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James JiangJames Jiang2012 Fall2012 Fall
??GRE ArguGRE Argu
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Revised GRE ArguRevised GRE ArguLecture 8Lecture 8
James JiangJames JiangNov 17, 2012
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Outline of Lecture 8Outline of Lecture 8
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Hasty GeneralizationEither/or FallacyPost hoc ergo propter hoc
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False AnalogyConfusing Cause and EffectFallacyBiased Sample FallacyComplex Cause Fallacy
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The Fallacy of DivisionThe Fallacy of CompositionAll Things Are EqualNon Sequitur
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Bandwagon AppealCircular ReasoningRed HerringQuestionable Authority
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Appeal to Common PracticeAppeal to TraditionAppeal to NoveltyStraw Man Fallacy
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ArgumentArgument
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ArgumentHeating Oil 6 60145146
150154155Margarine 5 1551130
131133On-the-job Accidents 5 32104105
106167
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ArgumentArgument
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Symphony and Funding 5 61139141143162
All-female College 5 74147148
149156Cheating and Honor Code 4 22119120
138Jazz Music Club 4 25100102
164
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ArgumentArgument
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Showerhead Water Flow 4 3552128129
Liquid Hand Soap 4 62121122
124Pest Control 4 78114116
117Speed Reading Course 4 113126127
161
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ArguArguspecific instruction
transition wordsArgument
component
evidenceconclusion
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ArguArgulogical fallaciesArgument
reasoning line
insufficient evidence
stated or
unstated assumption
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ArguArgu
counterexamplesalternative
explanations
unsolved question
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60The following appeared in a letter from a firm providinginvestment advice for a client.
"Most homes in the northeastern United States, where winters are typically
cold, have traditionally used oil as their major fuel for heating. Last heating
season that region experienced 90 days with below-normal temperatures,
and climate forecasters predict that this weather pattern will continue for
several more years. Furthermore, many new homes are being built in theregion in response to recent population growth. Because of these trends,
we predict an increased demand for heating oil and recommend
investment in Consolidated Industries, one of whose major business
operations is the retail sale of home heating oil."
Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated
assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument
depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the
argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.
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Write a response in which you examine the statedand/orunstated assumptionsunstated assumptions of the argument. Be sureto explain how the argument depends on these
assumptions and what the implications are for the
argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.
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60The following appeared in a letterletter from afirm providing investmentinvestment advice for a client.
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"Most homes in the northeastern United States, where winters are typicallycold, have traditionally used oil as their major fuel for heating. Last heating
season that region experienced 90 days with below-normal temperatures,
and climate forecasters predict that this weather pattern will continue for
several more years. Furthermore, many new homes are being built in the
region in response to recent population growth. Because of these trends,
we predict an increased demand for heating oil and recommendinvestment in Consolidated Industries, one of whose major business
operations is the retail sale of home heating oil."
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MostMost homes in the northeastern Unitedhomes in the northeastern UnitedStates, where winters areStates, where winters are typicallytypically cold,cold,havehave traditionallytraditionally used oil as theirused oil as their majormajor
fuel for heating.fuel for heating.
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LastLast heatingheating seasonseason that regionthat regionexperiencedexperienced 9090 days withdays with belowbelow--normalnormaltemperatures, andtemperatures, and climateclimate forecastersforecasterspredictpredict that this weather patternthat this weather pattern willwill
continue for severalcontinue for several moremore yearsyears..
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FurthermoreFurthermore, many, many newnew homes are beinghomes are beingbuilt in the region in response tobuilt in the region in response to recentrecent
populationpopulation growthgrowth..
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BecauseBecause ofofthese trends, wethese trends, we predictpredict ananincreasedincreased demand for heating oil anddemand for heating oil and
recommendrecommend investmentinvestment in Consolidatedin ConsolidatedIndustries, one of whoseIndustries, one of whose majormajor businessbusiness
operations is the retail sale of homeoperations is the retail sale of home
heating oil.heating oil.
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15The following memorandum is from the business manager ofHappy Pancake House restaurants.
"Recently, butter has been replaced by margarine in Happy Pancake
House restaurants throughout the southwestern United States. This
change, however, has had little impact on our customers. In fact, only
about 2 percent of customers have complained, indicating that an average
of 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change. Furthermore, manyservers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do
not complain when they are given margarine instead. Clearly, either these
customers do not distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term
'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine.
Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative
explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain howyour explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the
argument.
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Write a response in which you discuss one or morealternative explanations that could rival the proposed
explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can
plausibly account for the facts presented in the
argument.
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15The following memorandum is from thebusiness managerof Happy Pancake House
restaurants.
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"Recently, butter has been replaced by margarine in HappyPancake House restaurants throughout the southwestern United
States. This change, however, has had little impact on our
customers. In fact, only about 2 percent of customers have
complained, indicating that an average of 98 people out of 100 are
happy with the change. Furthermore, many servers have reportedthat a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain
when they are given margarine instead. Clearly, either these
customers do not distinguish butter from margarine or they use the
term 'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine.
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RecentlyRecently, butter has been, butter has been replacedreplaced bybymargarine in Happy Pancake Housemargarine in Happy Pancake House
restaurantsrestaurants throughoutthroughout the southwesternthe southwesternUnited States.United States.
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This change, however, has hadThis change, however, has had little impactlittle impacton our customers.on our customers.
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In factIn fact,, onlyonly aboutabout 2 percent2 percent of customersof customershave complained,have complained, indicatingindicating that anthat an
average ofaverage of9898 people out ofpeople out of100100 are happyare happywith the change.with the change.
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FurthermoreFurthermore,, manymany servers haveservers have reportedreportedthat a number of customers who ask forthat a number of customers who ask for
butter dobutter do notnot complain when they arecomplain when they aregiven margarinegiven margarine insteadinstead..
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ClearlyClearly,, eithereither these customers dothese customers do notnotdistinguish butter from margarinedistinguish butter from margarine oror theythey
use the term 'butter' touse the term 'butter' to referrefer toto eithereitherbutter or margarine.butter or margarine.
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32The following appeared in a memo from a vice president ofQuiot Manufacturing.
"During the past year, Quiot Manufacturing had 30 percent more on-the-job
accidents than at the nearby Panoply Industries plant, where the work
shifts are one hour shorter than ours. Experts say that significant
contributing factors in many on-the-job accidents are fatigue and sleep
deprivation among workers. Therefore, to reduce the number of on-the-jobaccidents at Quiot and thereby increase productivity, we should shorten
each of our three work shifts by one hour so that employees will get
adequate amounts of sleep."
Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated
assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument
depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for theargument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.
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Write a response in which you examine the statedand/orunstated assumptions of the argument. Be
sure to explain how the argument depends on these
assumptions and what the implications are for the
argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.
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32The following appeared in a memo from avice president of Quiot Manufacturing.
p
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"During the past year, Quiot Manufacturing had 30percent more on-the-job accidents than at the nearby
Panoply Industries plant, where the work shifts are one
hour shorter than ours. Experts say that significant
contributing factors in many on-the-job accidents arefatigue and sleep deprivation among workers.
Therefore, to reduce the number of on-the-job accidents
at Quiot and thereby increase productivity, we should
shorten each of our three work shifts by one hour so
that employees will get adequate amounts of sleep."
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During the past yearDuring the past year, Quiot Manufacturing, Quiot Manufacturinghadhad 3030 percentpercent more onmore on--thethe--job accidentsjob accidents
thanthan at the nearby Panoply Industries plant,at the nearby Panoply Industries plant,where the work shifts arewhere the work shifts are oneone hourhour shortershorter
thanthan ours.ours.
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ExpertsExperts say thatsay that significantsignificant contributingcontributingfactors infactors in manymany onon--thethe--job accidents arejob accidents are
fatigue and sleep deprivation amongfatigue and sleep deprivation amongworkers.workers.
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ThereforeTherefore, to, to reducereduce the number of onthe number of on--thethe--job accidents at Quiot andjob accidents at Quiot and therebythereby increaseincrease
productivity, weproductivity, we shouldshould shorten each of ourshorten each of ourthreethree work shifts bywork shifts by oneone hourhour soso thatthat
employeesemployees willwill getget adequateadequate amounts ofamounts of
sleep.sleep.
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61The following appeared in an article in the Grandview Beacon."For many years the city of Grandview has provided annual funding for the
Grandview Symphony. Last year, however, private contributions to the
symphony increased by 200 percent and attendance at the symphony's
concerts-in-the-park series doubled. The symphony has also announced
an increase in ticket prices for next year. Given such developments, some
city commissioners argue that the symphony can now be fully self-supporting, and they recommend that funding for the symphony be
eliminated from next year's budget."
Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be
answered in order to decide whether the recommendation and the
argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the
answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.
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Write a response in which you discuss what questionswould need to be answered in order to decide whether
the recommendation and the argument on which it is
based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the
answers to these questions would help to evaluate the
recommendation.
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61The following appeared in an article in theGrandview Beacon.
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"For many years the city of Grandview has providedannual funding for the Grandview Symphony. Last year,
however, private contributions to the symphony
increased by 200 percent and attendance at the
symphony's concerts-in-the-park series doubled. The
symphony has also announced an increase in ticket
prices for next year. Given such developments, some
city commissioners argue that the symphony can now
be fully self-supporting, and they recommend that
funding for the symphony be eliminated from next year'sbudget."
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ForFor many yearsmany years the city of Grandview hasthe city of Grandview hasprovided annual funding for the Grandviewprovided annual funding for the Grandview
Symphony.Symphony.
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LastLast yearyear,, howeverhowever, private contributions to, private contributions tothe symphonythe symphony increasedincreased byby 200200 percentpercent
and attendance at the symphony'sand attendance at the symphony'sconcertsconcerts--inin--thethe--park seriespark series doubleddoubled..
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The symphony hasThe symphony has alsoalso announced anannounced anincreaseincrease in ticket prices forin ticket prices for nextnext yearyear..
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Given such developments, some cityGiven such developments, some citycommissionerscommissioners argueargue that the symphonythat the symphony
can now be fully selfcan now be fully self--supporting, and theysupporting, and theyrecommendrecommend that funding for the symphonythat funding for the symphony
bebe eliminatedeliminated fromfrom nextnext year'syear's budget.budget.
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Summary of Lecture 8Summary of Lecture 8
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Thank youThank you
The EndThe End(Beijing Time)(Beijing Time)
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