• Renaissance spirit of discovery and innovation in Europe

• Spirit led Europeans to set sail on voyages of discovery

• Period is sometimes called the Age of Exploration

• Search for wealth• Europeans desired

expensive luxury goods

• Flow of goods controlled by Italian merchants

• Charged high prices for these rare goods

Drive to Explore

• Hoped to find new, faster routes to Asia to gain trade foothold

• Wealth not only goal

• Some set out to find fame, glory

• Hoped making great discoveries would bring honor to their names

New Routes

• Other explorers hoped to spread their faith into new lands

• Another motive—simple curiosity

• Writings like Marco Polo’s very popular in Europe, intrigued many with tales of exotic lands, peoples

Faith, Curiosity

Foundations of Exploration

What is the easiest way to remember it all?The Three G’s:

GoldGloryGod

Although a little simplistic, this mnemonic is a great way to remember the main motivations of the European explorers.

Two Factors Stimulated ExplorationNeed for new trade routes

High price of goodsImprovements made travel easier

Compass Portolan chartsShip design

Europeans Discover New LandsPortugal became leader of

exploration in the 1400’sPrince Henry – “Prince Henry the

Navigator”Helped improve navigational

equipmentOpened a naval schoolSponsored exploration of the

African coast

The Portuguese Explore Africa1487-1488 Bartholomeu

Dias led exploration along African coastBecame first to sail the Cape of

Good Hope

Vasco da GamaSent on an expedition

around the Cape of Good HopeLeft in July 1497; arrived in

India May 1498Portugal won race for a sea

route to AsiaGoverned small colony in IndiaThis trip was very profitable

Spices were worth 60X the cost of the trip

27,000 miles round trip

Columbus’s Voyages to the CaribbeanChristopher Columbus

• Believed that he could reach India by sailing west (did not know about American continents)

• Convinced Queen Isabella to back his voyage (after several years)

• Studied sailing and navigation techniques and read books about travel and geography

Columbus’s Voyages to the CaribbeanThe first voyage

• Set sail on August 3, 1492

• Crew of 90 men, two caravels (the Niña and the Pinta) and his flagship, the Santa Maria

• Reached land after 3 weeks (San Salvador in the Caribbean)

• Called the local people “los Indios.” They were Tainos.

• Always thought he had explored part of Asia

Results of Voyages

Columbus—three more voyages to Americas

Still believed he had reached Asia Error not realized until about 1502

Explorer Amerigo Vespucci sailed coast of South America, concluded it was not Asia

Mapmakers later named land America in his honor

Results of VoyagesKnowing they had found new land, Spanish

set out to explore it 1513, Núñez de Balboa led expedition across Isthmus

of Panama After more than three weeks of travel, Balboa became

first European to see Pacific Ocean

Papal Line of DemarcationNews of Columbus spread

Line of Demarcation – created by Pope Alexander VI – imaginary boundary showing the land that Spain could explore and claim

Spain claimed land to the west, Portugal to the east

Portugal was unhappy with the line Treaty of Tordasillas moved

the Line of Demarcation almost 800 miles west

Ferdinand MagellanPortuguese Sailor -

Ferdinand Magellan

Believed he could sail to Asia through the South Sea

Spain provided 5 ships for his voyage

He set sail September 1519

Sailed South down the coast of South America Discovered a Strait –

Became known as Strait of Magellan

Ferdinand MagellanTrip to the

Southern Tip of South America took 130 days

Sailed across the Pacific and landed in present day Philippines where he was killed in battle

Ferdinand MagellanSeptember 1522 -18 of the original 250

member crew returned to Spain on 1 of the original 5 ships

These 18 sailors were the first to Circumnavigate the globe

40,000 mile trip across 3 oceans finally found a western passage to Asia that Columbus began searching for in 1492.

Magellan’s Trip

West African Trading Kingdoms

Portuguese in Africa1400s exploring for

water route to AsiaMombasa and Malindi

coastal cities on African coast

hubs of international trade

expelled Arabs & took control over trade routes

Set up and maintained forts along African Coast

• Nature of slavery changed when Europeans began to view slaves as important to African trade.

• Portuguese established large-scale farms, or plantations, first in Africa, then in Caribbean islands and in the Americas; later the Spanish, British, French, and Dutch did the same.

The Portuguese in West Africa

Portuguese in Africa

• Affonso I – ruler of Kongo resisted slave trade

• Tutored by Portuguese missionaries

• Hoped to establish Christian state with help of Portuguese

• Pg. 95 primary source reading

New African StatesAsante kingdom

present day Ghana

Osei TutuMilitary leaderUnites kingdomCreates wealthy

powerful state

Oyo EmpirePresent day Nigeria

Europeans in South & Southeast AsiaAfonso de Albuquerque , Portuguese, explored Indian Ocean

Goa – trading postsMalacca – port city seized by Portuguese

Muslim rulers established Mughal Empire through much of India

In 50 years Portugal established trading kingdom controlling much of spice trade between Europe and Asia for most of 1500s.

Europeans in South & Southeast AsiaThe Dutch

Northern protestant provinces win independence from Holy Roman Empire in early 1500s

As Portuguese power declined in Africa during 1600s Dutch (and others) took over their forts.

1652 Settled Cape Town - 1st permanent settlement

Boers – Dutch farmers settling around Cape Town

Europeans In South & Southeast AsiaIn India wealthy Dutch

merchants formed the Dutch East India CompanySovereign power

Gained control of Portuguese posts

By 1700s growing power of English and France led to decline in Dutch influence.

1521 Magellan claimed Philippines for Spain

Used Philippines as midway pointShip silver mined in America to PhilippinesBuy goods in China from Philippines

Europeans In South & Southeast Asia

Mughal India = larger, wealthier, & more powerful than any kingdom in Europe.

Saw no threat from European traders.

Declined Internal war and

economic problems

Europeans In South & Southeast Asia

Europeans in South & Southeast AsiaFrench & English

established East Indian companies (similar to Dutch) and organized sepoys

Mid 1700s struggle between British and French for dominance (Seven Years War/French & Indian War)British win

Europeans in East Asia - ChinaPortuguese reach China in 1514Ming ruler allows them to set up trading posts

at Macao (Guangzhou)1644 Manchus overrun Ming empire

Call themselves Qing empireUnder Kangxi & Qianlong Chinese economy

expandedLord Maccartney led British diplomatic mission

to China in attempt to expand trade Mission failed.

Europeans in East Asia – Korea & JapanKorea

Overrun by Manchus in 1636 Restricted trade – became

known as the “Hermit Kingdom”Japan

Welcomed tradersJesuit missionaries converted

many Japanese to ChristianityJapanese shogun’s fearful of

allegiance to Pope expelled foriegners Limited trade to 1-2 Dutch ships

Global Beginnings Chapter 3

First Encounters1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue and landed in Caribbean.

Spanish conquistadors, or conquerors, followed in the wake of Columbus.

Seized gold from the Taínos Converted them to Christianity.

Native Americans had no immunity, or resistance, to such diseases.

Small pox, measles and influenza wiped out native villages

The ConquistadorsHernan Cortés landed on the Mexican coast in 1519.

Cortés arranged alliances with discontented peoples who hated their Aztec overlords.

The Aztec emperor, Moctezuma, thought Cortés might be a god. He offered tribute to Cortés and welcomed him to Tenochtitlán.

When relations grew strained, the Aztecs drove the Spanish out of Tenochtitlán.

In 1521, Cortés returned and captured and demolished Tenochtitlán.

CORTÉS IN MEXICO

The Conquistadors•Francisco Pizarro arrived in Peru in 1532, just after the conclusion of a bloody civil war.

•Helped by Indian allies, Pizarro captured the new king, Atahualpa, and killed thousands of his followers.

•The Spanish then overran the Incan heartland

Ruling the Spanish Empire

Spain closely controlled economic activity, especially trade.

The Spanish grew sugar cane, which was grown on plantations and required large numbers of workers.

At first, the Spanish forced the Native Americans to work under brutal conditions.

Later, the colonists began shipping slaves from Africa to do their work.

The Church worked with the government to convert Native Americans to Christianity.

Church leaders often served as royal officials.

Spanish missionaries forcibly imposed European culture over Native American culture.

Spain was determined to maintain strict control over its empire.

The empire was divided into five provinces, each of which was ruled by a viceroy.

The Council of the Indies helped pass laws for the colonies.

THE ECONOMY

THE CATHOLIC CHURCH

GOVERNMENT

In the 1500s, Spain claimed a vast empire stretching from California to South America.

Colonial Society In Spanish America, the mix of diverse people gave rise to a new social structure.

Mulattoes were people of African and European descent.

Challenging Spanish PowerTo get around Spain’s strict control over colonial trade, smugglers traded illegally with Spanish colonists.

Dutch, English, and French pirates preyed on Spanish treasure ships. Some of these pirates, called privateers, even operated with the approval of European governments.

The Dutch, English, and French hunted for other gold empires and for a northwest passage to Asia.

• Spanish and Portuguese did not remain alone in their efforts.

• By early 1500s the English and French were exploring northern parts of the Americas.

• Dutch later joined in explorations.

• 1497, first major English voyage of discovery launched

• John Cabot sailed to Atlantic coast of what is now Canada

• Tried to repeat voyage; fleet vanished, presumably sunk

The English

Explorers from the Rest of Europe

Sir Francis Drake• English soon realized they had

reached an unknown land, not Asia

• Queen sent Sir Francis Drake out

• After stop in what is now California, Drake sailed north to seek route around North America

• The weather was too cold, and he ended up heading west around the world to get back to England. He became the second man to circumnavigate the globe.

• England wanted to find shorter route to Asia than Magellan found

• Sent Dutch-born sailor Henry Hudson

• 1607, Hudson set out to north

• Hoped to find Northeast Passage around Europe• Found nothing but ice, returned to England

• Later made two more voyages for English, one for Dutch

Henry Hudson

The French

• Also wanted to find passage to Asia

• Sent explorers to look for Northwest Passage

• 1534, Jacques Cartier sailed past Newfoundland into St. Lawrence River, claimed land as province of New France, now Canada

The French

New FranceHelped by Native American allies, French explorers and fur traders traveled inland, claiming vast territory.

Harsh Canadian climate attracted few French peasants.

The population of New France grew slowly.

In the late 1600s, the French king began to exert greater control over political and economic activities in New France to increase revenue.

French & Indian WarDuring the 1700s, Britain and France clashed in a worldwide struggle, known as the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763).

In North America, they battled each other in the French and Indian War.

The Treaty of Paris (1763), which officially ended the world-wide war, ensured British dominance in North America.

Relationship between settlers & Native Americans.

The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic slave trade was started in the 1500s to fill the need for labor in Spain’s American empire.

By the 1600s the English, French, and Dutch were heavily involved, too.

Triangular TradeThe Atlantic slave trade formed one part of a three-legged trade network know as the triangular trade.

The Middle PassageHorrible journey for

Africans.Walked 1000 milesPacked below deck in

grotesque conditions

½ died from disease, cruelty, suicide, storms, pirate raids or mutinies

The Atlantic Slave Trade

•Atlantic slave trade continued for 400 years.

• By the 1800s, an estimated 11 million enslaved Africans had reached the Americas.

• Another 2 million probably died during the Middle Passage.

• Effect in Africa•Rise and Decline of African States

Destinations of Enslaved Africans, 1500–1870

A Commercial RevolutionThe opening of direct links with Asia, Africa, and the Americas had far-reaching economic consequences for Europeans.

Prices began to rise in Europe, as part of the cycle of inflation.European inflation had several causes:

Demand for goods.Scarcity of resources.Money in circulation.

Commercial RevolutionExpanded trade and the push for overseas empires spurred the growth of European capitalism, the investment of money to make a profit.

Entrepreneurs and capitalists made up a new business class. Together they helped change the local European economy into an international trading system.

MercantilismEuropean monarchs adopted a new economic policy, known as mercantilism, aimed at strengthening their national economies.

To achieve these goals, European governments passed strict laws regulating trade with their colonies. exploited natural resources, built roads, and backed new industries. sold monopolies to large producers in certain areas. imposed tariffs, or taxes on imported goods.

The Columbian Exchange

How Did Economic Changes Affect Europeans?The impact of economic change depended on a person’s social class. Merchants who invested in overseas ventures

acquired wealth. Nobles, whose wealth was in land, were hurt by the price revolution. Hired workers in towns and cities faced poverty and discontent when their wages did not keep up with inflation. Peasants, the majority of Europeans, were not

affected until centuries later.

Within Europe’s growing cities, there were great differences in wealth and power.