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Goals:1. Differentiate between latitude and longitude.
2. Understand that a topographic map is a 2-D model that displays 3D information
3. Describe map characteristics such as scales, legends, and contour lines.
4. Analyze topographic maps.
5. Construct landscape profiles
Mapping Our World
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Question of the Day
August 30, 2011
Draw a map of your neighborhood, property (house and yard), or another familiar place.
Mapping Our World
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Cartography is the science of mapmaking. Cartographers use an imaginary grid of
parallel lines and vertical lines to locate exact points on Earth.
Equator- an imaginary line that circles the Earth halfway between the north and south poles. It is a line of latitude
Latitude and Longitude
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Lines of Latitude- Lines
running parallel to the equator.
Latitude- the distance in degrees north or south of the equator.
Equator - 0˚ latitude
Latitude
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Poles - 90˚N and 90˚S
Locations north of the equator are referred to by degrees north latitude (N).
Locations south of the equator are referred to by degrees south latitude (S).
Latitude
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Each degree of latitude equals 111 km on
Earth’s surface.
How do they know that?? Earth is 40,000 km in circumference.
Divide 40,000 by 360˚111 km
Latitude
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Lines of longitude mark locations in east and west directions.
Prime Meridian- the reference point for longitude.
0˚ longitude
Longitude
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Prime Meridian goes
through Greenwich England
Semi Circles- lines of longitude are NOT parallel.
Vertical Lines
Longitude
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Both latitude and longitude are needed to
precisely locate positions on Earth.
Coordinates:
(degree latitude, degree longitude)
Coordinates
North or South
East or West
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37˚20’ N, 79˚
31’ W
Bedford, VA
LatitudeLongitude
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Read Pages 27-31 Fill in Graphic Organizer
Class Work
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Latitude and Longitude
Latitude
Longitude
Detail
Picture
Detail
Picture
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September 1, 2011
Maps are flat models of a 3-D object, Earth. However, Earth is curved, so it is difficult to represent on a flat piece of paper.
What kind of effect do you think this has on maps of the Earth?
Question of the Day
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Since Earth is a sphere, it is difficult to
represent on a flat piece of paper.
Distortion: So, all flat maps distort either the shapes
or the areas of landmasses.
Types of Maps
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Projections
A map projection is made by transferring points and lines on a globe’s surface onto a piece of paper.
3 types of Projections:1. Mercator Projection2. Conic Projection3. Gnomonic Projection
Types of Maps
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Mercator Projections- a map that has parallel lines of latitude AND longitude.
(BTW- lines of longitude aren’t actually parallel, they cross at the poles)In effect: correct shapes of landmasses, but areas are distorted
Used for: navigation of planes and ships.
Mercator Projections
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Mercator Projection
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Conic Projection – made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a cone. The cone touches the globe at a particular line of latitude.
In effect: little distortion along that line of latitude, but a lot of distortion near top and bottom.
Excellent for mapping small areas.Used for: road maps and weather maps.
Conic Projections
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Conic Projection
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Gnomonic- paper touches globe at a single point.
In effect: direction and distance between landmasses are both distorted.
Used for: planning long distance trips by air and by sea.
-Great Circles
Gnomonic Projections
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Gnomonic Projections
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Detailed maps showing the hills and valleys of
an area. Show changes in elevation.
Also show mountains, rivers, forests, bridges…etc
Use lines, symbols, and colors to represent changes in elevation and features on Earth’s surface.
Topographic Maps
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Topographic Maps
What do these three maps have in common?
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Contour line- connects points of equal
elevation. Contour lines NEVER CROSS because they
connect points of equal elevation.
Elevation- the distance above or below sea level.
Contour Lines
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Contour Interval- difference in elevation between two side-by-side contour lines.
Index Contours- marked by numbers representing their elevations.
Depression Contour Lines- dashes inside a contour line that represent a lower elevation than the surrounding landscape.
Contour Line Terms
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Map legend- explains
what symbols represent
Map scale- the ratio between distances on a map and the actual distances on Earth.
More mapping terms
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Make a mind map for the three types of map projections.
Organize Information
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1. What type of map is pictured
below?2. What are the lines on the map
called?
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MILL MOUNTAIN ROANOKE
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Steep Slopes: contour lines are very close together, indicating a quick change in elevation.
Identifying topographic features
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Hills- usually one complete contour line within a small area, or a circle, marking the top of a hill.
Hills
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Sometimes two hills are
connected by a saddle, and there are two distinct hills with contour lines surrounding them at their bases.
2 hills
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The direction of stream
flow can be identified by looking at “V”s in the contour pattern.
The V’s always point UPSTREAM.
This stream is flowing south west, and then south
Stream Flow
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What direction is this stream flowing?
____________
Stream FlowN
W E
S
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1. What is the latitude of the north end of Blue
Lake? Use degrees and minutes.2. What is the contour interval of the map?3. What is the elevation of the top of White
Mountain?4. How many mountains are within the map?5. In what range of elevations is the town of
Dixon?6. About how many miles across is the map?7. What is the copyright of the map?
Topographic Map Reading
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Creating a Landscape Profile
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