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Get into groups and come up with two or three things that you do everyday that are automatic or routine
e.g. Reading signs, put plate in dishwasher after dinner
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What did you come up with?
• Reading
• Looking where someone’s pointing
• Locking car door
• Cleaning teeth and washing face
• Put plate in dishwasher
• Checking my email when icon appears
• Username and password
• Closing documents from top right corner
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For each of those things, try and come up with an example of when you need to do something different
e.g. new password
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What did you come up with?• Reading• Looking where someone’s pointing
– When driving• Locking car door
– Need to get something out of boot• Cleaning teeth and washing face
– Washed face earlier• Put plate in dishwasher
– Dishwasher’s clean• Checking my email when icon appears
– Have an important deadline!• Username and password
– New password• Closing documents from top right corner
– Using mac not PC
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Executive Function
• When we have to do something new or different to our automatic or routine behaviour we use what is called our ‘executive function’
• The front part of the brain called the prefrontal cortex is very important for executive function
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Wisconsin Card Sort Test
• There’s a famous test that psychologists use to test people’s executive function called the Wisconsin Card Sort Test.
• We’re going to play it now
• Think about what you have to do
• Does it remind you of anything?
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Wisconsin Card Sort Test
• How could you match the cards?
• What’s the automatic behaviour?
• Was it easy or difficult?
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Frontal lobe damage
• Patients become a completely different person– Can’t control their behaviour– Spend all their money, gambling– Can’t work– Can’t think about the future– Can’t adapt their behaviour– Take lots of risks
• In the WCST they get ‘stuck’ in one way of sorting the cards
• They might be able to tell you correctly where the card should go but they put it in the wrong place
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Task
• You will be shown pairs of letters or numbers, one on the left, one on the right of the screen
• You will be told which side of the screen to watch
• Shout out the letters but not the numbers from this side. Ignore the other side.
5 7
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watch left
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5 7
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L C
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4 3
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8 1
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R H
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4 9
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7 2
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1 6
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K P
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Task
• Now we’re going to do the same thing again.
• BUT
• Part-way through you will be given a new instruction about which side to watch– Look out for a + or –
• + means read the letters from the right side• - means read the letters from the left side
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watch left
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4 6
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2 1
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W L
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9 5
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T P
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5 8
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6 3
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4 7
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M G
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8 9
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+
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5 8
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N O
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O K
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What were you supposed to do?
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did you switch to the right?
If not, this is known as goal neglect
We can all have difficulty overcoming automatic responses at times
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Anterior cingulate cortex
• When you have to overcome an automatic behaviour to do something differently, there’s competition in the brain between the two things
• Part of the brain, the anterior cingulate cortex, senses this competition
• It also senses when what you’re doing is different from what you intended to do
• It tells other parts of the brain dealing with what you’re supposed to be doing to boost their activity
• We’re going to do something to make your ACC fire.....
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name the colour
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XXXX
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XXXX
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XXXX
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XXXX
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XXXX
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XXXX
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XXXX
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XXXX
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read the word
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YELLOW
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RED
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BLUE
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GREEN
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BLUE
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YELLOW
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GREEN
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RED
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name the colour
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RED
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YELLOW
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GREEN
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BLUE
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YELLOW
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BLUE
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RED
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GREEN
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Anterior cingulate cortex
• There’s competition between reading the word (automatic) and naming the ink colour (non-automatic)
• The ACC senses this competition
• It helps you to name the ink colour by telling the parts of the brain that deal with this to increase their activity, like in the attention example we did earlier.
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Executive function• Very important brain function
• Allows us to flexibly adapt our behaviour and not always do the ‘obvious’ thing
• Executive functions are supported by the frontal lobes of the brain
– If you damage this area it has serious consequences
• A part of the frontal lobes called the anterior cingulate cortex detects the competition between different ways of responding and helps stop us from making the automatic response