Download - Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
1/98
GOVERNAN YANG BAIK
DALAM PENDIDIKAN
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
2/98
Kedudukan & Gelagat Anda
SUBORDINAT
SUPERIOR
Anda PUBLICPERSEKITARAN
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
3/98
GOVERNAN = TADBIR-URUS
KONSEP
1. The act or manner of governing, whichwould embrace markets, networks and
hierarchies and any mixes of them found
in particular context.
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
4/98
2. the means by which an activity or
ensemble of activities is controlled or
directed, such that it delivers an
acceptable range of outcomes according
to some established social standard.
(Hirst, 2000: 24)
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
5/98
3. a system of rules which constitutes
the form and process of the public sphere
which emphasises the formal rather than
the behavioral aspects of governance,
(Martin, et.al., 2000: 121)
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
6/98
4. how decisions actually are made
and implemented rather than how they are
formalized.
(Campbell, et. al., 1985: 7)
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
7/98
Governan
GOVERNAN
PANDUAN UNTUK SESEORANG
PENGURUS BERTINDAK / MEMBUAT
KEPUTUSAN.
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
8/98
Governan = kawalan/pengaruh
Kawalan
Legal Extralegal
Perundangan:
Akta; Ordinan2,
Keputusan
mahkamah,
Peraturan2
pentadbiran
Dasar; Nilai2;
Etika/Moral; dan
lain2 tekanan
yang
mempengaruhi
pembuatan
keputusan
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
9/98
Skop Governan (kawalan / pengaruh)
amatlah luas:
Dari governan oleh peraturan2 dan
arahan, nilai-nilai etika dan moral
sehinggalah governan oleh
matlamat2 dan objektif2
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
10/98
Perbincangan hari ini akan memfokuskepada:
- beberapa aspek governan extralegal
pengurusan (dan kepemimpinan) andadalam sesebuah organisasi mengikutkedudukan anda dalam struktur sistempendidikan, selaras dengan rol anda
sebagai pengurus dan pemimpinorganisasi anda.
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
11/98
Tujuan perbincangan hari ini
Supaya anda:
(i) memahami kepemimpinan yang
memberi keyakinan kepada stakeholders;
(ii) mengenali pengurusan yang terbaik
dan boleh mengamalkannya nanti;
(iii) memahami bagi mengelakkan dariberlakunya kelalaian, ketidakcekapan,
penyalahgunaan kuasa dan sikap negatif;
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
12/98
(iv) peka terhadap teguran/aduan dan
responsif terhadapnya serta bersedia
memperbaiki keupayaan dan prestasi.
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
13/98
Aktiviti 1
ANALISIS S-W-O-T
POSITIONING YOURSELF
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
14/98
PERBINCANGAN:POSITIONING YOUSELF
Apakah tindakan anda selepas
ini?
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
15/98
Aktiviti 2:
ANALISIS S-W-O-T
POSITIOING YOUR ORGANIZATION
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
16/98
PERBINCANGAN RINGKAS
APAKAH TINDAKAN ANDA?
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
17/98
Legal Governance
1. Undang2 dan Peraturan2 Pendidikan,
dll.(Pendidikan: 8 Akta + ^20 Peraturan)
2. Keputusan2 Mahkamah
3. Prosedur2 pentadbiran (pengurusan,perkhidmatan, kewangan)
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
18/98
Dasar Kerajaan
1. Teras Pembangunan Dasar Wawasan
Negara
2. Dasar2 Umum Kerajaan
3. Dasar2 Perkhidmatan Awam Malaysia
4. Dasar2 dan Matlamat2 Pembangunan
Pendidikan
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
19/98
Dasar2 & Matlamat2 Pendidikan
Matlamat2:
(i) Mencapai Dasar Wawasan Negara
(ii) Mencapai matlamat pembangunan
pendidikan beteraskan kepada peningkatan:
(a) akses kepada pendidikan
(b) ekuiti dalam pendidikan
(c) kualiti pendidikan(d) tahap kecekapan dan keberkesanan
pengurusan pendidikan
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
20/98
Governan:Kecekapan dan
Keberkesanan Pengurusan Pend.
1. Surat-Surat Pekeliling Ikhtisas (bersiri)
2. Surat-surat siaran biasa
3. Surat Pekeliling Kewangan (bersiri dantidak bersiri); Pekeliling Perbendaharaan
4. Surat-Surat Pekeliling Perkhidmatan
5. Lain-lain6. Etika dalam Pengurusan dan
Kepemimpinan
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
21/98
Refleksi
Apakah tujuan kesemua legal danadministrative governance tersebut?
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
22/98
Nilai2 Etika: Pengurusan dan
Kepemimpinan
Pengurusan perlu berlaku dalamparadigma sistem nilai masyarakat di
mana seseorang itu bekerja.
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
23/98
Etika
Etika / moral:
(i) rules of conduct
(ii) distinction of right and wrong
Social ethic= morally legitimate the
pressures of society against the individual.
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
24/98
Peringkat Etika dalam Pengurusan
1. Peringkat Etika Organisasi
2. Peringkat Etika Individu
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
25/98
Extralegal Governan: Peringkat
Organisasi
1. Teori Organisasi (Kawalan Birokrasi)
(i) Structural & non-structural(birokratik)
(ii) Teori Agensi dan mekanismanya
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
26/98
Governan Birokratik
Governan struktur:
(i) Hieraki (pembezaan menegak)
(ii) Pengkhususan / kepakaran(pembezaan mendatar)
(iii) Integrasi:
(a) Struktur: formalization,pemusatan; penyerataan; span of
control
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
27/98
(b) integrasi bukan struktur: budaya;
teams; sistem maklumat;
jawatankuasa2
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
28/98
Principal-Agency Theory dan
Transaction Cost Economics
Teori Agensi:
Hubungan antara majikan dengan pekerja /
agen
Ada contractual agreementantara keduapihak
Majikan (principal) membeli kemahiran
pekerja untuk mencapai matlamatnya. mahu usaha2 maksima dari pekerja
(efisyensi)
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
29/98
Perjanjian kontrak ini menetapkan duties and
obligationspihak pekerja terhadap majikan
Pekerja pula dibayar, dll.
Teori agensi mengawal pekerja melalui
kawalan peraturan
Kawalan birokratik
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
30/98
Transaction Cost Economics:
Fokus kepada persoalan bagaimana
memaksimakan keefisyenan transaksi.
Tempat operasi
Kos2 lain
Kawalan birokratik
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
31/98
Isu: Moral hazard
Agen mengelak dari kerja dan
tanggungjawabnya
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
32/98
Administrative Ethics
Relevant values in deciding the right thingto do:
1. Responsiveness
2. Flexibility3. Honesty
4. Accountability
5. CompetenceBERSIH, CEKAP, AMANAH, TELUS
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
33/98
Teori2 Nilai Etika
TEORI ETIKA
LEGALISTIC:
Moral laws;
Universal law
ANTINOMIAN:Incremental
model;
Equilibrium
model
SITUATIONAL:Ethical judgement
[good or bad]
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
34/98
1. Legalsitic: moral laws; acceptance ofuniversal law:
- ignores personality
- utilitarian philosophy: good =happiness
A good act is one that results in thegreatest happiness for the largestnumber of people.
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
35/98
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
36/98
2. Antinomian(denial of moral law):
(i) Incremental model:
Manager makes decisions that improve
the situation better than it was before.
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
37/98
(ii) Equilibrium model:
Manager is an important umpire: tomaintain the equilibrium relationships
between the welfare of various groups
affected by managerial decision.
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
38/98
Situational Ethic
(iii) Situational ethic: Ethical judgement:
- Rightness: The right thing to do =decision is based on the argument
against the action.- Justice: fair and just love
- Goodness: decision helps other
people is a good decision
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
39/98
Masalah
Bureaucratic organizations do not
happily accept maverick (non-
conformist) behavior; they prefer
managers who conform, who follow the
rules and who agree with the
establishment.
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
40/98
Situational ethic
If the human being is the center of
all existence, social institutions must hold the well-being of
people to be all- important.
William A. Evans (1981: 172)
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
41/98
Continue
What is good for man is good forthe organization.
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
42/98
Continue
Work organizations will have to adapt to
this new understanding or morality
inasmuch as their structure, leadership,
and tasks are consonant with theworkers growth and development as a
person.
Fitrah
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
43/98
Public interest
[Managers] make decisions that are the
product of a desire to optimize the
congruent benefits to all elements in the
system: consumer, employees,shareholders, stakeholders,
[consider all these elements, if not one
or more of these elements will suffer]
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
44/98
Grover Starling (2002). Managing the
Public Sector.
the administrator should make
decisions based on the best interest of
some collective, overarching community or
national good rather than on the narrower
interest of a small self-serving group.[p.164]
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
45/98
Managers:
Responsible for people in generaland cannot escape from social andpublic responsibility.
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
46/98
Ultimately managers has to be heldaccountable for the actions of
those who answer to him.
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
47/98
Ethic, Morality
(i) Ethics: refers to rules that are other-
oriented
- pay attention to another human being
(ii)Morality: refers to socially accepted
rules; the focus is on self interest
(iii) Value: refers to core beliefs
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
48/98
Domains of Ethical Theories
1. MORAL CONDUCT:
1.1 Teleological theories
- Stress the Consequences of /
outcomes of LEADERS ACTIONS
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
49/98
- 3 approaches to making decisions
regarding moral conduct
(i) Ethical Egoism
(ii) Utilitarianism [the greatest good for
the greatest number]
(iii) Altruism
- Based firmly on duty: one ought to do
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
50/98
- Focuses on reasonsfor doing an
action: pain or pleasure and outcomes
- Create happiness in others
(pleasure)
- an act is right, if it brings about more
pleasure than pain or prevent pain(outcomes)
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
51/98
Self-interest vs for Others
Ethical Egoism
Utilitarianism
Altruism
Low High
High
Low
Concern others
Concern for self-interest
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
52/98
The responsibility of a leader is to decide
wisely on the consequencesof his / her
actions.
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
53/98
Characteristics of an ethical / moral leader:
(i) concern for others: empathy; paying
attention to other,
(ii) love
(iii) transcendent [melebihi segala2nya]
(iv) a moral leader is the one who leadsby action and not words
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
54/98
1.2 DUTY
- Emphasize the Deontological
Theoriesduty or rules governing leaders
actions
- Focus on the Actionsof the leader:
(i) GOOD / BAD
(ii) Moral obligations and
responsibilities: DO THE RIGHT THING
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
55/98
Examples
- Telling the truth;
- keeping promises;
- being fair;
- respecting others
e.g. keeping information to himself isconsidered as unethical and immoral.
- the right of others- decieve
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
56/98
1.3. PERSON / DISPOSITION
Virtue-based theories
- virtues are rooted in the heart /
disposition- A moral person: self-control, honesty,
fairness, justice, modesty, generosity,
perseverance, public-spiritedness,benevolent, integrity, truthfulness, humility,
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
57/98
Ones ethical posture depends on onesvalues commitments;
Not only a process of decision-making, but
interrelated with the individuals world viewand value growth;
People regress because their needs(lower-order needs) are not met
Values and ethical growth are dependenton skills development,
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
58/98
Summary
An ethical educational leader is more thana person capable of moral decision-making.
oriented towards the good. Major concern: to develop ethical
sensitivity in himself and within theorganization.
People and institutions should develop asharmoniously and integrated as possible.
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
59/98
Ethical Values
1. RIGHT OR WRONG?
2. GOOD OR BAD?
3. HAPPINESS OR PAIN?
4. JUSTICE OR INJUSTICE?
5. etc
A Framework of Analyzing
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
60/98
A Framework of Analyzing
Governance
External Judiciary
Legislature
Formal
Agency head
Internal Whistle-blower
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
61/98
Informal
External
Citizen participation
Interest groups
Media
Internal
Professional codes
Public interest
Ethical analysis
People its serves
Process of Ethical Analysis
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
62/98
Process of Ethical AnalysisProses Analisis Etika Dalam Membuat Keputusan
(Model Grover Starling, 2002)
Nilai Teras Anda KutipanMaklumat/Data
Keputusan
Analisis setiap alternatif darisegi pendekatan etika
+ Pengalaman lalu
Definisi Isu
Isu
Moral DikenalpastiPenjanaan Alternatif
Analisis Alternatif
Penjelasan
(Keputusan)
Gut check
Pelaksanaan
Adakah saya akan dikritik
Falsafah Moral
Intuition
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
63/98
Ethical Leadership
Leadership concept
(i) Process and not position;
(ii) Relationships (leader-follower
relationship is central to ethical leadership)
(iii) Influence
(iv) work voluntarily(v) impact on the lives of those being led
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
64/98
Concept of ethical leadership
(i) Heifetzs Perspective(1994):
Leaders help followers to confront
conflict (conflicting values that emerge
in rapidly changing work environment
and social structures) and to effect
changes from conflict.
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
65/98
(ii) Burns Perspective(1978)
- Leaders emphasize on followersneeds, values, and morals.
- Leaders move followers to higherstandard of moral responsibility[transformational leadership]
- The responsibility of the leader = tohelp followers assess their own valuesand needs, in order to move to a higher
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
66/98
(iii) Greenleafs Perspective(1970):
- leaders should be attentive to the
concerns of their followers and
empathize them
- they should take care of them and
nurture them
- emphasize listening, empathy and
unconditional acceptance of others
Principles of ethical leadership
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
67/98
Principles of ethical leadership
[Northouse, P.G. (2004)
Respect others
Serve others
Show justiceManifest
honesty
Build community
Leadership Ethic Behaviors
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
68/98
Leadership Ethic Behaviors
(Kanungo & Mendonca)
Helping concern; (benefits) for
self (+)
Harming concern; (cost) for
self (-)
Harming concern; (cost)
for others (-)
Helping concern;
(benefits) for others (+)
Apathetic
Egotism
Hedonistic Egotism
Vindictive/self-destructive egotism
Utilitarian / mutual
altruism
Genuine / moral
altruism
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
69/98
Altruistic/ism= motivated by a concernfor the benefits of others and a disregardfor his own personal cost (benefiting
others)
Egotism= motivated by a concern forbenefits and costs to themselves anddisregard for the benefits and costs toothers (benefiting self)
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
70/98
Effective Leader
Effective organizationalleader role as
one that fundamentally involves moving
the organization from the status quo to afuture desired goal.
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
71/98
It involves the following processes:
(i) Environmental scanning [SWOT
analysis];
(ii) Formulation and articulation of an
idealized vision;
(iii) Implementation (motivate
followers)
What types of motivation required?
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
72/98
This requires a leader who
(i) has a moral altruism will
(ii) considers the followers needs and
aspirations (charismatic)(iii) shares vision with his / her followers;
(iv) is willing to take the risks
(v) is motivated by a passionate andsincere care and concern with a deep andabiding respect for others.
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
73/98
(vi) understands & motivates followers;
(vii) engages in modeling / exemplary
acts; innovative that often involves great
personal risks and sacrifices.
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
74/98
Ethical Leadership
Refer handout
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
75/98
Affliation
Leaders with motivation of the social-
oriented = altruistic motive:
- warm & friendly
-concern for others
- sensitive to the followers feelings and to
conform their wishes.
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
76/98
Avoidance affiliation= concern with themaintenance of relationships, and a fear of
rejection and being left alone (selfish love)
- motive: to demonstrate their importanceto them; to develop their own self-worth
- desire: is to be liked
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
77/98
Approach affiliation= concern with theestablishment of love relationships
- motivated primarily by a genuine interest
in others
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
78/98
Affiliative assurance relationships:
- emphasize relationships to protect
themselves
- affiliative assurance relationship produce
low employee morale and a defensive
feeling.
P
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
79/98
Power
Power as the source of influence:
(i) Personal power need= a leader is
motivated by power for personal
aggrandizement; use position power [self-interest]; demands loyalty and compliance;
insensitive to the needs of the follower
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
80/98
(ii) Institutional power need= a leader ismotivated by power to serve the purpose
of the organization; expertise. [subordinate
their personal interest to that of theorganization
E t
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
81/98
Expert power
The source of institutional power is theexpertise of the leader, not position;
- to serve and help followers
- places the interest of the others before
and might even be at the cost to self.
[This type of leader is likely to be more
effective than those high onpersonal/position power]
M ti
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
82/98
Motives
(i) The need for achievement motive:
- self-oriented / benefit to self;
- views organizational resources and
support primarily in terms of their own
objectives;
- motivated by personal achievement.
- transactional leaders (coercive, legal,
reward, power base
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
83/98
(ii) The need for social achievementmotive (altruistic motive):
- concerns for others
- initiate efforts that primarily benefitedothers and interest of others.
- Charismatic / transformational
leaders- Servant leaders
- Moral leaders
Ethi l B h i
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
84/98
Ethical Behaviors
Honesty Altruism
Integrity Unselfishness
Fairness Love
Loyalty Truth
Kindness Tolerance
Courage Responsibility Generosity Prudence
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
85/98
Compassion: Take care of others
General beneficence (dont bring misery to
others)
Frugality (not wasting resources)
Nil i2 I l
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
86/98
Nilai2 Islam
Khalifah Ibadah
Amanah
Fitrah Musyawarah
Be kind
Justice Tell the truth
C d f Ethi
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
87/98
Codes of Ethics
1. Professional
2. Tatacara Profesion Perguruan
Malaysia
Ethi l L d hi
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
88/98
Ethical Leadership
A leader is best when people barely
know he exists.
Not so good when people obey and
acclaim him.
Worse when they despise him.
If you fail to honour people,they fail to honour you.
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
89/98
But of a good leader,
who talks little,
when his work is done,
his aim fulfilled,
they will say We did this ourselves!
Lao-Tzu
Ethi l L d
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
90/98
Ethical Leaders
1. SERVE OTHERS:Altruistic behaviors:
- mentoring,
- empowerment,- team building
e.g doctor: his duty is to help others
attend to others
making decision: beneficial toothers
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
91/98
2. ARE JUST [control to decision making]
- treat subordinates equalfair & just
3. HONEST
- tell the truth
- honest
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
92/98
4. BUILD COMMUNITY
- leaders cannot impose their will
- transformational leadership
- cares everyone5. RESPECT OTHERS
- never treated as the means to anothers
personal goal- treat other peoples decision & values with
respect.
Best practices
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
93/98
Best practices
List some of the best practices in the
management of your organization /
institution.
Aktiviti 3
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
94/98
Aktiviti 3
Sediakan satu pelan tindakan dan
nyatakan governannya sekali.
Getting Support from Your Boss
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
95/98
Getting Support from Your Boss
Middle and lower managers may betotally committed to the philosophy of
situational ethics; they may judge
situations on their merits and come toconclusion that offer the optimal benefit to
corporate interests, to their colleagues,
to customers, and to society at large;they may minimize conflict, and they
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
96/98
may satisfy their own criteria; but in thefinal judgment, unless they convince theirboss and their bosss boss, and so right upthrough the management hierarchy, untilthe executive is convinced of the rightnessof the action, their situational decisioncounts for nothing except their own ethical
satisfaction.Evan, W.A. (1981: 174)
Some Principles
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
97/98
Some Principles
1. KNOW YOUR BOSS
2. COMPLETE DOCUMENT
3. KNOW YOUR TURF WELL4. RIGHTNESS OF ACTION
5. YOUR BOSS IS ALWAYS RIGHT
-
8/22/2019 Governan Yang Baik Dalam Pendidikan
98/98
TERIMA KASIH