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Gestalt Principles of Visual Perception
Fritz Perls – Father of Gestalt theory and Gestalt Therapy
Movement in experimental psychology which began prior to WWI.
We perceive objects as well-organized patterns rather than separate components.
Based on the concept of “grouping”
Reification – the mental process involved in the 'bringing into being' of something.
Gestalt in the study of perception - the addition of things which are not in the original image. We may even “see” details that are not really there.
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Figure and Ground: Organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their
surroundings (ground).
Form Perception
Tim
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Principles of Grouping
• Proximity
– We group together
objects that are
physically close to one
another
• Similarity
– We group together
elements that appear
similar
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Principles of Grouping
• Continuity
– We tend to favor smooth or
continuous paths when
interpreting a series of points
or lines.
• Closure
– We tend to fill in any missing
parts of a stimulus and
perceive the stimulus as
complete.
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Principles of
Grouping
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Connectedness: Because they are
uniformed and linked, we perceive the two
dots and the lines between them as a single
unit.
The law of common fate
states that when objects move
in the same direction, we tend
to see them as a unit.
http://www.garyfisk.com/anim/lecture_gestalt.swf
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Why Do we use these Gestalt
Grouping Principles?
• Likelihood principle: The principles
reflect the way stimuli are likely to
be organized in the natural world
• Simplicity principle: We organize
stimulus elements in a way that
gives us the simplest possible
perception
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Grouping & Reality
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Depth Perception
Visual Cliff
Depth perception is seeing objects in three dimensions. It enables us to judge distances.
Gibson and Walk (1960) suggested that human infants (crawling age) have depth perception. Even
newborn animals show depth perception.
Inner
vis
ions
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Visual Cliff
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Binocular Cues
• Humans are able to see things that are
both far and near, and can actually identify
where those objects are in space
(meaning, they can determine if those
objects are close or far away). This sort of
depth perception requires both of our
eyes, which is referred to as binocular
cues (depth cues that require both of
our eyes).
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Binocular CuesRetinal disparity: The difference between how each eye perceives an image using binocular vision, which allows
for depth perception.
• The left and right eye view slightly different images.
• The more difference (or greater disparity) between the image each eye has of the same object, the closer it is
to you.
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Binocular Cues
Convergence: Neuromuscular cues. When two eyes move inward (towards the nose) to see near objects and outward (away from the nose) to see
faraway objects.
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Monocular Cues
• Cues of depth that can be detected by
one eye instead of two.
• Mon (one) ocular (eye)
• For example, size is a monocular clue.
One doesn't need two eyes to tell how
large an object is, and because of its size,
how close it is perceived to be.
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Monocular Cues for Depth
Perception
Mon (one) ocular (eye)
depth you can perceive with
only one eye
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Monocular Cues for Depth Perception
• Relative Size:
We know smaller is farther, we know how big things ought to be compared to each other
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Monocular Cues for Depth Perception
• Interposition:
If one thing
blocks
another from
view, that
thing must be
closer
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Monocular CuesInterposition:
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Monocular Cues for Depth Perception
• Relative
Height:
Generally,
higher is
farther away
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Monocular Cues for Depth Perception
• Linear
Perspective:
Parallel lines
converge on
horizon
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Monocular Cues for Depth Perception
• Texture
Gradient:
Closer is
coarse
Farther is finer
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Monocular Cues for Depth Perception
• Relative
Clarity:
Closer is
clearer
Farther is
fuzzier