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    Calculation of foundation settlements after DIN 4019

    Last edited: January 2001

    Copyright and Author: Prof. Johann Buss, Braunschweig

    GGU-SETTLE

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    Contents

    1 Preface............................................................................................ 6

    2 Capabilities .................................................................................... 6

    3 Copy protection and installation .................................................... 8

    4 Programme concept ....................................................................... 85 Short introduction (rectangular foundations)................................. 9

    5.1 Step 1 Define bore points................................................... 10

    5.2 Step 2 Define triangular mesh ........................................... 13

    5.3 Step 3 Define foundations.................................................. 14

    5.4 Step 4 Specify limit depth.................................................. 16

    5.5 Step 5 System preferences ................................................. 17

    5.6 Step 6 Calculate system ..................................................... 18

    6 Short introduction (triangular foundations) ................................. 20

    6.1 Step 1 Define bore points................................................... 20

    6.2 Step 2 Define triangular mesh ........................................... 20

    6.3 Step 3 Define foundations.................................................. 20

    6.4 Step 4 Specify limit depth.................................................. 22

    6.5 Step 5 System preferences ................................................. 23

    6.6 Step 6 Calculate system ..................................................... 23

    7 Theoretical principles .................................................................. 25

    7.1 General .................................................................................. 25

    7.2 Characteristic point................................................................ 25

    7.3 Limit depth ............................................................................ 26

    7.4 Excavation unloading and oedometer modulus for reloading27

    8 File menu.................................................................................. 28

    8.1 New menu item.................................................................. 288.2 Load menu item ................................................................. 29

    8.3 Save and Save as menu items......................................... 29

    8.4 Show results menu item..................................................... 29

    8.5 Save ISO data menu item ...................................................... 31

    8.6 Menu item Output preferences .......................................... 31

    8.7 Start output menu item....................................................... 31

    8.8 Quit menu item .................................................................. 33

    8.9 1, 2, 3, 4 menu items .......................................................... 33

    9 Soils menu item........................................................................ 33

    9.1 Layers menu item............................................................... 33

    9.2 Standard depths menu item................................................ 349.3 Layer base isolines menu item........................................... 35

    9.4 Edit layer depths menu item .............................................. 37

    9.5 Determine layer depths menu item .................................... 38

    9.6 Paste layer menu item ........................................................ 38

    9.7 Raise layer menu item........................................................ 39

    9.8 Fixed value menu item....................................................... 39

    10 Mesh menu ............................................................................... 39

    10.1 Set nodes menu item......................................................... 40

    10.2 Change menu item................................................................ 40

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    10.3 Move menu item ............................................................... 40

    10.4 Edit menu item ..................................................................... 41

    10.5 Raster menu item .............................................................. 41

    10.6 Mesh by hand menu item.................................................. 43

    10.7 Automatic menu item........................................................ 4310.8 Round off menu item ........................................................ 44

    10.9 Delete menu item.............................................................. 44

    10.10 Automesh menu item ........................................................ 44

    10.11 Refine individually menu item ......................................... 44

    10.12 In section menu item......................................................... 45

    10.13 All menu item ................................................................... 45

    11 Foundations menu........................................................................ 45

    11.1 Edit menu item.................................................................. 46

    11.2 Specify graphically menu item ......................................... 49

    11.3 For all menu item.............................................................. 49

    11.4 Results menu item............................................................. 50

    11.5 Check menu item .............................................................. 51

    11.6 Stress isolines menu item.................................................. 52

    11.7 Delete all menu item......................................................... 52

    11.8 Generate footing foundations menu item.......................... 52

    11.9 Generate circular foundations menu item........................ 53

    11.10 Generate annular foundations menu item......................... 54

    12 Triangular foundations menu ................................................... 54

    12.1 Standard values menu item............................................... 55

    12.2 Set nodes menu item......................................................... 56

    12.3 Change menu item ............................................................ 5612.4 Move menu item ............................................................... 57

    12.5 Edit menu item.................................................................. 57

    12.6 Manipulate depths menu item........................................... 57

    12.7 In section menu item......................................................... 57

    12.8 Raster menu item .............................................................. 58

    12.9 For all menu item.............................................................. 58

    12.10 Mesh by hand to All menu item.................................... 58

    12.11 Isolines menu item ............................................................ 58

    12.12 Mesh menu item................................................................ 58

    12.13 Generate foundations menu item...................................... 58

    13 System menu ............................................................................ 6013.1 Info menu item.................................................................. 60

    13.2 Data set designation menu item........................................ 60

    13.3 Limit depth menu item...................................................... 60

    13.4 Defaults menu item........................................................... 61

    13.5 Calculate system menu item ............................................. 61

    13.6 Precision menu item (triangular foundations only) .......... 62

    14 Evaluation menu....................................................................... 62

    14.1 Preferences menu item...................................................... 62

    14.2 Settlements menu item...................................................... 63

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    14.3 Settlement isolines menu item .......................................... 64

    14.3.1 Normal settlement isolines ............................................ 64

    14.3.2 Coloured settlement isolines.......................................... 65

    14.3.3 3D settlement isolines.................................................... 66

    14.4 Subgrade reaction modulus menu item............................. 6714.4.1 Normal subgrade reaction modulus isolines.................. 68

    14.4.2 Coloured subgrade reaction modulus isolines............... 68

    14.5 Solo individual settlements menu item............................. 68

    14.6 Along a line menu item..................................................... 68

    14.7 In quadrilateral menu item................................................ 69

    14.8 Delete menu item.............................................................. 69

    14.9 Save menu item................................................................. 69

    14.10 Load menu item ................................................................ 69

    14.11 Section course by hand menu item ................................... 69

    14.12 Automatic menu item........................................................ 69

    14.13 Display menu item ............................................................ 69

    14.14 Show settlements in section menu item............................ 69

    15 Special menu ............................................................................ 70

    15.1 Define settlement depression menu item.......................... 70

    15.2 Settlement depression preferences menu item.................. 72

    15.3 Settlement depression position menu item ....................... 72

    15.4 Define stress section menu item ....................................... 72

    15.5 Stress section preferences menu item ............................... 73

    15.6 Stress section position menu item..................................... 73

    15.7 Stress bulb section menu item......................................... 73

    15.8 Normal stress bulb isolines menu item............................. 7515.9 Coloured stress bulb isolines menu item .......................... 75

    15.10 Stress bulb position menu item......................................... 75

    15.11 Vertical settlements section menu item............................ 75

    15.12 Normal vertical settlement isolines menu item ................ 77

    15.13 Coloured vertical section isolines menu item................... 77

    15.14 Vertical settlement position menu item ............................ 77

    16 View menu ............................................................................... 77

    16.1 Refresh menu item............................................................ 78

    16.2 Zoom menu item............................................................... 78

    16.3 Pens menu item................................................................. 78

    16.4 Font menu item ................................................................. 7816.5 Mini-CAD menu item....................................................... 78

    16.6 CAD for header data menu item ....................................... 78

    16.7 Icon and status bar menu item .......................................... 79

    16.8 3D icons menu item .......................................................... 79

    16.9 General legend menu item ................................................ 79

    16.10 Soil properties menu item ................................................. 80

    16.11 Section course menu item ................................................. 81

    16.12 Move legends menu item .................................................. 81

    16.13 Load preferences menu item............................................. 81

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    16.14 Save menu item................................................................. 81

    17 Page menu ................................................................................ 81

    17.1 Menu option Graphically .................................................. 82

    17.2 Recalculate coordinates menu item .................................. 82

    17.3 Coordinates by hand menu item...................................... 8217.4 Font sizes menu item ........................................................ 82

    17.5 Page format menu item ..................................................... 83

    18 ? menu ...................................................................................... 84

    18.1 Copyright menu item ........................................................ 84

    18.2 GGU on the web menu item ............................................. 84

    18.3 Maxima menu item ........................................................... 84

    18.4 Help menu item................................................................. 84

    18.5 Whats new ? menu item .................................................. 84

    18.6 Transform all menu item................................................... 84

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    1 Preface

    The GGU-SETTLE programme allows calculation of foundation settlements

    including mutual influence. The stress course at the foundation base is linearly

    variable in all directions. Settlement depressions, lines of equal settlement, stress

    distribution etc. can be calculated and presented. The theoretical principles are

    taken from the Grundbautaschenbuch (Foundation Engineering Pocketbook),

    1990, Volume 1. Data input is in accordance with WINDOWS conventions and

    can therefore be learned almost without the use of a user-manual. Graphic output

    supports the True-type fonts supplied with WINDOWS, so that an excellent

    layout is guaranteed.

    The core of the programme system has been in use for approximately 10 years. It

    has been used in a large number of projects by renowned consultancies and

    institutes, and has been thoroughly tested. No errors have been discovered.

    Nevertheless, a liability for completeness and correctness of the programme

    system and the user-manual, and for damage resulting from any incompleteness,cannot be given.

    TIP:

    If you select the Copy area icon from the programme icon bar, you can copy

    parts of the graphics to the clipboard or save them to an emf file (Enhanced

    Metafile Format). A file created in this way can be imported into other GGU

    programmes via the Mini-CAD system. Using the Mini-CAD or CAD for

    header data programme modules you can also import such an emf file from other

    GGU programmes into your graphics. It is thus no problem to use the results of a

    particle size analysis in the graphics.

    2 CapabilitiesThe GGU-SETTLE programme has the following capabilities:

    Calculation of foundation settlements according to DIN 4019

    Generation of triangular foundations which are combined in a

    mosaic-like manner in order to model any possible type of loading.

    Consideration of mutual influence of foundations.

    Calculation of settlement at any point inside or outside of the

    foundations.

    Calculation of settlement at a given depth.

    Calculation of settlement at a given layer base.

    Calculation of settlement of individual layers.

    Calculation of subgrade reaction modulus course

    Complete input of system geometry, if desired, using the mouse

    20 soil layers

    1000 rectangular foundations or 4000 triangular foundations

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    Excavation unloading can be considered.

    For a given excavation unloading, the oedometer modulus for re-

    loading can be considered for the resulting re-loading.

    Limit depth calculation via x % of the overburden stress or via amultiple of the foundation width or as fixed value

    Generation of footing foundations, circular foundations and annular

    foundations.

    Calculation and presentation of settlement depressions.

    Calculation and presentation of stress distributions (also as isoline

    plan = stress bulb).

    Calculation and presentation of lines of equal settlement in plan and

    in any desired vertical section.

    Presentation of calculation results in tables.

    Presentation of a legend with soil properties.

    Presentation of a legend with general information on the basis for

    calculations.

    Mini-CAD system for free labelling and for drawing graphic

    elements in the form.

    Very user-friendly.

    Free definition of page size. Excellent layout.

    The use of triangular foundations is always of advantage if the load geometry

    cannot be described in a satisfactory manner using rectangular foundations. This

    is advisable for settlement calculations of, e.g., the following systems:

    circular foundations

    annular foundations

    loading (e.g. for a landfill) which is extremely difficult to model

    with rectangular foundations

    cone-shaped loading figures.

    Further information on the subject of triangular foundations can be found in the

    article

    Geotechnik 2/99, Johann Buss, Stress and strain below triangular

    foundations

    which is available (currently in German, to be translated at a later date) through

    our distributor.

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    3 Copy protection and installation

    For installation and the following registration of GGU Software please make note

    of the information in the Installation notes for GGU Software, delivered with

    the programme.

    4 Programme concept

    In order to calculate foundation settlements, input of the oedometer modulus

    profile is necessary, as well as the foundation data (width, length, foundation

    stress). Many comparable programmes define this oedometer modulus per

    foundation. The GGU- SETTLE programme takes a different, much more

    flexible path. The oedometer modulus profiles are defined in a triangular mesh. At

    the nodes of this triangular mesh you can edit the thickness of the layers involved.

    After having defined the triangular mesh you can place the foundations within this

    mesh. During the following calculations the programme determines the valid

    oedometer modulus profile from linear interpolation within the triangleconcerned. Even after calculations are complete, or after placing the foundations,

    the triangular mesh can be edited or supplemented.

    In order to secure a sensible interpolation within the triangular mesh, it is

    necessary for all nodes to have the same number of layers, and for all layers to

    have the same oedometer modulus within the mesh. The thickness of the layers,

    however, can be varied. If your system has areas in which certain soil layers are

    not present (e.g. sand lenses only in certain areas), then simply assign these

    layers a thickness of 0.0 at the appropriate nodes.

    After starting the programme you will see the programme window, with the

    following menus:

    File

    Soils

    Mesh

    Foundations or Triangular foundations

    System

    Evaluation

    Special

    View

    Page

    ?.

    After clicking on a menu, the so-called menu items roll down, from which you

    can then reach all programme functions.

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    The programme works on the principle of What you see is what you get. Thismeans that the screen presentation represents, on the whole, that which you will see

    on your printer. With a consequent realisation of this principle, the screen would

    have to be refreshed after every alteration you make. For reasons of efficiency, and

    as this can take several seconds for complex foundation settlements, the screen is not

    refreshed by the programme after every alteration. If you would like to refresh the

    screen contents, you may press either the [F2] key, or the [Esc] key. The What you

    see is what you get principle also offers the possibility of sending the current screen

    contents to the printer at any time (menu item File / Start output).

    5 Short introduction (rectangular foundations)

    As, from personal experience, the reading of user-manuals is a chore, there will

    now follow a short description of the main programme functions. After studying

    this section you will be in a position to carry out calculations with the GGU-

    FOUNDSET programme. You can take the details of the programme from thefollowing chapters. The example shows the calculation of rectangular

    foundations.

    A description will follow using an example. For example, you know the

    oedometer modulus profile of 5 boreholes (BP 1 to BP 5) from field

    investigations. The boreholes have the following coordinates:

    Bore x [m] y [m]

    BP 1 0.00 21.00

    BP 2 1.00 6.00

    BP 3 12.50

    15.00

    BP 4 25.0

    0

    22.00

    BP 5 24.0

    0

    4.00

    We have a 3-layer system. The individual layers have the following soil

    properties:

    Layerno.

    Soil type Unitweight

    [kN/m]

    Oedometermodulus

    initial loading

    [MN/m]

    Oedometermodulus

    re-loading

    [MN/m]

    Poissons

    ratio

    [-]

    1 Silt 18 12 30 0.0

    2 Sand 10 45 110 0.0

    3 Clay,

    silty

    11 6 15 0.0

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    Unit weight input is only decisive if the limit depth is to be calculated with a

    percentage value of the overburden stress. Oedometer modulus input for re-

    loading is only decisive when foundations with excavation unloading are being

    processed.

    The layers at the individual bores, measured from ground level (GL), reach thefollowing depths:

    Bore Layer base

    1

    [m b GL]

    Layer base

    2

    [m b GL]

    Layer base

    3

    [m b GL]

    BP 1 2.00 3.50 15.00

    BP 2 2.00 4.00 15.00

    BP 3 2.00 5.00 15.00

    BP 4 2.00 5.00 15.00

    BP 5 2.00 4.00 15.00

    In the example, two foundations with the designations F1 and F2 are present.

    Foundatio

    n

    x (left)

    [m]

    y

    (bottom

    )

    [m]

    Foundation

    pressure

    [kN/m]

    Lengt

    h

    [m]

    Widt

    h

    [m]

    F1 4.00 14.00 200.0 7.00 4.00

    F2 14.00 8.00 200.0 3.00 3.00

    Both foundations have their base at 0.8 m b GL.

    The example is saved on the programme disk as MANUAL.FDA. The learning

    effect will certainly be better if you enter the example yourself, step by step.

    5.1 Step 1 Define bore points

    First select the menu item File / New and activate Rectangular foundation

    switch.

    The first step in a calculation using the GGU- SETTLE programme is the

    definition of a triangular mesh. The nodes of the triangular mesh are described by

    the borehole points. The borehole points are then connected to a triangular mesh,

    from which the programme can interpolate the oedometer modulus profile at any

    point. To define the borehole points proceed as follows:

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    For this, select the menu item Soils / Layers.

    In the dialogue box you can edit the soil properties and the number of layers.

    Click on the Edit no. of soils button and enter the new number of layers as 3.

    For this example, enter the values in the above dialogue box.

    If you are working with oedometer moduli, you should always enter the Poisson

    ratio as 0. If, on the other hand, you have entered Youngs moduli E insteadof oedometer moduli ES then, because of the functional relationship Es = f(E,), it

    makes complete sense to enter a Poisson ratio 0.

    You should then select the menu item Soils / Standard depths (not absolutely

    necessary).

    As you have defined three layers using the menu item Soils / Layers, three

    layers will be shown in the dialogue box. The corresponding soil properties are

    also shown for information purposes. The given depths can be edited to suit your

    wishes. Depths are entered as m below ground level. For reasons of clarity, the

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    programme assumes ground level to be the same for all nodes. During the

    following definition of triangular nodes, the layer depths are assigned to the

    appropriate nodes. After this, the layer depths for each node can be edited as

    wished. If the oedometer modulus profile is equal for almost all nodes, you can

    save input work via the initial definition of standard depths. Using the Loadswitch you can load a previously saved depth distribution. Using Save you can

    save the current depth distribution to a file, in order to have them available later,

    without renewed input. If you select the For all switch, all current triangle

    nodes will be assigned these depths. Using the Cancel button, you may leave

    the dialogue box without accepting the alterations. You can also leave the

    dialogue box with Done. Any changes will be accepted.

    After this initial input you can determine the position of triangle nodes (borehole

    points). A coordinate system is visible on the screen. If the area displayed does

    not correspond to the plan area of your system, go to the menu item Page / By

    hand and enter the values for your system into the dialogue box.

    Then select the menu item Mesh / Set nodes. Click, with the left mouse button,on the positions of the triangle nodes (= positions of points for which you know

    the oedometer modulus profile). In the programme window bar the current

    coordinates of the mouse pointer are shown. Erroneous input can be undone by

    clicking on the node with the right mouse button. If you occasionally press the

    ESC key, or (F2), the screen will be refreshed and you will see a graphical

    presentation of the oedometer modulus profiles. If the presentation appears too

    small or too large, go to the menu item Evaluation / Preferences and enter a

    factor for the oedometer modulus profile width and/or depth to suit your wishes.

    Alternatively to coordinate input using the mouse, you can enter the values in

    tabular form. Then select the menu item Mesh / Change.

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    In the above dialogue box, values for the example system have been entered.

    After entering nodes, you can edit the depths at the nodes for the individual

    layers. For this, select the menu item Soils / Edit layer depths. A double-click in

    the area of the node will then suffice to call up the following dialogue box.

    This box is absolutely identical to the box for standard depths. The only

    difference is that any changes made are with reference to the current node. Depths

    are entered as m below ground level.

    5.2 Step 2 Define triangular mesh

    After you have defined at least 3 nodes (borehole points), you must connect these

    nodes to a triangular mesh to allow the programme to interpolate whencalculating. There are two possibilities:

    via the menu item Mesh / Mesh by hand

    You must click on the three nodes to be connected to a triangle.

    Mistakenly created triangles can be deleted by clicking on the three

    nodes once again.

    via the menu item Mesh / Automatic

    The programme carries out a so-called triangulation and connects all

    nodes to a triangular mesh. Subsequently, you still have the

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    possibility of deleting triangles by using the menu item Mesh /

    Mesh by hand and clicking on the three nodes of the triangle. If a

    triangular mesh is already present you will be asked, before

    triangulation begins, if the current mesh is to be deleted. Only in

    exceptional cases should you select Supplement, as triangulationfollows certain laws which may not allow sensible complementing

    of a current partial mesh.

    For the example select the menu item Mesh / Automatic.

    5.3 Step 3 Define foundations

    After defining the oedometer modulus profile distribution throughout the

    triangular mesh, you can enter the foundations. For this, select the menu item

    Foundations / Edit.

    Besides the switches Menu and New, all previously defined foundations are

    shown as switches. In the example above, two foundations with the designations

    F1 and F2 are already defined. Select the New switch in order to define a

    new foundation or select the F1 or F2 switch in order to edit the values for a

    current foundation.

    With the Edit base data switch you can edit all foundation values (also see the

    note in Section 0)

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    After the foundation designation you enter the depth of the foundation base (FB),

    the excavation unloading, the foundation dimensions and the corner stresses. For

    linear stress distribution, input of three stress values is sufficient. The fourth value

    then results automatically. If foundations are already defined, you can also reach

    this dialogue box by double-clicking in the foundation surround on the screen.

    With the menu item Foundations / Check you can check your input. Thefoundations are displayed with the corner stresses. Which additional input values

    are to be displayed can be specified with the menu item Evaluation /

    Preferences. You can also generate an isoline plan of the depth course of a layer

    base. For this, select the menu item Soils / Layer base isolines.

    Enter the layer number. If you would prefer a normal isoline plan, deactivate

    the Coloured switch. Confirm with OK.

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    In the upper part of the dialogue box you can influence the number of isolines

    with the input after Spacing. If desired, change to a different smoothing out

    procedure. Confirm with OK.

    5.4 Step 4 Specify limit depth

    The programme can determine the limit depth using three different procedures.

    Select the menu item System / Limit depth.

    Limit depth = base of profile

    The settlements are calculated to the base of the defined soil profile.

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    Limit depth with x * b

    The settlements are calculated to a depth of x * foundation width.

    But not deeper than the base of the profile.

    Limit depth with p %

    The settlements are calculated to a depth at which the overburden

    stress * p from the soil weight corresponds to the foundation stress.

    But not deeper than the base of the profile. If foundations are close

    to one another (e.g. with circular foundations), you should,

    additionally, activate the Limit depth with all foundations switch,

    as otherwise too shallow limit depths will be calculated. When

    determining the limit depth with p %, any excavation unloading for

    the foundation concerned can be subtracted from the average

    foundation stress, which usually makes sense. More information on

    excavation unloading and global preloading can be had by

    clicking on the Info button in the above dialogue box. The limitdepth will be calculated in the centre of the rectangular foundation.

    If the settlement is to be calculated outside of the foundation concerned, the limit

    depth of the foundation which creates the settlement stress is also valid. Stresses

    above the foundation base generate tensional stresses and will therefore not be

    considered.

    5.5 Step 5 System preferences

    With the menu item System / Defaults you can specify the type of settlement to

    be calculated. In principle, there are three different types:

    Calculate settlement at a specific depth

    This is usually the standard case, together with a depth of 0.0 m (=

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    settlement at the surface). As the area of the foundation is

    undeformable, the settlement at the foundation base, including for

    foundations with the base below the surface, will be calculated. For

    settlement depths > 0.0 the settlement at this depth will be

    calculated.

    Calculate settlement at base of layer

    As the layers need not necessarily be horizontally arranged, you

    have the possibility with this calculation method of following the

    influence of settlements at certain layer boundaries. To do this,

    activate the Calculate settlement at layer base switch and enter the

    layer number.

    Calculate settlement of a layer

    Quite often the deformation component of an individual layer is of

    interest. To do this, activate the Calculate settlement of a layer

    switch and enter the layer number.

    In the lower part of the dialogue box, you can define a so-called limit distance.

    The influence of a foundation on the current settlement value will only be

    calculated if the distance to the foundation centre is smaller than the limit

    distance. If you have defined a lot of foundations the calculation time can become

    quite long, as, for each point at which the settlement is calculated, the influence of

    all foundations is considered. The influence of a foundation on the current

    settlement decreases with increasing distance. You can thus achieve a reduction of

    calculation duration using the limit distance. A reliable statement on limit

    distances cannot be given, as the foundation loading also plays a large role. If you

    are unsure, use, as in the above dialogue box, a very large value and if you arecalculating a lot of foundations allow yourself a coffee during calculations.

    Any calculation and presentation can be prematurely cancelled using the rightmouse button.

    5.6 Step 6 Calculate system

    After defining a foundation you can have the system calculated. In principle, we

    can differentiate between calculation of foundation settlements and the calculation

    of individual settlements. The two calculations can also be mixed. With

    foundation settlement we mean the settlement at special points on the foundation: settlement in the foundation centre

    settlement at the four characteristic points

    settlement at the four foundation corners.

    With individual settlements we mean calculation of settlements at any point inside

    or outside of the foundations. The position of these points is not restricted to the

    foundation geometry. They can be user-specified in a variety of ways (see below).

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    If you are only interested in settlement at the above described foundations points,

    select the menu item System / Calculate.

    Select the switch according to your wishes and click on OK. If you have

    calculated a system and then edited any input values (e.g. foundation dimensions,

    foundation stress, type of limit depth calculation, etc.), the programme deletes all

    calculated settlements, as they are then no longer valid for the altered system. If

    you have already defined individual settlement points within the framework of

    previous calculations, you can have these settlements recalculated by activating

    the Individual settlements switch. The calculations can be started by pressing

    the OK button. In the GGU-SETTLE window bar you will be informed as to the

    current state of calculations.

    If you are completely uninterested in the settlements at the special foundation

    points, you can go directly to the Evaluation and Special menus.

    Menu item Evaluation / Solo individual settlements

    With the mouse, you can click on any point within the system. The

    calculated settlements will then be graphically displayed.

    Menu item Evaluation / Along a line

    With the mouse, you click on two points (start and end points of a

    line). The settlement along this line will then be calculated at

    constant intervals. If, after calculations are complete, you switch to

    the menu item Evaluation / Automatic section course, you can

    display the settlement depression for the system section.

    Menu item Evaluation / In quadrilateral

    You click on the four points of a quadrilateral. The programme then

    calculates the settlement in a regular raster within this quadrilateral.

    This function is especially useful in connection with the above

    described Isolines menu item, as you have, with settlements

    calculated in a quadrilateral, a favourable data basis for triangulation

    and thus for the presentation of isolines.

    After calculations are complete the results can be evaluated in a variety of ways.

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    Menu item Evalauation / Settlements

    The calculated settlements will be displayed in their appropriate

    positions. If, after calculating, you have altered input values, the

    settlements will not be shown. You must then have the system

    recalculated.

    Menu item Evaluation / Isolines

    The programme will carry out a triangulation of all calculated

    settlements. By interpolation within this triangular mesh, which is

    not identical to the above described triangular mesh for the

    oedometer modulus profile, lines of equal settlement will then be

    drawn.

    In the Special menu it is possible to calculate settlement depressions, stress

    distribution and lines of equal settlement along straight, vertical sections.

    In accordance with the principle of What you see is what you get you can, at

    any stage of evaluation, send the current screen contents to the printer (menu itemFile / Start output).

    In this section the main functions are described. Further details to the individual

    menu items can be taken from the following sections.

    6 Short introduction (triangular foundations)

    6.1 Step 1 Define bore points

    First select the menu item File / New and activate the Triangular foundations

    switch.

    Otherwise, the same input is required as in Section 0.

    6.2 Step 2 Define triangular mesh

    Completely analogous to Section 5.2.

    6.3 Step 3 Define foundations

    After defining the oedometer modulus profile distribution throughout the

    triangular mesh, you can enter the triangular foundations. The definition of

    triangular foundations is different to that of rectangular foundations, as a much

    more flexible input is possible. Input of triangular foundations is very similar to

    the definition of bore points. First you must define the corner points of the

    triangular foundations. You can do this with the mouse, e.g. For this, select the

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    menu item Triangular foundations / Set nodes. Now click on the corner points

    of the triangular foundation with the mouse. If the same system is to be calculated

    as in Section 5, these are then the four corner points of both foundations. If you

    define a new triangular foundation corner point with the mouse, this node will be

    assigned the values given in the menu item Triangular foundations / Standardvalues.

    These standard values can then be individually adjusted using the menu item

    Triangular foundations / Change.

    Alternatively to clicking with the mouse, you can enter the values in tabular form.

    To do this, select the menu item Triangular foundations / Edit.

    Enter the values from the dialogue box. You have thus defined 8 nodes of the

    foundation mesh. Now you must only connect the nodes to a mesh. For this, select

    the menu item Triangular foundations / Mesh by hand and click on three points

    of the foundation mesh. The triangular foundation mesh should then look like this:

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    2.005.00

    15.00

    3

    6.4 Step 4 Specify limit depth

    The programme can determine the limit depth using two different procedures.

    Select the menu item System / Limit depth.

    Limit depth = base of profile

    The settlements are calculated to the base of the defined soil profile.

    Limit depth with p %

    The settlements are calculated to a depth at which the overburden

    stress * p from the soil weight corresponds to the foundation stress.

    But not deeper than the base of the profile. If foundations are close

    to one another (e.g. with circular foundations), you should,

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    additionally, activate the Limit depth with all foundations switch,

    as otherwise too shallow limit depths will be calculated. When

    determining the limit depth with p %, any excavation unloading for

    the foundation concerned can be subtracted from the average

    foundation stress, which usually makes sense. More information onexcavation unloading and global preloading can be had by

    clicking on the Info button in the above dialogue box. The limit

    depth will be calculated in the centre of the triangular foundation.

    If the settlement is to be calculated outside of the foundation concerned, the limit

    depth of the foundation which creates the settlement stress is also valid. Stresses

    above the foundation base generate tensional stresses and will therefore not be

    considered.

    6.5 Step 5 System preferences

    Completely analogous to Section 5.5.

    6.6 Step 6 Calculate system

    After defining a foundation you can have the system calculated. In principle, we

    can differentiate between calculation of foundation settlements and calculation of

    individual settlements. The two calculations can also be mixed. With foundation

    settlement we mean the settlement at special points on the foundation:

    settlement in the foundation centre

    settlement at the four characteristic points

    settlement at the four foundation corners.

    With individual settlements we mean calculation of settlements at any point inside

    or outside of the foundations. The position of these points is not restricted to the

    foundation geometry. They can be user-specified in a variety of ways (see below).

    If you are only interested in settlement at the above described foundations points,

    select the menu item System / Calculate.

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    For calculation of triangular foundations numerical integration is required. The

    integration precision can be specified in the upper area of the dialogue box. The

    default value is sufficiently small for most problems. If the calculated values

    appear unusual to you, or if you are somewhat cautious by nature, enter a smaller

    value. This will, of course, cost you calculation time.Select the switch according to your wishes and click on OK. If you have

    calculated a system and then edit any input value (e.g. type of limit depth

    calculation, etc.), the programme deletes all calculated settlements, as they are

    then no longer valid for the altered system. If you have already defined individual

    settlement points within the framework of previous calculations, you can have

    these settlements recalculated by activating the Individual settlements switch.

    The calculations can be started by pressing the OK button. In the GGU-

    SETTLE window bar you will be informed as to the current state of calculations.

    If you are completely uninterested in the settlements at the special foundation

    points, you can go directly to the Evaluation and Special menus.

    Menu item Evaluation / Solo individual settlements

    With the mouse, you can click on any point within the system. The

    calculated settlements will then be graphically displayed.

    Menu item Evaluation / Along a line

    With the mouse, you click on two points (start and end points of a

    line). The settlement along this line will then be calculated at

    constant intervals. If, after calculations are complete, you switch to

    the menu item Evaluation / Automatic section course, you can

    display the settlement depression for the system section.

    Menu item Evaluation / In quadrilateralYou click on the four points of a quadrilateral. The programme then

    calculates the settlement in a regular raster within this quadrilateral.

    This function is especially useful in connection with the above

    described Isolines menu item, as you have, with settlements

    calculated in a quadrilateral, a favourable data basis for triangulation

    and thus for the presentation of isolines.

    After calculations are complete the results can be evaluated in a variety of ways.

    Menu item Evalauation / Settlements

    The calculated settlements will be displayed in their appropriate

    positions. If, after calculating, you have altered input values, thesettlements will not be shown. You must then have the system

    recalculated.

    Menu item Evaluation / Isolines

    The programme will carry out a triangulation of all calculated

    settlements. By interpolation within this triangular mesh, which is

    not identical to the above described triangular mesh for the

    oedometer modulus profile, lines of equal settlement will then be

    drawn.

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    In the Special menu it is possible to calculate settlement depressions, stress

    distribution and lines of equal settlement along straight, vertical sections.

    In accordance with the principle of What you see is what you get you can, at

    any stage of evaluation, send the current screen contents to the printer (menu item

    File / Start output).A comparison of calculation results for rectangular and triangular foundations will

    show that there are minor differences in the calculated settlements. This is

    because of the different calculation point of the limit depth. With rectangular

    foundations, the limit depth is determined in the foundation centre. Triangular

    foundations do not know the centre point of the rectangles. For triangular

    foundations, the limit depth is determined at the centre of the triangles, which

    deviates from the centre of the rectangles. If you select the profile base as limit

    depth, you will get the same results in both cases, as the limit depth is then the

    same for both procedures.

    7 Theoretical principles

    7.1 General

    The programme calculates the stresses and strains after the theory of elastic-

    isotropic half space. Especially in the days when pocket calculators and personal

    computers were not yet available, comprehensive diagrams and tables were

    developed. A literature list of tables can be taken from DIN 4019. Further to this,

    you are referred to the article Stress calculations1 (Spannungsberechnung) in the

    Foundation Engineering Pocket Book (Grundbau-Taschenbuch) (1990; Fourth

    Edition). Here you will also find the complete relationships for stresses and strains

    below a rectangle in elastic-isotropic half space (formulas 8 to 10 and formulas 14and 15). These relationships are the basis for the programme.

    The stress relationships are only used for limit depth calculations and for the

    presentation of stress distributions. The strains are calculated directly from the

    relationships given in the Foundation Engineering Pocket Book. A numerical

    integration with associated loss of precision is therefore not required.

    7.2 Characteristic point

    The stiffness of foundations cannot be considered using the above mentioned

    relationships. The foundation loading will be assumed to be a flexible load

    bundle, whatever the case. It is usual to calculate the settlements at the so-called

    characteristic point. At this point of the foundation, for a uniform load, the

    settlements for a flexible load bundle correspond to the settlement of a rigid

    foundation. The position of the characteristic point is defined as follows:

    1 Translators note: As far is is known, these works are not available in English

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    a

    b

    0,13 * b

    0,13 * a

    Figure 1 Characteristic point

    7.3 Limit depth

    Of great importance for the size of settlements is the limit depth. The programme

    allows definition of limit depth in three different ways:

    Limit depth = base of profile

    The settlements are calculated to the base of the defined soil profile.

    Limit depth with x * b

    The settlements are calculated to a depth of x * foundation width.

    But not deeper than the base of the profile.

    Limit depth with p %

    The settlements are calculated to a depth at which the overburden

    stress * p from the soil weight corresponds to the foundation stress.

    The last possibility is also described in DIN 4019. Here, a percentage value p of

    20 % is given. This is the programme default value. If you have selected this type

    of limit depth calculation, the programme calculates the overburden stress due to

    the soil weight for each foundation and compares this value to the average stress

    due to the foundation load at the characteristic point. The depth distribution of the

    unit weights for calculation of the overburden stress is determined in the

    foundation centre. Any excavation unloading for the foundation can be subtracted

    from the foundation stress, which the usual case.

    For settlement calculations, only the stress from the foundation base to the limit

    depth will be considered. Thus, for all points outside of the foundation, the limit

    depth of the appropriate foundation is valid. Figure

    shows, in a vertical section, how the settlements of a point, A, are composed if

    two foundations are defined.

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    Foundation 1 Foundation 2

    Limit depth Limit depth

    Point A

    Figure 2 Influence of limit depth on settlement

    If you divide a foundation into several smaller sub-foundations you should,according to theory, get the same settlement values. However, a problem then occurs

    when calculating limit depths. The limit depths of the sub-foundations is smaller due

    to the smaller widths. Because of the differing limit depths you will also get different

    settlement values. To solve this contradiction the GGU- SETTLE programme offers

    the possibility of calculating the limit depth from the stress distribution of all

    foundations. If you select this possibility the stress distribution at the characteristicpoint is calculated from the stresses of all foundations. In this case you will get larger

    settlements and, depending on the system, more appropriate results.

    7.4 Excavation unloading and oedometer modulus for reloading

    You can define excavation unloading for each foundation. The excavation

    unloading has the same dimensions as the foundation stress [kN/m]. It is constant

    for each foundation. If you have defined an excavation unloading, settlement

    calculations will be carried out to this value using the oedometer modulus for

    reloading.

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    Stress at the foundation base

    Settlement

    Excavation unloading

    Es(w)

    Es

    Calculatedsettlement

    Figure 3 Excavation unloading and oedometer modulus

    8 File menu

    This menu has a total of nine selectable menu items.

    New

    Load

    Save

    Save as

    Result output

    Save ISO data

    Output preferences

    Start output

    Quit

    8.1 New menu itemAfter a security request, you can delete all previous input and thus enter a new

    system. You will first be asked whether rectangular or triangular foundations are

    to be generated.

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    The Triangular foundations option allows you to calculate settlements and

    stresses below a flexible foundation of any shape and linear loading. By

    combining the triangular foundations in mosaic-like manner, any type of load

    (with reference to ground plan and load size) can be easily modelled. After

    selecting this menu item the Triangular foundations menu appears instead of the

    usual Foundations menu (see Section 12).

    8.2 Load menu itemUsing the second menu item, Load, you can load a file with foundation

    information into the computer, which can then further processed. This file must

    have been created, e.g. in a previous sitting, using the GGU-SETTLE

    programme. The Load menu item will usually be selected for editing previously

    saved foundations.

    8.3 Save and Save as menu items

    Here, you can save alterations to an existing file or save completely new

    foundation input, in order to have them available again for a later sitting.

    After clicking on one of the two described menu items the so-called file selector

    box appears. When saving alterations or new data, you should always use the file

    suffix .FDA, as this is the suffix used by the programme when one of the above two

    menu items is selected. If you do not enter a suffix when saving, .FDA will be used

    automatically. Currently calculated settlements will be saved with the file and are

    then available for later evaluation.

    8.4 Result output menu item

    You can have a result protocol of the current calculation results sent to the printer

    or to a file (e.g. for further processing with a word processor). Alternatively, you

    have the possibility of looking at the results in a separate window where they canalso, if necessary, be edited. Output contains all information on the current state

    of calculations, including system data. First, decide how comprehensive output is

    to be:

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    After confirming with OK you will see the dialogue box:

    With the Edit button, you can edit the current printer preferences or select a

    different printer. With the Save button, you can save all preferences from this

    dialogue box in a file, in order to have them available at a later sitting. If you

    select FUNDA.DRK as file name and save the file on the programme level(default), the file will be automatically loaded at the next programme start. With

    the Page format button you can specify, amongst others, the size of the left

    margin and the number of lines per page. With the Head/Foot button you can

    enter a head and foot text for each page. If the # sign appears within the text, the

    current page number will be entered during printing (e.g. Page #). You can, if

    page numbering is not to begin at page 1, enter an offset for the page number.

    This offset will be added to the current page number. The text size can be

    specified in pts. With the buttons at the bottom of the dialogue box, output is sent

    to the Printer, to a Window or to a File, the name of which must then be

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    given. If you select the Window button, the results will displayed in an

    additional window. In this window editing is possible, as well as loading, saving

    and printing of text.

    8.5 Save ISO data menu itemWith this menu item you can have the result data made available for further

    processing by the GGU-GEOGRAPH programme. With this programme you can,

    e.g., have lines of equal settlement drawn as 3D graphics. Selection of this menu

    item only makes sense after the settlements have been calculated.

    8.6 Menu item Output preferences

    You can edit printer preferences or change printer in accordance with WINDOWS

    conventions.

    8.7 Start output menu item

    The following dialogue box appears:

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    Printer

    allows graphic output of the current screen contents to the WINDOWS standard

    printer or, if necessary, to a different printer selected in the menu item Printer

    preferences. For direct output, the following dialogue box appears:

    In the upper part of the dialogue box the maximum dimensions which the printer

    can accept are given. Below this, the dimensions of the image to be printed are

    given. If the image is larger than the output format of the printer, the image will

    be printed to several pages (in the above example, 4). In order to be better able tore-connect the images later, the possibility of entering an overlap for each page, in

    x and y direction, is given. Alternatively, you also have the possibility of selecting

    a smaller zoom factor, ensuring output to one page (Fit in button).Following

    this, you can enlarge to the original format on a copying machine, to ensure a true

    scaling. Further, you may enter the number of copies to be printed.

    DXFfile

    allows output of the graphics to a DXF file. DXF is a common file format for

    transferring graphics between a variety of applications.

    GGUCAD file

    allows output of the current screen contents to a file, in order to be further

    processed with the GGUCAD programme.Clipboard

    The current screen contentsare copied to the WINDOWS clipboard. From there,

    they can be imported into other WINDOWS programmes for further editing, e.g.

    into a word processor.

    Metafile

    allows output of the current screen contents to a file, in order to be further

    processed with third party software. Output is in the so-called EMF format, which

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    is standardised. Use of the Metafile format guarantees the best possible quality

    when transferring graphics.

    TIP:

    If you select the Copy area icon from the programme icon bar, you can copy

    parts of the graphics to the clipboard or save them to an emf file (EnhancedMetafile Format). Using the Mini-CAD or CAD for header data programme

    modules you can import such an emf file into your graphics. It therefore presents

    no problems to import the results of a slope failure calculation or the results of a

    particle size analysis or anything else into your graphics.

    MiniCAD / GGUMiniCAD

    allows output of the graphics to a file, in order to be read-in to different GGU

    programmes with the MiniCAD modules.

    8.8 Quit menu item

    You can quit the programme, after a security request.

    8.9 1, 2, 3, 4 menu items

    The 1, 2, 3, 4 menu items show the last four edited files. By selecting one of

    these menu items the listed file will be loaded. If you have saved GGU- SETTLE

    files in any other folder than the programme folder, you can save yourself the

    occasionally onerous rummaging through various sub-folders.

    9 Soils menu item

    This menu has a total of 8 selectable menu items.

    Layers

    Standard depths

    Layer base isolines

    Edit layer depths

    Determine layer depths

    Paste layer

    Raise layer

    Fixed value

    9.1 Layers menu item

    After clicking on this menu item the following dialogue box appears:

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    In the dialogue you can enter the name, the oedometer modulus for initial loading

    and for reloading, Poisson's ratio and the unit weights of the individual layers.

    Further, you may edit the number of layers. If you would like to edit the number

    of layers, select the Edit no. of soils button and then enter the new number of

    layers. If wished, edit the soil properties.

    In order to ensure a sensible interpolation within the triangular mesh it isnecessary that all nodes possess the same number of layers. If your system has

    areas in which certain soil layers are not present (e.g. peat lenses only in certain

    areas), then simply assign these layers a thickness of 0.0 at the appropriate

    nodes, using the menu item Standard depths.

    With the Save button you can save the current stratification with all

    corresponding data in a separate file in order to have it available for a different

    system, without a lot of typing work, using the Load button.

    9.2 Standard depths menu item

    After clicking on this menu item the following dialogue box appears:

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    If you have defined three layers using the menu item Soils / Layers, three layers

    will also be shown in the dialogue box. The corresponding oedometer moduli are

    also shown for information purposes. The given depths can be edited to suit your

    wishes. Depths are entered as m below ground level. During the followingdefinition of triangular nodes, these layer depths are assigned to the appropriate

    nodes. The layer depths for each node can be edited as wished. If the oedometer

    modulus profile is equal for almost all nodes, you can save input work during the

    initial definition of standard depths. Using the Load switch you can load a

    previously saved depth distribution. Using Save you can save the current depth

    distribution to a file, in order to have it available later, without renewed input. If

    you select the For all switch, all current triangle nodes will be assigned these

    depths. In the dialogue box a maximum of 8 layers are displayed. If more than

    eight layers are present you can move through the table with the Forw. and

    Back buttons. Using Cancel, you may leave the dialogue box without using

    the alterations. You can leave the dialogue box with Done. Any changes will be

    accepted.

    9.3 Layer base isolines menu item

    After clicking on this menu item the following dialogue box appears:

    This menu item serves as a check for the input data of the layer depths. Enter the

    number of the layer for which you would like to see an isoline plan of the base. If

    you activate Coloured switch you will see a colour filled isoline plan. Other

    wise a normal isoline image will be drawn (see also Section 0).

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    For colour filled graphics you will see the above dialogue box. First, press the

    Determine extreme values button. The programme then determines the

    minimum and maximum values for the appropriate layer base. If so desired, you

    can have the isolines labelled using the Line labelling preferences button

    (generally superfluous). Using the switches Mesh, Contour and Lines youcan have the triangular mesh, the system contours and/or additionally to a colour

    fill, limiting lines drawn between the colour regions. Generally, the preferences in

    the above dialogue box make sense. With No. of colours you specify the

    number of colour increments to be used between Colour 1 and Colour 2. If

    you activate the Swap colour series switch, the colour fill will not be from

    colour 1 to colour 2, but will be swapped around. With the Colour 1 and

    Colour 2 buttons you can edit the colours. The graphics can be shown by

    pressing the OK button.

    Additionally to the colour fill a colour bar will be shown at the right-hand page

    edge, from which the allotment of colours to the various values can be read off. Ifthis colour bar is drawn in the right page edge, specify a larger value for the right

    plotting edge (e.g. 25 mm) in the menu item Page / Page format.

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    9.4 Edit layer depths menu item

    This menu item makes it possible to edit the base of a layer at the nodes of the

    triangular mesh.

    After double-clicking near the node to be edited you can change the depth of the

    layer base.

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    9.5 Determine layer depths menu item

    You can determine the layer depths at any point within the triangular mesh.

    Simply click on a point at which you would like to determine the layer depth.

    9.6 Paste layer menu item

    Sometimes it is necessary to paste a layer into an existing system. Using the

    previously described menu items this is strenuous.

    The selected layer is duplicated. The layer base of the new layer is taken as the

    mean of the two neighbouring layers.

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    9.7 Raise layer menu item

    Sometimes it is necessary to raise or lower the base of layer in an existing system

    by a certain amount. Using the previously described menu items this is strenuous.

    The selected layer base will be raised by the specified amount. If incompatibilities

    with the layer above or below result, the rise will limited to the necessary value.

    Lowering of a layer is achieved using negative values.

    9.8 Fixed value menu item

    With this menu item you can assign a specific layer base a fixed value.

    10 Mesh menu

    This menu has a total of 13 selectable menu items.

    Set nodes

    Change

    Move

    Edit

    Raster

    Mesh by hand

    Automatic

    Round-off

    Delete

    Automesh

    Refine individually

    In section

    All

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    10.1 Set nodes menu item

    After clicking on this menu item the following dialogue box appears:

    With this menu item you specify the position of triangle nodes using the mouse.

    Use of the mouse is in accordance with the description in the box.

    10.2 Change menu itemAfter clicking on this menu item the following dialogue box appears:

    Within this box it is possible to change the x and y coordinates of the nodes (bore

    points) via the keyboard. If you increase the number of nodes with the Edit no. of

    nodes button, the new nodes will be assigned the standard depths with reference

    to the Oedometer modulus profile. Use of the switches corresponds to those in themenu item Soils / Layers.

    10.3 Move menu item

    After clicking on this menu item the following dialogue box appears:

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    Using this menu item you can select geometrical shapes in order to simplify input,

    which allow an automatic triangular node coordinate assignment corresponding

    to the selected subdivisions.

    Following, the three raster possibilities, line, rectangle and quadrilateral areshown as a screen shot:

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    10.6 Mesh by hand menu item

    After clicking on this menu item the following dialogue box appears:

    You can combine triangle nodes to a triangular mesh by hand. Normally, you

    would have the triangulation (see below) carried out automatically. If the

    triangular mesh generated automatically by the programme is not in accordance

    with your wishes, however, you can carry out the triangulation by hand. If you

    would like to delete a current triangle, click on the nodes of this triangle again.

    10.7 Automatic menu itemThe Automatic menu item runs a programme-controlled mesh generation

    routine (triangulation). You have the possibility of deleting or supplementing a

    current triangular mesh. Only in exceptional cases should you select

    Supplement, as triangulation follows certain laws which may not allow sensible

    complementing of a current partial mesh.

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    Three different methods can be used for triangular mesh refinement.

    Method 1:

    In the centroid of the selected triangle an additional node is created.

    Method 2:

    The selected triangular element and the neighbouring element are

    halved.

    Method 3:

    A new triangular element will be inserted at the median of the

    clicked triangular element. The neighbouring triangular elements

    will be halved.

    Method 3 generally gives the best mesh refinement and is recommended.

    10.12 In section menu itemAfter selecting this menu item the following box appears for mesh refinement:

    10.13 All menu item

    The following box appears for the final menu item for mesh refinement:

    11 Foundations menu

    The Foundations menu allows editing of foundations or the specification of new

    foundations. It has a total of 11 selectable menu items.

    Edit

    Specify graphically

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    For all

    Results

    Check

    Stress isolines

    Delete individually

    Delete all

    Generate footing foundations

    Generate circular foundation

    Generate annular foundation

    11.1 Edit menu item

    The Edit menu item allows input and editing of foundations. After clicking on

    this menu you will advance to the following dialogue window:

    If no foundations have yet been entered, only the two dialogue boxes To menu

    and New are shown in the dialogue window. If, on the other hand, foundations

    are already present you will see, besides the To menu and New dialogue

    boxes, further boxes which are labelled with the designations of the individual

    foundations. The following actions are possible:

    By clicking on the To menu button you can return to the original menu bar. By

    clicking in the New box, you can open a new foundation. You can now enter a

    new foundation. By clicking in a box with a foundation name (if present), you

    can edit the corresponding foundation.

    After clicking in the New box, or a box with a current foundation, the following

    dialogue box will be opened.

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    In the dialogue box there are six action boxes. The following actions are possible:

    By clicking on the Done button you can return to the original menu bar.

    After clicking in the Edit base data box, you can enter or edit the base data forthe corresponding foundation (see description below).

    After clicking in the Delete foundation box the current foundation can be

    deleted, after a safety request.

    After clicking in the See results box, the calculated settlements will be

    displayed. If certain settlement values have not yet been calculated, the

    corresponding entries will remain empty.

    After clicking in the Print results box, the results for the currently selected

    foundation will be sent to the printer.

    By clicking in the Duplicate foundation box, you can duplicate the current

    foundation log. You can then edit the base data of the duplicated foundation.After clicking in the Edit base data box, you can enter or edit the base data for

    the corresponding foundation. The following window will open:

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    In the first box you enter the foundation designation. The position of the

    foundation base is now entered.

    The third box is for input of an excavation unloading. If this value is zero, the

    oedometer moduli for reloading will be used in settlement calculations, for the

    proportion of the excavation unloading which is re-used. This corresponds to

    the reloading case of a time-settlement diagram. For the load component over andabove this, or for a system without excavation unloading, the oedometer modulus

    for initial loading will be used.

    In boxes four to eight you enter the x and y ordinates and the length and breadth

    of the foundation. Further to this, an inclination to the horizontal can be given so

    that non-axis-parallel foundations can also be calculated.

    In the final three dialogue boxes you can enter the corner stresses of the

    foundation. As the stress distribution within a foundation is assumed to be linear,

    three corner stresses are sufficient to describe the stress distribution. The fourth is

    calculated internally by the programme. It will be visible in the window when it

    opened the next time.

    By selecting the Calculate stresses via M and V action box, you can have the

    foundation stresses calculated from the moment and vertical force (if these values

    are known).

    After clicking in the OK box, input or alterations will be accepted and the

    dialogue window removed from the screen.

    After clicking in the Cancel box, input or alterations will not be accepted and

    the dialogue window removed from the screen.

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    11.2 Specify graphically menu item

    This menu item allows the input of rectangular foundations using the mouse.

    After confirming with OK you click on the two corners of a foundation with theleft mouse button. If the inclined foundation switch is activated an inclined

    foundation (inclined to the horizontal) can be entered with mouse support. In this

    case you must click on three points with the mouse. You can greatly simplify

    input if you have a scanned foundation template. You can integrtae such graphics

    using the Mini-Cad system. The scaling of the graphics is a problem which is easy

    to overcome. If you know the separation of two points in the template then simply

    draw a line with Mini-CAD, which connects these two points. Then double-click

    on this line. In the dialogue box which then appears, the length of the line is

    given. From this length and the known length of the line, you can determine the

    scale discepancy. Then select the Manipulate object icon from Mini-CAD and

    enter the scale distorsion. Voila! The imported graphics are now true to scale. You

    now need only click on the foundation corner points. You can then delete the

    scanned graphics from the presentation.

    11.3 For all menu item

    After clicking on this menu item the following dialogue box appears:

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    Using this menu item it is possible to specify certain foundation data globally for

    all foundations. The following input data can be globally specified:

    position of foundations base,

    excavation unloading and

    the corner stresses of the foundations.

    After each input field there is a For all button. By pressing these buttons the

    currently given values will be used for all foundations. The All for all button

    will use all values for all foundations.The Default values switch refers to the foundations created with the mouse on

    the screen, and to foundations generated using the menu items Generate footing

    foundation, Generate circular foundation or Generate annular foundation.

    This means that all graphically created foundations and/or all generated

    foundations will be assigned the parameters given in this menu item.

    Independently of this, you can edit the assigned foundation values at any time (see

    menu item Edit foundations). After activating the Default values switch, the

    currently entered values will be saved and are then available as the default values

    for the definition of new foundations.

    11.4 Results menu itemAfter activating this menu item the results for the foundations entered can be

    shown on the screen by double-clicking with the mouse. If the system is not yet

    calculated, the following info box will be displayed with the foundations

    dimensions and the limit depth:

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    If the system is already calculated, the complete results for the selected foundation

    will be shown. The following box appears with the foundation dimensions, the

    settlements and the rotation at the characteristic point

    11.5 Check menu item

    With the help of this menu item you can check your input with reference to the

    position of the foundations, etc. You can define what is to be displayed in thegraphics.

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    In the menu item Evaluation / Preferences, you can specify what is to be

    additionally entered in the graphics.

    11.6 Stress isolines menu item

    The foundation stress course can be shown as a colour filled isoline plan with the

    help of this menu item. The procedure is completely analogous to the layer base

    isoline presentation (see Section 0).

    The foundation stress course can be shown as a colour filled isoline plan with the help

    of this menu item. The procedure is completely analogous to the layer base isoline

    presentation (see Section 0).

    11.7 Delete individually menu item

    With this menu item individual foundations can be deleted. The programme will

    go through all foundations in the order in which they were entered. For each

    foundation the following dialogue box appears:

    11.8 Delete all menu item

    By selecting this menu item you can edit all current foundations, after a safety

    request.

    11.9 Generate footing foundations menu item

    You can generate several footing foundations of equal dimensions:

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    First, enter the x and y ordinates of the first foundation. Define the length and

    breadth of all foundations. With Spacing x and Spacing y the displacement of

    the generated foundations to each other is given. The name of the foundation is

    supplemented with the current number. The foundation base, the excavation

    unloading and the foundation stresses will be entered in accordance with the

    values in the For all menu item. Immediately after generation, the created

    foundations can be deleted by pressing the [Backspace] key, if the foundation

    generation is not according to your wishes.

    11.10 Generate circular foundations menu item

    You can combine several footing foundations to a circular foundation.

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    First, enter the x and y ordinates of the centre, and the diameter of the foundation.

    The circular foundation will be made up of rectangular foundations. The

    modelling of a circular foundations is more precise with a large amount of

    foundations. However, calculation time is then longer. The name of the

    foundation is supplemented with the current number. The foundation base, theexcavation unloading and the foundation stresses will be entered in accordance

    with the values which you enter using the Stresses button. Alternatively, the

    stresses can be calculated via the vertical load V and the moments M(x) and M(y).

    Activate the switch Stresses via M and V. Immediately after generation, the

    created foundations can be deleted by pressing the [Backspace] key, if the circular

    foundation generated is not according to your wishes. Optimum circular

    foundations can be generated with triangular foundations, as adjustment to the

    foundation geometry is much better using triangles.

    11.11 Generate annular foundations menu item

    In complete analogy to circular foundations, you can generate an annular

    foundation.

    You need only additionally enter the interior diameter. Optimum annular

    foundations can be generated with triangular foundations, as adjustment to thefoundation geometry is much better using triangles.

    12 Triangular foundations menu

    The Triangular foundations menu appears if the appropriate selection has been

    made in the menu item File / New (see Section ). With this, it is possible to

    calculate settlements and stresses below a flexible triangular foundation of any

    shape and linear loading. By combining the triangular foundations in mosaic-like

    manner, any type of load (with reference to ground plan and load size) can be

    easily modelled. This menu has a total of 20 selectable menu items.

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    Standard values

    Set nodes

    Change

    Move

    Edit

    Manipulate

    In section

    Raster

    For all

    Mesh by hand

    Automatic

    Delete

    Refine individually

    In section

    All

    Results

    Check

    Isolines

    Test mesh

    Generate foundations

    12.1 Standard values menu item

    Here you can specify the foundation stress, excavation unloading and depth of the

    foundation base. If you prefer, the excavation unloading can be determined

    automatically. The programme automatically calculates the excavation unloading

    from the depth of the foundation base and the unit weight of the soil.

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    12.2 Set nodes menu item

    With the help of this menu item you can specify the positions of foundation

    nodes. Use of the mouse is in accordance with the description in the box.

    Additionally, the node numbers, stresses, excavation unloading and foundation

    base can be entered at the nodes.

    12.3 Change menu item

    With this menu item you can enter or edit the x and y coordinates of the nodes via

    the keyboard. The following dialogue box, e.g., appears:

    Additionally, the foundation stresses, the excavation unloading and the depth of

    the foundation base can be edited.

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    12.4 Move menu item

    Use is analogous to that of moving bore points. See Section 0.

    12.5 Edit menu item

    In order to edit the stresses, excavation unloading, depth and position of thefoundation base, you must double-click on the node, in accordance with the

    instructions in the dialogue box.

    Additionally, the node numbers, stresses, excavation unloading and foundation

    base can be entered at the nodes.

    12.6 Manipulate depths menu item

    After activating this menu item it is possible to manipulate the stresses,excavation unloading and foundation bases at the nodes. The following dialogue

    box appears:

    The current values will be manipulated with a constant in accordance with the

    selected specified calculation type. The manipulation is valid for all nodes. This

    function allows fast editing of the described values with a large number of nodes.

    12.7 In section menu item

    This function is for assigning edited values (stress, excavation unloading,

    foundation base) to nodes. The procedure is described in the dialogue box.

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    12.8 Raster menu item

    Using this menu item you can select geometrical shapes in order to simplify input,

    which allow an automatic triangular node coordinate assignment corresponding

    to the selected subdivisions. Use is in analogy to the menu item Mesh / Raster

    in accordance with Section 10.5.

    12.9 For all menu item

    See the menu item Foundations / For all (Section 11.3).

    12.10 Mesh by hand to All menu item

    The creation of a triangular mesh with foundation nodes is in complete analogy to

    the creation of a triangular mesh with bore points in accordance with Sections

    10.6 to 10.12

    12.11 Isolines menu item

    See the description in the menu item Foundations in accordance with Sections

    11.4 to 11.6

    12.12 Mesh menu item

    By activating this menu item, the mesh will be investigated with reference to

    overlapping of individual triangles.

    12.13 Generate foundations menu item

    You have the possibility of generating circular foundations, elliptical foundations,

    annular foundations, footing foundations and rectangular foundations.

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    Input of foundation data is in analogy to input of rectangular foundations in

    accordance with Sections 11.9 to 11.11. The only difference is, that the

    foundations will be composed of triangular foundations instead of rectangularfoundations. In this way it is possible to model the shape and loading of a

    foundation much more easily. The rectangular foundation function considers, if

    necessary, the case of a foundation which separates from the soil (foundation

    gap). If this is the case, a correspondingly smaller foundation will be drawn.

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    13 System menu

    The System menu allows editing of system calculation preferences. It has a total

    of 5 (rectangular foundations) or 6 (triangular foundations) selectable menu items.

    Info Data set designation

    Limit depth

    Defaults

    Calculate system

    Precision (triangular foundations only)

    13.1 Info menu item

    The following system information e.g., appears:

    13.2 Data set designation menu item

    Using the menu item Data set designation you can enter, if so desired, a

    description of the problem being processed, which will then be used in the

    General legend.

    13.3 Limit depth menu itemThe programme can determine the limit depth using three different procedures.

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    Limit depth = base of profile

    The settlements are calculated to the base of the defined soil profile.

    Limit depth with p %

    The settlements are calculated to a depth at which the overburden

    stress * p from the soil weight corresponds to the foundation stress.

    But not deeper than the base of the profile. If foundations are close

    to one another (e.g. with circular foundations made up of triangular

    foundations), you should, additionally, activate the Limit depth

    with all foundations switch, as otherwise too shallow limit depthswill be calculated. When determining the limit depth with p %, any

    excavation unloading for the foundation concerned can be subtracted

    from the average foundation stress, which usually makes sense.

    More information on excavation unloading and global preloading

    can be had by clicking on the Info button in the above dialogue

    box.

    Subtract excavation unloading from foundation stress

    When determining the limit depth with p %, the excavation

    unloading would normally be subtracted from the foundation stress

    and a comparison with the overburden stress at various depths

    carried out (see also the examples in DIN 4019). In certain cases it

    may make sense to suppress this subtraction. You must then

    deactivate this switch.

    13.4 Defaults menu item

    See Section 0

    13.5 Calculate system menu item

    See Section 0

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    With a lot of foundations, calculations can take a long time. If you havecalculated a system and then edit the foundation data, the programme inte


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