb
•ab •AB
![Page 16: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Calculate the posssible gametes from the following crossesBbHh, DDHh, BbDd, bbhh
•BH, Bh, bH, bh
•DH,Dh
•BD, Bd, bD, bd
•bh
![Page 17: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Genetic Crosses and Problems
• Monohybrid
• Dihybrid
• Pedigree
![Page 18: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Monohybrid Cross-consider onlyone trait
B B
b Bb Bb
b Bb BbOffspring F1Gametes
Gametes
![Page 19: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Monohybrid Cross-consider onlyone trait
B b
B BB Bb
b Bb bbOffspring F2Gametes
Gametes
Genotypic ratio 1 : 2 : 1Phenotypic ratio 3 : 1
![Page 20: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Law of Multiplication of Probabilities
• Bb ½ B or ½ b
XBb ½ B or ½ b
1/4BB + 1/2Bb + ¼ bb
![Page 21: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• BB ½ B or ½ B
XBb ½ B or ½ b
½ BB + ½ Bb
![Page 22: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Gametes BW Bw bW bwBW BBWW BBWw BbWW BbWwBw BBWw BBww BbWw BbwwbW BbWW BbWw bbWW bbWwbw BbWw Bbww bbWw bbww
Dihybrid cross-cross two traitsheterozygous black wings
BbWw X BbWwPhenotypic Ratio 9:3:3:1
![Page 23: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Crossing over
During prophase of meiosis homologous pairs may exchange
genetic material.
•TETRAD or synapsis
![Page 24: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
New Genetic Combinations
• Recombination during fertilization brings together two sets of genetic instructions
• Meiosis-crossing over brings about new combinations
• Random genetic mutation can result in random genetic change
![Page 26: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Autosomal Complete Dominance
• One gene is able to dominate the other recessive allele
• Example all offspring express B as black fur over b white
B
B
b b
Bb Bb
Bb Bb
All black offspring
![Page 27: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Autosomal Dominant
•Huntingtons Disease
•Achondroplasia
•Certain Form of Breast Cancer
![Page 28: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
•Galactosemia, Albinism
•Sickle cell Anemia
•Cystic Fibrosis
•Tay-Sachs
•PKU-phenylketonuria
![Page 29: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Autosomal Dominant Patterns
![Page 30: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Autosomal Recessive Pattern
Gene is unable to express itself unless it is in a homozygous condition.
![Page 31: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
? ?
C
C
c
c c cCc
CCCc
![Page 33: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
• Incomplete dominance-
both genes are expressed as intermediate forms
![Page 34: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
R R
W
W
RW
RR-red, WW-white
RW-pink
RW
RWRW
![Page 35: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
R R
R’
R’
RR’ RR’
RR’ RR’
Red crossed with whiteresults in pink flowers
![Page 36: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Incomplete dominance
• Both genes are unable to be expressed ,the heterozygote is intermediate in expression
R’ R’
R’
R’
R’
R’
R
R R R R
R
![Page 37: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
CODOMINANCE- each gene of the allele is expressed
The A,B, O Blood typeshows Codominance
genotypes
iAiA, iBiB, iOiO,iAiB, iAiO ,and iBiO
iA iA
iB
iB
iAiB
iAiB
iAiB
iAiB
![Page 38: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Blood Groups
A B O AB
iAiA iAiO
iBiB iBiO
iOiO iAiB
Type
Genotypes
![Page 39: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Multiple Alleles
• In this pattern more than two alleles are possible for a trait.
• Blood Groups or types are an example of this also.
![Page 41: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Blood Groups
A B O AB
iAiA iAiO
iBiB iBiO
iOiO iAiB
Type
Genotypes
![Page 42: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
What about RH Factor
• Single dominant gene produces an RH antigen labeled +
• RH negative individuals are homozygous recessive - -
![Page 43: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Polygenic• More than one pair of genes
control the trait
• Genes working together
• Expression is varied
• Race is an example
• Most common form of inheritance
![Page 44: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Pleitrophy
• A gene which affects an organism in many ways
• Multiple phenotypic effects
• Ex. Sickle-cell anemia, albinism
![Page 45: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Epistasis
• A gene at one location alters the phenotypic expression of another gene
• Coat color in some mammals
![Page 46: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Polygenic Inheritance
• Additive effect of two or more genes on phenotypic expression
• Phenotypic expression varies along a continuum
• Skin and eye pigmentation
![Page 47: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Multifactorial
• Influenced by both environment and heredity
![Page 48: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Sex or X linked
Inheritance- genes that are carried on the X
chromosome
![Page 49: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Barr Bodies
• When multiple X chromosomes are present one or more will be inactivated leaving only one
• The inactive X forms a dark staining Barr body
• Random inactivation can result in mosaics
![Page 50: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Sex-Linked Disorders
• Genes carried on the X chromsome
• Males only have one- more likely to have trait
• Females can be carriers
• Most important diseases are recessive
![Page 51: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Red-green color blindness, hemophilia
![Page 52: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Sex linked Patterns
![Page 54: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Sex influenced• Genomic imprinting-gene
expression is dependent on the sex of the individual in which the gene originated
![Page 55: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Prader-Willi- deletion of paternal chromosome 15
Angelman syndrome- if inherited from mother
Fragile X syndrome- fragment on X caused by triplet repeats
![Page 56: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
•PPLL X ppll
•F1 all PpLl
•F2 PpLl X PpLl
•From 500 offspring
•281 purple long
•93 purple round
•93 red long
•31 red round
•Should yield a
•9:3:3:1 ratio
•F2 hybrid crosses
![Page 57: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Linkage Maps
• Map units or centimorgans = cross over or recombination frequencies
![Page 58: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Based on crossover frequencies or the
frequencies that genes are recombined in ways that suggest they are linked
together.Measured in linkage units or
Morgan Units
![Page 59: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
C
18%
13%
5%
•6 %
AB D
C----7----A----6----B---5--D
![Page 60: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
*If the ratios deviate from the expected ratio
they could indicate that genes are linked.
*If genes are linked they are inherited together
unless they are separated as a result of crossing
over. Resulting in 1:1:1:1 ratios
*The frequency that these genes are then separated represents the relative distance they are from each other.
![Page 61: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
![Page 62: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
![Page 63: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
![Page 64: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
![Page 65: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Karyotype- a picture or arrangement of metaphase chromosomes.
Can be taken from- amniocentesis -chorionic vili biopsy
Can be taken from any cells capturedin metaphase of mitosis.
Chromsomes are stained and photographed and then arranged by pairs according to size and banding patterns.
![Page 66: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
![Page 67: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
![Page 68: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
![Page 69: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
![Page 70: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Chromosome Karyotypes
![Page 71: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Mutations-any sudden change in genetic
material that can be passed on to the next generation
![Page 72: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
![Page 73: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
![Page 74: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
![Page 75: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
![Page 76: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
![Page 77: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
![Page 78: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
![Page 79: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
![Page 80: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
![Page 81: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
![Page 82: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
![Page 83: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
![Page 84: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
![Page 85: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
![Page 86: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
![Page 87: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
![Page 88: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
![Page 89: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
![Page 90: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
![Page 91: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
![Page 92: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
![Page 93: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
![Page 94: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
![Page 95: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Albinismrecessive disorderlack of
pigmentation
![Page 96: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
![Page 97: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
![Page 98: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Deletion
A fragment of a chromosome is missing
ex. Cri-du-chat syndrome or deletion of the short arm of the b group
chromosome results in a sever form of autism
![Page 99: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
![Page 100: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
![Page 101: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Translocation- exchange of genetic material from one location on a chromosome to another non-homologous chromosome.
Ex. D_G translocation causes a form of Down’sSyndrome
![Page 102: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
![Page 103: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Recombinant DNA
• Plasmid DNA
• Ligase enzyme Bacterial Cell
• Restriction Enzyme Bacterial cell wall
• Host cell Sticky ends
• Vector
• DNA fragment desired gene to be cloned
![Page 104: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Recombinant DNA
• Plasmid DNA
• Ligase enzyme Bacterial Cell
• Restriction Enzyme Bacterial cell wall
• Host cell Sticky ends
• Vector
• DNA fragment desired gene to be cloned
![Page 105: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
![Page 106: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Recombinant DNA
• Plasmid DNA
• Ligase enzyme Bacterial Cell
• Restriction Enzyme Bacterial cell wall
• Host cell Sticky ends
• Vector
• DNA fragment desired gene to be cloned
![Page 107: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
![Page 108: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
![Page 109: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Gene Therapy- insertion of genes to correct defects
![Page 110: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
![Page 111: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Mapping a chromosome
Linkage maps- measured in centimorgansa unit derived from analysis of cross-overstatistics. Measures the frequerncies ofcrossing over for genes on the samechromosomes.
![Page 112: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
T
T
T TT
t t t t
t
T t
![Page 113: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
pg102
• 1. I 2. A, 3. F, 4. E, 5. L, 6.J 7. H, 8. M, 9. C, 10. K
• 1.b, 2, d, 3. b, 4. c, 5.b, 6. c, 7.c, 8 c 9. b, 10. d, ( pg 104) 11. b, 12. d, 13. b, 14. d, 15. c, 16. d, 17 a, 18. c
![Page 114: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
104
• None exonerated
• A or O
• A or O
• AB
• B. or O.
![Page 115: Genetics](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022052505/55504dbab4c9058f768b52b6/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Pg 111
• 3. b, 4. d, 5. d, 6. b, 7. d, 8. a, 9. a, 10 a, 11. d, 12. b, 13. c, 14. d, 15. a, 16. c, 17. b, 18. c, 19. a