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GHSGT Science Review—2006
GHSGT Science Review
Day 1-BiologyMrs. M. DavisMrs. K. Rigdon
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Animal Cell
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Plant Cell
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Homeostasis The maintenance of a stable internal
environment, by regulating substances traveling into and out of the cell.
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Passive Transport Osmosis = the unregulated movement
of water across the cell membrane Does not require energy to take place Cellular response in 3 types of solutions:
– Isotonic = same conc. materials as the cytoplasm
– Hypertonic = greater conc. of materials than the cytoplasm
– Hypotonic = lesser conc. of materials than the cytoplasm
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Examples—Animal cell
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Example—Plant Cell
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Organic Compounds Carbohydrates = used for short-term
storage of energy and fuel (converted to ATP)
Fats = used for long-term storage of energy and fuel (also eventually converted to ATP)
Proteins = used for growth and repair of cells and tissues. Many proteins function as enzymes, allowing physiological reactions to occur (no reaction = NO LIFE!)
Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) = store information for reproduction of cells
GHSGT Science Review—2006
DNA DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid shape = twisted ladder (double helix)
– Backbone (sides of ladder) = alternating sugars and phosphates
– Rungs of ladder = nitrogen bases (C, G, A, and T)
GHSGT Science Review—2006
DNA vs. RNA DNA = A, T, G,
C, double helix– A bonds to T, G
bonds to C
RNA = A, U, G, C, single strand – RNA bonds to
DNA to read the genetic code
– A bonds to U, G bonds to C
GHSGT Science Review—2006
DNA Replication Replication = DNA copies itself during
mitosis, meiosis
GHSGT Science Review—2006
DNA Replication con’t.
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Genetics Gene = sequence of
3 base pairs in DNA, controls traits in all living things
Can be one of two types (alleles):– Dominant = always
expressed in phenotype
– Recessive = only expressed when there is no dominant gene present
Homozygous = 2 of the same allele (RR, rr)
Heterozygous = 1 of each type of allele (Rr)
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Genetic Crosses Punnett Square =
allows prediction of traits in offspring from parent’s known traits
Monohybrid cross = shows offspring that would results from 2 heterozygous parents for 1 trait
Dihybrid cross = 2 parents heterozygous for 2 traits
R rR RR Rrr Rr rr
3 red (RR, Rr) : 1 white
(rr)RT Rt rT rt
RT RRTTRRTtRrTT RrTt
Rt RRTt RRtt RrTt Rrtt
rT RrTT RrTt rrTT rrTt
rt RrTt Rrtt rrTt rrtt9 red/tall : 3 red/short :
3 white/tall : 1 white/short
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Cellular Reproduction Mitosis
-somatic (body) cell reproduction-conserves original chromosome number (diploid)-produces daughter cell identical to parent-Interphase is a period between cell divisions for resting & growth.
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Cellular Reproduction Meiosis
– occurs in repro-ductive organs
– produces gametes (sex cells) containing ½ the chromosome number (haploid) of the parent cell
– requires two cell divisions in order to reduce original chromosome number by ½ (haploid)
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Classification Taxonomy = study of
how organisms are named and classified.
System is from most general to most specific: Kingdom PhylumClassOrder
FamilyGenusSpecies“King Phillip Comes Over For Great Spaghetti.”
Binomial Nomenclature = scientific name for organism; consists of Latin genus & species designationsex: humans = Homo sapiens
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Crossing Over crossing over = varies the genetic
information of the offspring
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Five Kingdoms
Bacteria, virusblue-green algae
Euglena, paramecium
Mushrooms,Yeast
Athlete’s footBread Mold
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Biomes (Ecology) Aquatic = marine (saltwater) and
freshwater– Majority of world’s oxygen produced by
phytoplankton here Terrestrial (from coldest to warmest)
– Tundra = temp never above zero– Taiga = coniferous forest (think Canada)– Grassland = prairies and savannah– Desert = arid (very dry)– Temperate = deciduous forest (trees lose
leaves) Think Georgia!– Tropical = Rain forest, lots of rain, 80
degrees
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Biomes
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Resources Non-Renewable = any resource that is
used faster than it can be replaced– Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)– Metal ores (copper, aluminum, iron)– Building materials (rock, such as granite,
limestone, sandstone, marble) Renewable = any resource that can be
continually replaced or used– Solar/wind/geothermal/nuclear energy– Plants and animals (biomass)
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Communities Niche = role an organism plays in its
environment Habitat = where the organism lives Feeding Relationships
– Producers:• Autotrophs = makes its own food (plants)• Heterotrophs = must obtain food elsewhere
(animals)– Consumers:
• Herbivore = eats autotrophs• Carnivore = eats herbivores• Decomposer = breaks down organisms• Omnivore = eats everything above
Predation = one organism kills another in order to consume them for energy (animal-animal relationship)
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Communities, con’t. Living relationships
– Commensalism = one organism benefits, the other is unaffected
– Mutualism = both organisms benefit– Parasitism = one organism benefits, the
other is harmed• Kudzu is a parasite
In 2000, the City of Tallahassee implemented a program that uses sheep to “mob-graze” kudzu, an efficient and effective method of eliminating the invasive vine. The program is saving hundreds of acres of native plants and trees from destruction without using pesticides or heavy labor.
GHSGT Science Review—2006
Energy Flow (Ecosystem)