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Graduate Lecture Series29 June – 3 July, 2009
Prof Ngee-Pong Chang
Lecture 5
SuperconductivityFlux Quantization
&SQUID
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Kammerlingh Onnes 1853-1926
On the Sudden Rate at Which the Resistance of Mercury Disappears
Communications of the Leiden Laboratory, 1911
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Onnes-Holst measurement of Hg resistance
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Meissner Effect
1933
Walther Meissner1882 - 1974
Robert Ochsenfeld
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Inside sphere
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Superconductivity
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Drude’s Theory of Conductivity
Perfect conductorLimit
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London’s Equations
London’s Equation
London’s Equation
SuperconductorIs better than
perfect conductor
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London Equations
Fritz London
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Proc Roy Soc A149, 71, 1935
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Maxwell’s Equations for Superconductor
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http://web.mit.edu/6.763/www/FT03/Lectures/Lecture17.pdf#search=%22superconducting%20phase%20diagram%20lecture%22
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http://web.mit.edu/6.763/www/FT03/Lectures/Lecture17.pdf#search=%22superconducting%20phase%20diagram%20lecture%22
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John Bardeen Leon Cooper John R. Schrieffer
BCS Theory of Superconductivity
Phys.Rev.108, 1175 (1957)
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Superconductor Charge Density
In Absence of Magnetic Field
Cooper Pair has zero momentum
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In absence of Magnetic Field
momentum
In presence of Magnetic Field
momentum
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Cooper Pair with zero momentum
In the Presence of Magnetic Field
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Superconducting Current
charge density is constant
phase depends on vector potential
Superconducting current
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Quantization of Flux
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Deep inside
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Deep inside
fluxoid
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Fluxoid Quantization
B.Deaver & W. Fairbank
Phys Rev Lett 7, 43 (1961)
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Brian D. Josephson
1940 -
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I II
Vo
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I II
Vo
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Josephson Current
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D.C. Josephson effect
Anderson & Rowell experiment, 1963
For V ≠ 0 , JDC = 0
For V = 0 , JDC = Jo sin δo P.W. Anderson
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A.C. Josephson Current
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A.C. Josephson Current
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PQ
b
a
Ca
Cb
Coupled Josephson Junctions in an external magnetic field
SQUID
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PQ
b
a
Ca
Cb
SQUID current for general Flux
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SQUID
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SQUID Biomagnetic Device
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Look to the Galaxies
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Is terrestrial physics different than celestial ?
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10-12 August, 2005
Nanyang Technological UniversityNational University of Singapore
Biopolis, A*STAR