Transcript
Page 1: Greek Personality in Archaic Sculpture () || NOTES. ABBREVIATIONS

N O T E S

ABBREVIATIONS

A.A.—Archaeologischer Anzeiger.

Abh.Akad.—Abhandlungen der Akademie.

AJ.A.—American Journal of Archaeology.

A.M.A.—H. Schräder—E. Langlotz—W. H. Schuchhardt, Die ar-chaischen Marmorbildwerke der Akropolis, 1939.

A.M.S.—H. Schräder, Archaische Marmorskulpturen im Akropolis-Museum, 1909.

Amt. Atene—Annuario della R. Scuola Italiana in Atene.

Ath. Mitt.—Athenische Mitteilungen.

B.C.H.—Bulletin de correspondance hellénique.

B.S.A.—Annual of the British School at Atens.

Brunn-Bruckmann—H. Brunn, Denkmaeler griechischer und roemis-cher Skulptur, Muenchen, Bruckmann.

C.A.H.—Cambridge Ancient History.

C.V.—Corpus vasorum antiquorum.

Deltion—Archaeologikon Deltion (Greek).

Ephem.—Archaeologiki Ephemeris (Greek).

F.d.D.—Fouilles de Delphes (Ecole Française d'Athènes).

Fvrtvuaençler—Reichhold—F.-R., Griechische Vasenmalerei.

J.H.S.—Journal of Hellenic Studies.

Jahrb.—Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archaeologischen Instituts.

K.i.B.—F. Winter, Kunstgeschichte in Bildern.

Metr. Mus. Stud.—Metropolitan Museum Studies.

Oest. Jahr.—Jahreshefte des Oesterreichischen Archaeologischen In-

stituts.

P.-Y.—H. Payne and G. M. Young, Archaic Marble Sculptures from

the Acropolis, 1936.

Payne, Necrocor.—H. Payne, Necrocorinthia, 1930.

R.E.—Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Ençyclopaedie der klassischen Altertums-

wissenschaft.

Roem. Mitt.—Roemische Mitteilungen.

Sitz.-Ber. Atad.—Sitzungs-Berichte der Akademie.

Thteme-Becker—Th.-B., Kuenstlerlexikon.

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NOTES C H A P T E R I

ι . The words sculpture and sculptor are used here in a broad tense, covering all kinds of plastic art, in stone or metal, clay, ivory, bone or wood.

2. For a comprehensive survey see the fundamental works by Chr. Tsountas, Dimini and Sesklo (in Greek, 1908), pp. 283(1., pis. 31-38, and Wace and Thompson, Prehistoric Thessaly (1912), p. 266, s.v. Figurines; also G. Mylonas, The Neolithic Epoch in Greece (1928, in Greek), pp. i8ff. 3sff. 119; and Wace's summary in C.A.H., vol. I, 1924, pp. 173®. Cycladic idols: P. Wolters, Ath. Mitt., 11, 1891, pp. 46 ff.; Tsuntas, Ephem., 1898, pis. iof.; F. N. Pryce, Brit. Mus. Cat. Sculpt. I, ι , pp. iff., pis. i f . ; H. Bossert, The Art of Ancient Crete (1937), figs. 404.-426; Chr. Zervos, L'Art en Grèce (1934), figs. 6-24; Sp. Marinatos, Arch. Anz., 1933, pp. 299®, ; Val. Müller, Frühe Plastik in Griechenland <u. Vorderasien (1929), pp. 3ff., pis. iff., with hun-dreds of small line drawings.

3. Steatite lid from an Early Minoan tomb at Mochlos : R. Seager, Explor. in the Island of Mochlos (1912), pp. 2of., figs. 4f.; A . Evans, Palace of Minos, I, p. 94, fig. 62. Gold pendant from the E. M. Ceme-tery of Mallia: P. Demargne, B. C. H., LIV, 1930, pp. 41 iff., pi. 19; Bossert, I.e., fig. 381 ; Evans, I.e., IV, p. 75, fig. 48.

4. H. Schliemann, Mycenae, 1878; C. Schuchhardt, Schliemann's Excavations (transi, by E. Sellers), 1891; G. Perrot and Ch. Chipiez, Histoire de l'Art dans l'Antiquité, VI (English transi. 1894) ; G. Karo, Die Schachtgräber von Mykenai, 1930-32 ; A. Evans, The Pal-ace of Minos at Knossos, 1921-1936; Wace, I.e., II, 1924, pp. 43iff. and Chamber Tombs at Mycenae (Archaeologia, LXXXII, 1932) ; D. Fimmen, Die Kretisch-mykenische Kultur (1921); Bossert, I.e.; H. R. Hall, Aegean Archaeology (1915), and The Civilization of Greece in the Bronze Age (1928).

5. Minoan and Mycenaean reliefs in painted stucco: Evans, I.e., Index vol. pp. i46f. ; Bossert, I.e., figs. 87, 220, 255-257; Zervos, I.e., figs· 33"3J· Reliefs on stone vases: Evans, ibid., p. 205, s.v. Steatite; Bossert, I.e., figs. 65, 269-281; on metal vases: Evans, ibid., pp. 6if. (gold), 199t. (silver) ; Karo, I.e., pp. 2258., pis. 105®.; Bossert, I.e., figs. 7off.

6. Evans, I.e., II, pp. 5278., figs. 33öS. 827®. figs. 542ÉÍ, ; Karo, I.e., pp. 77f. 93, pis. 117-121; Bossert, I.e., figs. 95f. 3o8f.

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IN ARCHAIC SCULPTURE, NOTES 285 7. The large curls from which Evans reconstructs a gigantic cult

image {I.e., I l l , pp. 521®·, figs. 365t., IV, p. 612), may be independent votive offerings.

8. Ivory acrobats: Evans, I.e., I l l , pp. 428Í?., figs. 294s.; Bossert, I.e., figs. 303 ff.

9. Tsountas, I.e., pp. 49ff., 798. ; cf. Wace-Thompson, I.e., p. 266, s.v. Architecture; W. Doerpfeld, Troja und Ilion I, pp. 60S., figs 238. The dates of Troy I and II are now firmly established around 3200-2600 and 2600-2300 B.C., by the University of Cincinnati's excava-tions, which will soon be published by C. W. Biegen and his collabo-rators. See Biegen, B.S.A., XXXVII , pp. 8ff. and A.J.A., 44, 1940, pp. 36jf. On the roof of the megaron, ibid., 46, 1942, pp. 99ff. 37off. (E. B. Smith). 49, 194s, pp. 35ff. (Biegen). 48, 1944, pp. 3428. (V. Mueller).

io. Brit. Mus. Cat. Sculpt., I, 1, pp. uf f . , figs. i3ff., pi. 3 ; A. Wace, B.S.A., XXV, pp. 338ff. and Antiquity, XIV, 1940, pp. 233«. The final excavations, carried out by Wace a few weeks before the out-break of the war, refute Evans's attempts to date the Atreus Tomb to L.M.I. (sixteenth century B.C.), in The Shaft Graves and Chamber Tombs of Mycenae, pp. 67®.; cf. J . L. Myres, Who Were the Greeks?, pp. 282ff., 38iff. The beehive tomb discovered by R. W. Hutchinson near Knossos, in 1938, "is not to be dated earlier than 1500 B.C." (Wace, I.e., p. 233).

h . The tholos at Delphi, by far the oldest of its kind in historical Greece, was built in the sixth century B.C. The date is discussed be-low, pp. 131. 138. Early Minoan circular tombs: St. Xanthoudidis, The Vaulted Tombs of Messara, 1924; L. Banti, Annuario d. Scuola Ital. di Atene 13/14, 1934, pp. 1478·; Sp. Marinatos, Deltion, 12, 1929, pp. i36ff. No Middle Minoan tombs of this shape have been found as yet; the Knossian tholos just mentioned may be either a re-vival or, more probably, an imitation of the mainland type.

12. Karo, I.e., pp. 224ff.; Evans, I.e., Index, s.v. rhytons, pp. 15 i f . ; Bossert, I.e., figs. 76, 95f., 3o8f.

13. Masks: Karo, I.e., pp. 37ff., 7jf., 121, pis. 47-52, with an an-thropological discussion by E. Fischer on pp. 32öS. ; Bossert, I.e., 9zff. Stelae: W. A. Heurtley, B.S.A. XXV, pp. 126ft., pis. 19-21; Karo, I.e., pp. 29ff., pis. 5-10; Bossert, I.e., figs. 66f. ; G. Richter, Archaic Attic Gravestones, p. 8.

14. Cf. the remarkable sealings with the heads of a king and a youthful prince, Evans, I.e. I, p. 272, fig. 201, datable to M.M.III, and the "foreigner's" head on a contemporary gem, ibid. IV, p. 218, fig. 167 and Suppl. plate 54 k.

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286 GREEK PERSONALITY 15. B.S.A., XXV, pp. 9E, pi. 1 ; Bossert, I.e. figs. 9f. Minoan

parallels: Evans, I.e. IV, pp. 6o8ff., figs. 597®.

16. See above, note 10, and for the sculptures Perrot-Chipiez, I.e., pis. 5f. and p. 646; Brit. Mus. Cat. Sculpt. I, 1, pp. ιψβ., z8ff., figs. 2¡f. The bull reliefs: Evans, I.e. I l l , pp. 1928.; Bossert, I.e. figs. i6ff. Wace and Marinatos had prepared a new and final reconstruc-tion of the façade just before the invasion of Greece.

17. Ivories: e.g., Evans, I.e., Index pp. 75f.; Bossert, I.e. figs. 30-62, 82, 263-266, 302, 305. Bronze (and lead) statuettes: Bossert, I.e. figs. 88ff, 3 i i f f . Clay figurines: e.g., Wace, Chamber Tombs, p. 23J, s.v. Figurines; Froedin-Persson, Asirte, pp. 3070., figs. 2 i i f f . ; Bossert, l.c„ figs. 83. 86. 284fiE. ; R. Demangel, F A.D., II, 5, 3, p. 1 1 , fig. 12, pp. 148., figs. i6ff. ; Marinatos, A.A., 1933, p. 305, fig. 16; V. Mueller, I.e., pis. uff-, figs. 219-160.

18. The old drawing by Doerpfeld, in Schliemann's Tiryns (1885), p. 293, fig. 122, reproduced again and again, is now superseded by H. Sulze, A.A., 1936, pp. 146., figs. iff.

19. K . Mueller, Ath. Mitt., 48, 1923, pp. 528. ; G. Oikonomos, Efhem. 1931, pp. iff . See the comprehensive discussion by H. Payne and H. Bagenol, Peraehora, I, pp. 34-fl.

NOTES CHAPTER II

ι . See the important studies of the Austrian and Dutch schools of prehistory and art history, e.g., Adama van Scheltema, Altnordische Kunst; O. Menghin, Weltgeschichte d. Steinzeit (1931), and the same author's new edition of M. Hoernes, Urgeschichte d. bild. Kunst in Europa (1925), also Handbuch d. Archäologie I, 1938, pp. 403ff.; H. Kuehn, Kunst u. Kultur d. Forzeit Europas (1929) and Die ver-ges ch. Kunst Deutschlands (193s).

2. Excellent summary by J . Beazley, Greek Sculpture and Paint-ing, pp. iff . ; E. Buschor, Die Plastik d. Griechen (1936), pp. 6ff.; E. Kunze, Ath. Mitt., 55, 1930, pp. i4iff. ; R. Hampe, Friihgriech, Sagenbilder in Böotien (1936) ; Val. Mueller, Frühe Plastik in Griechenland u. Vorderarìen (1929), pp. 6off., pis. i8ff. (fullest illus-tration), and Metrop. Mus. Stud., V, 1936, pp. 165ÎÏ., where the discontinuity between Mycenaean and post-Mycenaean civilization is convincingly set forth.

3. The clearest case is that of Samos: E. Buschor, Ath. Mitt., 55, 1930, pp. iff., especially ioli., and below pp. 4off. The existence of

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IN ARCHAIC SCULPTURE, NOTES 287

large statues at such an early period still appears improbable to lead-ing authorities such as Beazley and Rodenwaldt. Y e t it seems to be proven by the evidence collected by Buschor, Kunze (//.ff.) and es-pecially V. Müller (/.f., pp. i57ff., and Pauly-Wissowa, R.E., Suppl. V, pp. 49off., s.v. Kultbild). Quite apart from what seems clearly to be a statue base, in the earliest Heraeum at Samos, the dimensions of this and similar temples demand cult images of considerable size. T h e rude colossus discovered by Biegen and Dorothy Burr (AJ.A., 31, 1927, pp. ιβ^β.) is unfortunately too primitive for conclusive dating. It may be a stone parallel to the bronze Apollo at Amyclae, below, pp. i44ff.

4. Found in 1924 in a tomb at Arkades ( A f r a t i ) , which contained only late Geometric pottery: Doro Levi, Annuario d. Scuola liai, di Atene, 10-12, 1927, pp. 187.5400. ; A.A., 1931, pp. 3oif., fig. 38. T h e date of such pottery is established by H. Payne, B.S.A. X X I X , pp. 230®. On similar late archaic capitals at Delphi see below, p. 231.

5. Evans, I.e. II, p. 523, fig. 325.

6. A n illustration of the Homeric procession to the temple of Athena (Iliad, VI , 285®.), on a Boeotian relief pithos of the seventh century: Hampe, I.e. p. 69, pi. 37 Bronze xoana: Samos: Buschor, Altsam. Standbilder, p. 24, figs. 74-77; A.A., 1930, p. 150, fig. 26. Dreros: Sp. Marinatos, B.C.H., 60, 1936, pp. 219Á., pi. 63. Palma di Montichiaro near Agrigento, G . Caputo, Mon. Line., 37, 1938, pp. 585®., especially 63off., pis. i f . Here an ancient sanctuary near a sulphurous spring yielded three wooden figurines of very early type, but associated with clay statuettes and pottery of the sixth and -fifth centuries. Caputo aptly compares similar small xoana on an altar, on a late red-figured crater from Spina, now in Ferrara. On the Nikandre statue's age, see Kunze, I.e., p. 142. There seems to be no possibility of dating the inscription within narrow limits. T h e earliest Attic in-scriptions, undoubtedly of the eighth century, furnish no conclusive evidence for a Naxian text. T h e statue can hardly be older than the Early Daedalid group discussed in Chapter IV.

7. See the discussions by E. Kunze, Ath. Mitt., 55, 1930, pp. 1416F. ; 57, 1932, pp. i24Ìf., who places these works in the late ninth and the first half of the eighth century, and R. Hampe, I.e., especially pp. 32ft., where most of them are dated almost a century later, also Kunze's reply, Goettinger Gelehrte Anz., 1937, pp. 28off.

8. H. Payne (and Others), Perachora I, 1940, espec. pp. 278. A special tribute is due to the competence and unselfish modesty, en-tirely in Payne's own spirit, with which T . J. Dunbabin has edited this posthumous work. Unfortunately, the Geometric deposit of Hera

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288 GREEK PERSONALITY

Akraia contained no plastic works, except a mutilated clay statuette of a goddess (pi. 115, 304, with text by R. J. H. Jenkins, p. 66). The only imported oriental objects are three scarabs "from Cyprus, Syria or Egypt," which Pendlebury (p. ηβί., fig. 12, pi. 18, 27-29) attributes to the XXVIth Dynasty (after 640 B.C.). But these dates are by no means certain, as F. W . v. Bissing has informed me.

9. See P. Kahane's careful and convincing study of Attic Geomet-ric pottery in AJ.A., 44, 1940, pp. 478ft. It embodies the results of Kuebler's work, who has published preliminary reports in A.A., 1930-1936. Cf. Karo, An Attic Cemetery (1943), pp. 98. 43. The first volumes of the final publication, Kerameikos I, IV, 1939, 1943, con-tain only the pottery from Submycenaean to Protogeometric.

10. Beazley, I.e., pp. zB., figs. iff.

11. G. Richter, Sculpture, p. 337, fig. 13 and Handbook of the Met-rop. Mus., 2d ed., p. 44, fig. 23 ; Kunze, I.e., pp. I43f., Beilage 38 ; Hampe, I.e., pl. 30 ; Buschor, Plastik d. Griechen, p. 9.

12. A. Furtwaengler, Olympia, IV, pp. 28ft., pis. isf., and Kl. Schriften I, pp. 36off. ; W. Lamb, Greek and Roman Bronzes, pp. 39ÉF., pis., 14ft. ; Κ . Α. Neugebauer, Katalog d. statuar. Bronzen in Berlin, I, 1931, pp. 9ff., figs. 4ff., pis. 4ff. Dancing girls, Furtwängler, p. 357, Lamb, I.e., Neugebauer, p. i9f., pi. 5, and Antike Bronzestatuetten, p. 31, pl. 13. He aptly compares a very early group of bull-headed men from Petrovouni in Arcadia, Hiller-Lattermann, Arkadische For-schungen (Abh. Berlin, Akad., 1911), p. 41, pi. 11.

13. Lyre-player (in Candía) : L. Deubner, Ath. Mitt., 54, 1929, p. 194, fig. ι ; warrior (in Würzburg, said to come from Delphi) : H. Bulle, ibid. 55, 1930, pp. i8iff., Beilage 60; helmet-maker (in New York) : G. Richter, AJ.A., 48, 1944, pp. iff., figs. iff.

14. B.C.H., 19, 1895, p. 282, figs. 13-16; Kunze, I.e., p. 150; F. W . v. Bissing, Anteil d. ägypt. Kunst (1912), pp. 59.68; Pendlebury, Aegyptiaca, p. 78.157^

15. These figures are now comprehensively discussed by S. Benton, B.S.A., X X X V , 1934/5, PP· 74®·, pis. i8ff.

16. See notes 12 and 14, and R. M. Dawkins, The Sanctuary of Ar-temis Orthia at Sparta, (1929), pp. 196ft., pis. 76ft:; H. F. DeCou, The Ar give Heraeum, II, (1905), pp. 232ft., pis. 70ft. ; Payne, Per-achora I, pp. 32t. i25f., pi. 37.

17. Terracottas: Kunze, I.e., p. 155, Beil, 42d.; Hampe, I.e., p. 36f.; Jenkins, B.S.A. XXXII , pp. 67^, and Perachora, I, pp. ioiff., pis. 876?.

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IN ARCHAIC SCULPTURE, NOTES 289 Excellent remarks in P. Knoblauch's thesis, Studien zur ar chais eh-griech. Tonbildner et (1937), pp. i8ff. 1148.

18. Vases with reliefs from Crete: L. Pernier, Awn. Atene, I, 1914, pp. 64ff. ; Sp. Marinatos, A.A., 1933, pp. 3i i f . , fig. 23; from Boeoda: Hampe, I.e., pp. 56ft., pi. 36ft.; from Rhodes: e.g. Ann. Atene, 6/7, 1923/4, pp. 3i2ff. ; Kunze, Kret. Bronzereliefs, pl. 54. Cf. in general Knoblauch, I.e. Very few of all such vases go back to sub-Geometric, none to Late Geometric.

19. D. Hogarth, B.S.A. VI, pp. io6ff. ; Maraghiannis, Antiquités critoises, I, pis. 29f., 42; Karo, Archiv f . Religionsvñss., 1905, pp. 62ff. ; Kunze, I.e., p. 42.

20. A.A., 1930, p. 151, fig. 27; Hampe, I.e., p. 34, pi. 30.

21. A. Evans, J.H.S. XXXII , 1912, pp. 274®. and Palace of Minos, III, p. 133; M. Nilsson, The Minoan-Mycenaean Religion (1927), pp. 44ÎÏ. 322 ; The Mycenaean Origin of Greek Mythology ( 1932) ; Homer and Mycenae (1933), pp. 248IE.; A. Persson, The Royal Tombs of Dendra (1931), pp. 65. i9ifE., and The Religion of Greece in Prehistoric Times (1942), pp. 125 ft.; Hampe, I.e., pp. 67$., has shown that Persson was mistaken when he recognized the myths of Europa and Bellerophon on two glass pastes from Dendra. With all due respect for the authorities just quoted, I still maintain that there is no certain illustration of a Greek myth on any genuine Minoan or Mycenaean work. Naturally I am not prepared to deny that the roots of Hellenic mythology may reach back far beyond the poetic and ar-chaeological evidence available to us.

22. An up-to-date list of such illustrations by Hampe, I.e., pp. 8off., with an able discussion of the whole problem, p. 748.

23. On lions in Greece see Herodotus VII, 125 ; Steier in R.E., XIII , p. 970. Gold diadems: Furtwaengler, Arch. Ztg., 1884, pp. 99®., pis. 8£E. (=Kl. Sehr. I, pp. 4S8fif.) ; Kunze, Kret, Bronzereliefs, pp. 265ff., Ath. Mitt. 51, 1926, Beil. 7. For the date Kahane, I.e., pp. 478ff. The Copenhagen vase now in Corolla Curtius, pis. 42L and pp. i2iff . (W. Hahland).

24. Dawkins, I.e., pp. 203ff., pis. 91-178, with the important criti-cisms of the author's chronology by Kunze, Gnomon, 9, 1933, pp. 12iff. and Matz, ibid, p. 464. 467. I accept Payne's chronological system, with slight modifications. Cf. A. W. Byvanck, Mnemosyne, 4, 1936/7, PP· i8iff., especially 198®.; G. Richter, Kouroi, pp. 4iff.

25. The treasure of gold and ivory recently discovered at Delphi belongs to a later period and is discussed below, pp. 226ff.

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290 GREEK PERSONALITY 26. Brueckner-Pernice, Ath. Mitt., 18, 1893, pp. 127ÎÏ. ; G. Perrot,

B.C.H., 19, 1895, pp. 28off., pi. 9 and Hist, de l'Art, VII, pp. 144, pl. 3 ; Kunze, Ath. Mitt., 55, 1930, pp. 1478., pis. 5ff., Beil. 40Í.; Hampe, I.e., pp. 3¿f., pl. 31 ; Matz, Gnomon 9, 1933, pp. 467^ The chronologi-cal controversy mentioned above, note 7, appears to be solved by Ka-hane, I.e., 478t. The Egyptianizing fayence lions found in the same tomb with the ivories are much too loosely datable to be of use here. See Perrot, I.e., p. 282, figs. i3ff., and Pendlebury, I.e., pp. 78.157^, (XXII-XXVI. Dynasty). Beazley, I.e., p. 4, fig. 6: "The greater cor-poreity, and the studied symmetry of the attitude, give a presage of Greek archaic sculpture."

27. This crown has been identified with the Greek "polos": V. Mueller, Der Polos, 1915 ; C. Robert, Muench. Sitz.-Ber., 1916, 2. Abh.

28. Only one figurine is complete: our Plate II, from Kunze's pi. 5 ; h. 0.24 m. Two others (Kunze, pl. 7 and Beil. 40.41) measured 0.18 m, but one of these is incomplete. The remaining two are much smaller and more summarily worked (Kunze, pl. 8, p. 162).

29. Athens, Nat Mus. 6612; A. de Ridder, Bronzes de l'Acropole, no. 701 ; Lamb, I.e., p. 73, pi. 20. First good illustration by Kunze, I.e., pp. 156fr., Beil. 44f.

30. Karo, Führer d. Tiryas, 2d ed. p. 47, fig. 17 ; Hampe, I.e., p. 63, pl. 42.

31. Ath. Mitt., 47, 1922, p. 92, cf. 53f.

32. I use the Greek form daimon, to avoid the derogatory modern significance of demon.

33. Hampe, I.e., pp. 64f., fig. 26; Argive Heraeum II, p. 351, no. 4. For early Gorgonic types, cf. Payne's excellent summary in Necro-eorinthia, pp. 79 fF.

34. Beside the barrow, the tomb of Gorgophone, the daughter of Perseus, was shown: Pausanias II. 21.7

NOTES CHAPTER II I

ι . R. K. Hack, God in Greek Philosophy, 1931, pp. 3ÍF., and Heroes in Homer, Transactions of the American Philosophical So-ciety, LX, 1929, pp. 57ff. I owe more to these works than I can ex-press here. See also C. M. Bowra, Tradition and Design in the Iliad, 1930, pp. 234<f.; W. Schadewaldt, Antike, 14, 1938, pp. iff. Unfor-tunately the text was already printed when Rhys Carpenter's Folk

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IN ARCHAIC SCULPTURE, NOTES 291 Tale, Fiction and Saga in the Homeric Epics (Sather Lectures, 1946) appeared. T h e issues which this fascinating and daring study raises cannot be discussed within the narrow limits of a note.

2. T h e results of the excavations in the Heraeum must be pieced together from extensive reports by Buschor and his collaborators, Ath. Mitt., 55, 1930, pp. iff. and 58, 1933, a volume devoted entirely to Samos, as well as f rom summaries in the Arch. Aitx., 1930®., AJ.A., i93off. (E. P. Biegen) and J.H.S., i93off. (H. Payne).

3. Careful observation of stratigraphical and ceramic evidence provides the following dates: Altar I I about 850 B.C.; I l l probably first half of eighth century; IV and V still within the eighth century (nothing later than Geometric, no Orientalizing sherds in the fill of V) ; VI early, VII late seventh century.

4. Ath. Mitt., 58, 1933, p. 158, fig. 9, Beil. 52, 3. Distance from altar about 12.5 m. The clay figurine and coin: 55, 1930, pp. 2f., figs, i f . .

5. Ath. Mitt., 55, 1930, ΡΡ· ι off., figs. 4ff., Beil. i f f . ; 58, 1933, pp. i5iff . , figs. 3f. i3ff. Beil. 46L 51, 4. Wooden revetments, ibid., p. 156, fig· 7·

6. See p. 43. Buschor, ibid., pp. iff., expressly states that none of the poros blocks with reliefs discovered in the Heraeum is older than the late sixth or early fifth century. And of the numerous marble statues only one goes back to the seventh century. T h e series of as-suredly Samian sculptures in stone hardly begins before 570 B.C. On one of the wall blocks of Hekatompedos I I the heads and spear points of three warriors are rudely engraved; they seem due to a stone-cutter's whim, not to a considered decorative scheme: ibid., p. 157, fig. 8. 17s, fig. 17.

7. Lippold, R.E., I I I A, 1929, pp. 722f., s.v. Smilis, and p. 469, s.v. Skelmis, a half-mythical artist to whom Callimachus, f r . i o j , at-tributes the second image of Hera at Samos, "a well-carved work", as opposed to its plank-like predecessor. According to Pliny, N.H., XXXVI, 90, Smilis worked with Rhoikos and Theodores, the famous sixth century Samian artists, on the "Labyrinth of Lemnos" (in all probability misquoted for Samos: Sellers-Jex-Blake, The Elder Pliny's Chapters on the History of Art, pp. 68f.). There must be a mistake here, since an Aeginetan sculptor would hardly have been called to Ionia by the leading native masters of their time.

8. "Naiskoi" : Ath. Mitt., 58, 1933, pp. 167ÎÏ., figs, isf . , Beil. 4sff. S3 ; cf. SS> !93°> ΡΡ· 12. ι8. Propylon and South Stoa: 55, 1930, p. 21 , fig· 7; 58) 1933. ΡΡ· i73ff·. Beil. 48f.

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292 GREEK PERSONALITY 9. Primitive tank: Ath. Mitt., 58, 1933, pp. 164Ì. Poros bath: A.A.,

1935, p. 239. Ashlar tank: 55, 1930, pp. 27ft., figs. loff., Beil, 8.

10. Ath. Mitt., 58, 1933, p. 123, fig. 69, with excellent remarks by R. Eilmann. Also A.A., 1933, p. 255, fig. 16; 1938, p. s79f., fig. 23 (a curious bronze group of a woman with her baby, seated sideways on a horse ; this may be as old as the relief described above, but is clearly oriental, not Greek; cf. the Luristan bronzes, below note 52).

h . On the significance of the lygos shrub as a symbol of chastity, which reaches back to pre-Hellenic times and survives to this day, Ath. Mitt., 55, 1930, pp. iff.; 58, 1933, pp. i7of. (Buschor). i22ff. (Eilmann). We cannot tell where the original lygos tree stood in the Heraeum. Its most likely place in the eighth and seventh centuries would be near the tank where the ancient image was bathed. Later, the complete remodeling of the sanctuary may have led to a trans-plantation. Today the lygos flourishes all over the marshy site of the Heraeum. The picture of a sacred site on the clay relief is probably due to oriental influence. Cf. e.g. the scene on the bronze gate reliefs from Balawat in Assyria, E. Unger, Ath. Mitt., 45, 1920, pp. 3off., pi. 3.

12. They are listed as W 1-9 in Ath. Mitt., 58, 1933, pp. i68f., figs, isf·, Beil. 45S. Their dimensions vary from 0.291 X 0.308 to 2.20 X 2.50 m. Only one spnall base is round (diam. 0.30-040 m.), the others are rectangular or, more rarely, square. Only parts of most are pre-served; in no case can shape or kind of the offering they supported be ascertained.

13. For the offering of Kolaios see Ure, Origin of Tyranny, pp. 68ff. (620 B.C.) ; n 6 f . (643-640 B.C.) ; Buerchner, R.E., I A , 1914, pp. 2203.2208.2213 (his dates vary from 6so to 600 B.C.) ; Schulten, R.E., IV A, 1932, p. 2447 (seventh century). The parallel founda-tions: Buschor, Ath. Mitt., 6o, 1935, pp. 238f. It is interesting to com-pare the description of Herodotus with an inscription from the Heraeum, proved to be prior to 650 B.C. by stratigraphical evidence: two men from Perinthos offered a tithe in the shape of a golden Gor-gon, a silver Siren (male), a silver bowl and a bronze lamp. Their comprehensive value and the cost of the inscribed slab amounted to 212 Samian staters: Ath. Mitt., 55, 1930, p. 47; 57, 1932, p. 128.

14. Furtwaengler, Olympia, IV, pp. ii9ff., pis. 448.; Kl. Schriften, I, pp. 385ÎÏ. ; Payne, Perachora, I, pp. 126ÉF. Central Italy: D. Curtis, Memoirs Amer. Acad. Rome, III, 1923, pp. 73f., pi. 53, V, 1925, pp. 45f., pis. 29ff. Spain: Arch. Anz., 1941, p. 205. Gaul: Furtwaengler, I.e., p. 115.

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IN ARCHAIC SCULPTURE, NOTES 293 15. Precursors of Geometric tripods: Evans, Palace of Minos, II, p.

634, of rod tripods: Ath. Mitt., 45, 1940, pp. i28ff.

16. Olympia, IV, pl. 48 ; Jahrb., 53, 1938, II. Olympia-Bericht, p. 108. Two stands from Praeneste, Curtis, I.e., pis. 27ff., p. 44; Fr. Poulsen, D. Orient u. d. fruehgriech. Kunst, pp. i2i f .

17. These curious attachments have been exhaustively discussed by E. Kunze, Kr et, Bronzereliefs, pp. 267s. and Ath. Mitt., 55, 1930, pp. i57ff.; 57, 1932, p. 130; Karo, Ath. Mitt., 45, 1920, pp. 139®·. whose chronological conclusions should be corrected according to Payne's discoveries (above, p. 18).

18. Fr. Studniczka, in Antike Plastik f . Amelung, pp. 251®.; Schuchhardt in Schräder, Die Archaischen Marmorbildwerke der Akropolis, 1939, pp. 325ff., figs. 375®. ; P. Gardner, J.H.S., 16,1896, pi. 12; Olympia, III , pp. 27ft., figs. 24!!., pi. 4; F A.D., IV, pp. i9if., figs. 76f.; E. Pottier, Vases Ant. du Louvre, pi. 13.

19. M. Maximowa, Les vases plastiques, pl. 17; Brit. Mus. Cat. Terrae., pis. 17Í.; L. Curtius, Ath. Mitt. 31, 1906, pp. 1746t. ; Buschor, Altsamische Standbilder, fig. 179. Alabastra shaped as kneeling male figures evidently remained popular in Ionia, as the beautiful boy from the Athenian Agora proves: Vanderpool, Hesperia, VI, 1937, p. 434, pi. 10. Another interesting parallel is offered by kneel-ing Gorgons on a bronze stand from Trebenishte, N. Vulic, O est. Jah-resh. 27, 1932, pp. i9ff., pi. 2, and C. Praschniker, pp. io6f. An un-usually large kneeling Gorgon of this late archaic type, said to have been found in the sea near Rhodes, is in the Louvre: Cat. d. Bronzes d. L., II, no. 2570, pi. 92.

20. The Caryatids at Delphi are discussed on pp. 2298. For the spirit of such Greek statues, an exception that proves the rule is pro-vided by the temple of Zeus at Akragas, built by Punic prisoners after the defeat of Carthage in 480 B.C. : its entablature rests on huge man-shaped pillars which express all the humiliation of vanquished Ori-entals. Cr. Puchstein-Koldewey, Griech. Tempel Unteritaliens u. Siziliens, pp. 154®.; P. Marconi, Riv. d. R. Istituto d'Archeol., I, 1930, pp. 185S. ; W. Dinsmoor, Archit. of Ane. Greece, pp. 9off.

21. Ath. Mitt. ss, 1930, pp. 45ff., Beil. i i f . These bowls are glob-ular, with incurving rims, and lack all decoration. The straight cylindrical foot rests, at least in one instance, on an early Ionic base older than those of the Rhoikos temple. Griffon's heads or protomes: A.A., 1930, p. 148 ; Payne, Perachora, I, p. 129, mentions the follow-ing specimens from Eastern Greece: Chios, Deltion, I, 1915, p. 77, fig. 13 and B.S.A., XXXV, pi. 31.38; Ephesus, Hogarth, Excav. at E., pi.

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294 GREEK PERSONALITY 16, 4 ; Rhodes, Payne, Perachora, I, fig. 19, and the jewellery dis-cussed on our pp. loof.

22. Ath. Mitt., 58, 1933, pp. 47ff. Part of the material had been published by W . Technau, ibid., 54, 1929, pp. 6ff.

23. T h e collection of sherds at Miletus has unfortunately been plundered during the troubled years between 1919 and 1922. For Chios, see K. Kourouniotis, Deltion, 1, 1915, p. 78, fig. 15; W . Lamb, B.S.A., X X X V , pis. 34ff. ; for Ephesus, Hogarth, I.e., p. 22, figs. 47®. , pi. 49 ; J. Keil, O est. Jahresh., 23, 1926, Beibl. 254, figs. 44ÉF. ; for Smyrna ibid., 27, 1932, Beibl. 1 7 1 figs. 85ff. ; C. J. Cadoux, Ancient Smyrna, 1938, pp. 434ff. Of Aeolian sites, only Lesbos ( W . Lamb B.S.A., X X X I I , pp. s6ff., pi. 23) and Larisa (Boehlau, Aus ion. Nek-ropolen, pp. 858., figs. 378. ; A.A., 1933, p. 1 5 1 ) have as yet yielded some comparable pottery; nor has the great emporium of Naucratis in the Nile Delta proved more fruitful for this early period : E. Price, J.H.S., 44, 1924, pp. i8off. For the Dodekannese, see note 24.

24. Rhodes: A. Maiuri, Ann. Atene, 6/7, 1923/24, pp. 2S7fi.; G . Jacopi, Clara Rhodos, 6/7, 1932/33, pp. 75fr., 119®. (from Kamiros) ; Chr. Blinkenberg, Lindos, I, 1931, pp. 23 i ff . , pis. 338. Kos: Ann. Atene, 8/9, 1925/6, pp. 266S. Nisyros: Clara Rhodos, 6/7, 1932/3, pp. 477ff. Cf. Ch. Dugas, B.C.H., 36, 1912 , pp. 495flE. ; A. Rumpf, Jahrb., 48, 1933, pp. 69IÏ. A fine Early Orientalizing Rhodian krater in Constantinople: P. Jacobsthal, Metr. Mus. Stud., 5, 1934-6, pp. I2of., figS. 2 f .

25. Blinkenberg, I.e., pp. iooff., pis. ioff. ; the pithoi pp. 255ff., pis. 4off. ; Salzmann, Nécrop. de Camiros, pis. 25 ff. ; Pottier, Vases du Louvre, Album pl. 1 3 ; F. Courby, Les vases grecs à reliefs ( 1922) , PP· SS®, ; Maiuri, I.e., pp. 33s f f . ; Clara Rhodos, 3, 1929, p. 260; 4, 1931. PP· 302ff.

26. Rhodian terracottas and limestone figurines: Blingenberg, I.e., pis. 53ff. 6$ñ.; Knoblauch, I.e., pp. i 3 i f f . ; Val. Mueller, Fruehe Plas-tik, pp. 65ff., pis. 20, 273-277. 3 1 , 339. 33,351.

27. Payne, Necrocor., pp. iff . and Protokorinthische Vasenmalerei ( I933)> PP· 9f· He has definitely established the Corinthian origin of the so-called Protocorinthian ware, which used to be attributed to the neighboring Sicyon: Fr. Johansen, Les vases sicyoniens. Re-cently G. Welter has claimed the majority of such vases found in Aegina for local potteries (A.A., 1937, pp. 24f . ) , and Payne tends to agree with him. Thi s side issue may be disregarded here, since such an Aeginetan variety would hardly be differentiated from the rest of Protocorinthian.

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IN ARCHAIC SCULPTURE, NOTES 295

28. See S. Weinberg, A J. Α., 45, 1941, pp. 30®. ; Corinth, VII , 1, 1943. T h e Geometric bronzes from Perachora (I, pp. 1248., pi. 37) hardly offer anything remarkable. Moreover, Payne has pointed out that many of them may come from Argos.

29. A few bronze aryballoi and lekythoi (oil flasks) of Protocorin-thian shape have survived; Payne, Necrocor., pp. 2 iof . and Pera-chora, I, p. 158, pi. 85.

30. Payne, Necrocor., pp. i7off., pis. 1.7-11.44; Protokor. fas., p. 23, pis. 22f. 25 ; Perachora I, p. 131. He dates the animal vases to the second quarter of the seventh century, the aryballoi with human or lion's heads around £50 B.C.

31. One would expect similar conditions on the flourishing island of Aegina, which commands the route from the Aegean to the Isth-mus. There actually appears to have been a parallel development there, though in a minor key. But as yet published evidence is too scanty for a fruitful discussion. See note 27.

32. On Butades, see Overbeck, Schriftquellen, nos. 2598.; Sellers-Jex-Blake, I.e., pp, i74ff . ; E. Van Buren, Greek Fictile Revetments, pp. 2iff . 64ft.

33. Van Buren, I.e.; Payne, Necrocor, pp. 248ff. and Perachora, I, pp. i i3 f f .

34. Thermon: Ant. Demkm., II, pis. 49ff. ; H. Koch, Ath. Mitt. 39, 1914, pp. 249fr. ; Roem. Mitt., 30, 1915, pp. 62ff. ; Payne, B.S.A. X X V I I , pp. i24ff. Kalydon: Poulsen and Rhomaios, Proceed. Danish Acad., X I V , 1927, pp. isff . Corcyra: H. Schleif, Korkyra I, pp. 43<f.; Van Buren, I.e., figs. 6 i f f . ; Payne, Necrocor., pp. 234ff. 249ff.

35. A great golden statue of a god, known as "the offering of the Kypselids," stood in the Heraeum at Olympia. It is mentioned by numerous sources, from Plato and Aristotle to late lexicographers, and was no doubt made of wood covered with repoussé gold plates, like the bronze statues from Dreros, below p. 95. It must have dis-appeared before Pausanias described all the archaic statuary he saw in the Heraeum, including the "Chest of Kypselos" (V. 17, sff .) . See W . v. Massow, Ath. Mitt., 41, 1916, pp. iff., superseding all earlier reconstructions and discussions of the Chest. He rightly dates it around 600 B.C. Periander, "foremost of the Kypselids," is said to have ruled from about 630 or later to 585 B.C. See R.E., VII , pp. i57off. and X I X , 1938, pp. 7118. T h e gold cup of the Kypselids in Boston: L. Caskey, Bull. Mus. Fine Arts, 20, 1922, pp. 65®. ; W . v . Massow, I.e., p. 63, Bei lage; C.A.H., Plates I, p. 274. T h e authen-ticity of this masterpiece, which should never have been doubted, is

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296 GREEK PERSONALITY supported by its weight (exactly 100 staters), and has been corrob-orated by the discovery of a similar, though far less beautiful and precious silver bowl in the Samian Heraeum.

36. P. Amandry, B.C.H., 63, 1939, pp. 86ff., pis. 19!!. See pp. 226S.

37. Payne, Perachora, I, pp. i3ofif., pis. 39®.

38. "The Kypselids dedicated (me) from the spoils of Herakleia" —probably the town of that name on the South coast of the Ambrac-ian Gulf ; R.E., V i l i , 1913, p. 433.

39. Our Plate XIV, from G. Richter, Sculpture, fig. 524; cf. Payne, Necrocor., p. 246, pi. 46, 1.4-

40. Fully discussed by G. Rodenwaldt, Altdorische Bildwerke in Korfu, 1938, pp. 8ff., figs. 3-8; Korkyra, II, pp. 167s. ; also Crome in Mnemosynon Wiegand, 1938, pp. soff., where the old woodcut of the site is reproduced from Mustoxidis' (the discoverer's) Delle cose Corciresi, 1848; G. Richter, Animals, pi. 2, 6; Payne, Nercrocor., p. 244, pi. 60, ι rightly regards this lion "as connected with Protocor-inthian rather than with Corinthian tradition."

41. Olympia, III , p. 27, fig. 23, pi. j ; Crome, I.e., pp. 478., pis. 7® . ; Kunze, Jahrb., 53, 1938, II. Olympia-Bericht, p. 1 1 5 ; L. Curtius, Ath. Mitt., 31, 1906, p. 155, has first discussed its use as a fountain-head and compared Ionian parallels. See also Buschor, Plastik, p. 22, and B. Dunkley, B.S.A., XXXVI , p. 193, pi. 24.

42. Olympia, IV, pis. 4j f . ; Kunze, I.e., pp. io6ff., pis. 46ff. ; Payne, Perachora, I, pp. i26ff., the most complete recent discussion of the subject. A griffon bowl appears on an early seventh century Proto-corinthian oilflask, with a "Dorian" tripod on the other side: Payne, Protokor. Vas., pl. 9, 3.4. More than a hundred clay imitations of bronze griffon protomes have been found in the Samian Heraeum, a very significant fact. Unfortunately none have yet been published ; those that I have seen do not belong to the earliest type, which re-sembles the griffons on Samian Subgeometric vases datable to the late eighth century: Ath. Mitt., 58, 1933, p. 86, fig. 32; see above note 14.

43. Kunze, I.e., pp. m f f . , figs. 7off., pis. 47®. The complete height of the protome, whose head appears on our plate, must have been between 75 and 80 cm (30-31 yí inches).

44. Cf. especially the splendid specimens from Vetulonia, Not. Scavi, 1913, p. 431, and Praeneste, Curtis, Memoirs Amer. Acad. Rome, 3, 1923, pi. 53 ; 5, 1925, pis. 27ff. These reproduce the earliest griffon type from Olympia and Perachora; and both find a useful ceramic parallel in a well-known jug from Aegina with a griffon's

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IN ARCHAIC SCULPTURE, NOTES 297

protome as a neck and spout, which formerly passed as Protocorin-thian, but has recently been assigned to the Cyclades: G. Loeschcke, Ath. Mitt. 22, 1897, pp. 259ff.; Payne, J.H.S., 56, 1926, p. 128, pi. 8 ("not later than the very beginning of the seventh century"). Olympia has recently yielded a lion protome such as we have long known from Etruscan imitations: Kunze, I.e., p. 108. pi. 45. The cross-hatched mane recalls Early Corinthian vases of about 625-600 B.C.; but the bronze is a good deal older, one of the earliest Greek lions of Assyrian type.

45. Kunze, I.e., pis. 47.51; Payne, Perachora, I, pp. i28f., fig. 19 (a magnificent protome from Kamiros in the British Museum).

46. Rhodian gold work: Brit. Mus. Cat. Jewellery, pp. 85ff., pis. ι if . Krater from La Garenne: Olympia, IV, p. 115 ; Lamb, I.e., p. 72, fig. 8. Spain: Arch. A<nz., 1941, p. 205, fig. 1. Griffoness with baby: Hampe-Jantzen, I. Olympia-Bericht, pis. 43f.; Antike, 14, 1938, p. 247, fig. 5·

47. E. Pernice, Jahrb. 12, 1897, pp. 98.; A.D., II, pis. 9-11.23/24. 29/30; Payne, Necrocor., pp. ii6ff. 1588.

48. Hampe-Jantzen, I.e., pi. 28; Antike, 15, 1939, pp. 40ft, figs. 26f. The style recalls Payne's First Blackfigured Protocorinthian, which he attributes to the first quarter of the seventh century, a date preferable to the slightly later one proposed by A. W. Byvanck, Mnemosyne, 4, 1936, pp. 2i4ff. However, the Corinthian or Argive provenance of the Kaineus plaque is not assured.

49. Hampe, I.e., p. 71, pi. 41. As Argivo-Corinthian reliefs have appeared at Perachora, their absence in the Argive Heraeum cannot be due to any objection of the goddess to offerings of armour.

50. Payne has discussed the interrelation between Corinth and Argos during the seventh century in Perachora, I. pp. 32ff. For Ar-give pottery and terracottas see A. Frickenhaus, Tiryns, I, 1912, and Kunze, Tiryns V (provided this volume, which was ready for the press in 1937, has since appeared) ; also Knoblauch, I.e., pp. 1258. and Jenkins, B.S.A., XXXII , pp. 23®.

51. Finds from Aegina: L Pallat, Ath. Mitt. 22, 1897, pp. 265s. ; R. Eilmann and K. Gebauer, Corpus Vasorum, Deutschland, Berlin I, 1938 ; cf. J. M. Cook, B.S.A., X X X V , pp. 165E Heraeum: J. Hop-pin, Argive H., II, pp. i6iff., pi. 67.

52. Payne, Perachora, I, pp. i38f., fig. 20, pi. 44, 1 ; A.A., 1933, p. 304, figs. 16. Cf. above, note 10. On Luristan bronzes St. Przeworski, Archaeologia, 88, 1938, pp. 229ff., and especially R. Dussaud in A. U. Pope, A Survey of Persian Art, I, 1938, pp. 2548., pis. 26-73.

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298 GREEK PERSONALITY 53. Hampe has fully discussed both these fithoi and the fibulae,

I.e., pp. $6ff. Cf. Ephem. 189a, pi. 8, and Buschor, Plastik, p. 14. (Mother goddess in travail) ; B.C.H., 22, 1898, pi. 4 (Perseus killing a monster composed of Gorgon and centaur) ; Boston Cat. of Vases, pis. 52f. (Hecuba and Trojan women bringing garments to Athena) ; cf. F. Courby, Vases Grecs à reliefs, pp. 66ff.

54. Archaic Sculpture in Boeotia, 1939, with complete bibliography. The figurines pp. ioff. 2iff.( the relief pithoi pp. i6ff., figs. çff. Cf. G. Chase, Festschrift J. Loeb, 1930, pp. 4581., figs. iff.

55. Only scattered sherds have as yet come from the Cyclades, the most important from the little island of Tenos: Kunze, Kret, Bronze-rei., pp. 2jof., Beil. 54 b; B.C.H., 62, 1938, pp. 479s.; A.A., 1938, p. 578. The large series from Rhodes and Crete differ both in technique and style. The original center of production has yet to be traced.

56. Frickenhaus, Tiryns, I, 1912, pp. 5iff., pis. 1. 6; Argine Her-aeum, II, pp. i6ff., figs. Iff.; Jenkins, B.S.A., XXXII, pp. 23ff., cf. XXXIII. pp. 66B. ; Welter, A.A., 1939, pp. ioff.

57. Earlier finds discussed by M. Nilsson, Minoan-Mycenaean Re-ligion, pp. 247ft. 3858., and Evans, Palace of Minos, IV, p. 161; recent discoveries by Marinatos, A.A., 1936, pp. 225f., figs. ¡i. ; 1937, pp. 22sff., figs, iff., and Pendlebury, B.S.A., XXXVIII, pp. i34f., pi. 31.

/

58. Exhaustive discussion by Grace, I.e., pp. ioff., figs. iff. 6. The Halae terracotta, p. 50, pi. 8, and H. Goldman, Festschrift Loeb, pp. 67<f., pi. 8.

59. Froehner, La Coll. Tyszkietmcz, pi. 45, and Mon. Piot, 2, 189s, pp. i38f., pi. 15. Often reproduced, e.g. Lamb, I.e., pp. 74.76, pis. 20. 22; Grace, I.e., p. 49. Latest discussion by G. Richter, Kouroi, pp. 4if., figs. 8ff.

60. C. M Bowra, Early Greek Elegists (Martin Lectures, VII, 1938)1 ΡΡ· 37ff·; Greek Lyric Poetry, 1936, pp. i6ff.; W. Jaeger, Ber-lin. Sitz. Ber. 1932, p. 537, and Paideia (English ed.), I, 1939, pp. 878. ; Hampe, I.e., pp. 74ft.

61. R. M. Dawkins, Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia, 1929, pp. 203ff., pis. 9iff. Preliminary reports in the B.S.A. must be consulted; see Kunze, Gnomon, 9, 1933, pp. iff. For the pottery, see Droop, B.S.A., XXVIII, pp. 57ff.; J.H.S., 32, 1932, pp. 303ff.; E. Lane, B.S.A., XXXIV, pp. 99ff., pis. 2off.; Massow, Ath. Mitt., 52, pp. 49®., pis. 2ff.

62. Vrokastro: E. Hall Dohan, Anthrop. Pubi. Univ. Pennsyl-vania, III. Karphi: Pendlebury, B.S.A., XXXVIII, pp. 134g. Tombs

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IN ARCHAIC SCULPTURE, NOTES 299 near Knossos and Geometric Cretan pottery: B.S.A., XXIX, pp. 224.fi. (Payne); XXXI, pp. 568. (Hartley). Arkades: D. Levi, Ann. Atene, 10/12, 1927/29. Idean Cave: Halbherr-Orsi, Museo Italiano, III , 1888; D. Levi, AJ.Α. , 49. ΐ945> ΡΡ· Prinia: L. Pernier, Ami. Atene, ι, 1914, pp. i8ff. ; AJ.A., 38, 1934, pp. i7iff . Praisos: B.S.A., Vi l i , pp. 231. 271 ; XI, pp. 2438. (Bosanquet-Forster). Dic-taean sanctuaries: Bosanquet, B.S.A., XL, pp. 6off.; Hutchinson and Benton, ibid., pp. 38®.; cf. Ε. H. Dohan, Metr. Mus. Stud., 3, 1930/31. pp. 209s.; P. Demargne, B.C.H., 26, 1902, pp. 57iff. ; Revue des Etudes Anciennes, 36, 1934, pp. sooff.

63. See above note 57.

64. B.S.A., XXIX, p. 279, fig. 34, pis. 11-24; Protogeometric and Geometric motives, pp. 27off., fig. 32.273, fig. 33.

65. Swans ibid., p. 273, fig. 9.289, fig. 37; tripod lid pi. 14; human figures pi. 12. A spinning woman on a similar base is engraved on a stele from Prinia, Mon. Piot, 20, 1913, p. 21, fig. 13. The Potnia Ann. Atene, 10/12, p. 370 fig. 431.

66. Excellent publication by Kunze, Kretische Bronzereliefs, 1931, with ample bibliography; supplementary comments by Fr. Matz Gnomon, 9, 1933, pp. 4S7ÎÏ.; D. Levi, I.e., pp. 3o8ff. and AJ.A., I.e.; also S. Benton, B.S.A., XXXIX, pp. 52ff. (convincing). Cf. Beazley, I.e., p. 5, fig. 7. The plaque from Kavousi, A J.Α., 1901, pp. i4Sf.; Kunze, p. 218, pl. 56e.; cf. Marinatos, A.A., 1937, pp. 222ff., figs. iff.

67. Beazley, I.e., p. 9, fig. 12 ; Lamb, I.e., pp. 59f., pi. 19 ; D. Levi, I.e., p. 28ff. (fig. 8 probably earliest appearance of Icarus in Greek art) ; terracottas pp. 1848.; E. H. Dohan, I.e.

68. Ath. Mitt., 22, 1897, PP· 2778. A griffon krater on a bronze plaque from Olympia: Antike, 15, 1939, p. 36, fig. 21.

69. Eilmann-Gebauer, I.e., passim; J. Audiat, Mon. Piot, 36, 1938, pp. 27ff. Comprehensive discussion by J. M. Cook, B.S.A., XXXV, i934/3S> PP· i6j f f . ; Langlotz, Antike, 8, 1932, p. 170.

NOTES CHAPTER IV

ι. "As he was the first to give [his statues] seeing eyes and strid-ing legs, as well as outstretched arms, he was justly admired by the people [of his day]. For the artists before him made their statues with unseeing eyes and arms hanging down and cleaving to their sides." This description fits the phase following upon the earliest

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300 GREEK PERSONALITY kouros type (p. 105). Writing towards the end of the first century B.C., Diodorus appears to have used Hellenistic Attic sources ; this is clearly indicated by his rhetorical praise of Daedalus's statues (not quoted above). The views of classical days are aptly expressed by Plato, Hippias mmor, 282 A : "As the sculptors say of Daedalus: If he were born now and made such works as those by which he made his name, he would be laughed to scorn." On Daedalus in general, see C. Robert, U.E., IV, 1901, pp. 1994ft. ; H. Stuart Jones, Selected Passages jr. Ant. Writers, 1895, pp. i f f . ; G. Richter, Sculpture, pp. i9Sf. and Kouroi, pp. 4sf. ; on the problem of the later Daedalus: A. Rumpf, Bonner Jahrbuecher, 135, 1930, pp. η\&·, and especially B. Schweitzer, Xenokrates v. Athen, 1932, pp. 2off., who deals exhaus-tively with every side of the question. It is mentioned briefly in the two volumes on early Greek sculpture, which W. Deonna has entitled Dédale, 1930/31, II, pp. 20.142; also Revue d. Etudes Grecques, 48, 1935. ΡΡ· 2i9ff.

2. See E. Loewy's Τypeniuanderung, Oesterr. Jahresh., 12, 1909, pp. 243ff., 14, 1911 , pp. iff., on which most subsequent articles are based.

3. Beazley, I.e., p. i6f. ; Payne,Necrocor, pp. 233ff. ; Buschor, I.e., pp. i3ff. ; and especially the excellent little volume Dedalica by R. W. H. Jenkins, 1936, with additions in Perachora, I, pp. i9iff., and the important review by Fr. Matz, Gnomon, 13, 1937, pp. 4028.

4. Odyssey, XIX. i7jff . : There are Achaeans, there are proud-minded Eteocretans, there are Cydonians, Dorians of triple race and divine Pelasgians.—Eteocretan inscriptions of Praisos: R. S. Conway, B.S.A., VIII, pp. 125 ff.

5. Berlin, Museum. E. Langlotz, Eine eteokretische Sphinx, in Corolla Curtius, 1936, pp. 6off., pis. $i. (also Antike, 14, 1938, p. 321, fig. 6). The series of other works, in which Langlotz discerns Eteo-cretan influence, is by no means homogeneous; they range from the turn of the eighth century to the early sixth.

6. Payne, J.H.S., 52, 1932, p. 242, pi. 10. The ivories will be pub-lished in Perachora, vol. II. Jenkins, Dedalica, p. 27, classes the sphinx as transitional between Subgeometric and Protodaedalic.

7. This term is less ugly than the more frequently used "Etagen-peruecke." The importance of this headdress for seventh century art has been first recognized by A. Furtwaengler, Kl. Sehr., I, pp. 448ff., and minutely discussed by Fr. Poulsen, D. Orient u. d. fruehgriech. Kunst, 1912, pp. i38ff.

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IN ARCHAIC SCULPTURE, NOTES 301 8. Dedalica, pp. iff. Cf. his careful studies on terracottas from

Argos and Laconia, B.S.A., XXXII , pp. 23ff. XXXI I I , pp. 66ff.; Perachora, I, pp. i9iff., pis. 87ff. ; also P. Knoblauch, I.e., pp. 17ÎÎ. i23ff.; A.A., 1940, p. 284, fig. 86.

9. The Menelaion bronze, B.S.A., XV, ρ 146, pl. 10; Lamb, I.e., p. 67, pi. 22.

10. Daedalic standing youths of kouros type: e.g. clay figurines from Perachora (I, p. 207, pi. 91, 42) and Sparta (Dawkins, Orthia, pi. 37, 2). Cf. G. Richter, Kouroi, p. 16, and below, pp. 1038.

n . Crete was claimed as the fountainhead of early Greek sculp-ture by Loewy, I.e. After repeated discussions of the complicated problem most leading scholars appear to share the view proposed in our text. See Jenkins, passim, and Matz, I.e., pp. 40iff., especially 409ff., with references. As far as I know, Rumpf still upholds the ar-tistic supremacy of Crete in the seventh century: I.e., and in Gercke-Norden, Einleitung in d. Altertumswissenschaft, 1931, pp. 5ff.

12. First published by Th. Homolle, B.C.H., 3, 1879, pp. iff., pis. i f . ; reproduced in many handbooks, mostly less well than in the origi-nal plates. One of the best illustrations, V. Mueller, I.e., p. 161 fig. 5, and Archaische Plastik, pl. 12. Two pieces of a similar, somewhat later statue were found in the Samian Heraeum: Buschor, Altsami-sche Standbilder, p. 23, figs. 72ff. ; fragments of a third at Delos, Homolle, I.e. A few inferior works in stone have no greater artistic value than ordinary terracottas: relief of a woman in Mistra near Sparta, B.S.A., XXXII I , pp. 7if., pis. 5.7 ; seated woman from Malles in Crete, Ann. Atene, 2, 1915, p. 314 (both Early Daedalic, older than the Nikandre statue, according to Jenkins, I.e.,, p. 31) ; several limestone statuettes from Rhodes, e.g. Brit. M-us. Cat. Sculpt., I, 1, pp. 158®., nos. Β 330-390; Blinkenberg, Lindos, I, pis. 8off.

13. Casson, Technique, pp. 1358.; V. Mueller, I.e. p. 166.

14. Jenkins, I.e., pp. 4i.6off., places it in his Middle Daedalic group (M.D.I, about 660-650 B.C.). This seems to be somewhat late. There are only slight discrepancies in the dates proposed by other scholars.

i j . M. Collignon, Revue Archéologique, 1908, I, pp. 153ÎÏ. and Mon. Piot, 20, 1913, pp. 5ff., pis. 1-3; H.0.75 m; reproduced very often, e.g. Beazley, I.e., fig. 23 ; G. Richter, I.e., fig. 262. The figure possesses all the qualities of full-size sculpture.

16. P. Orsi, Mon. Piot, 22, 1918, pp. i3 i f f . ; B. Pace, Arte e civiltà d. Sicilia, II, 1938, pp. 4<ϊ.

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302 GREEK PERSONALITY 17. Sp. Marinatos, B.C.H., 6o, 1936, pi. 63 ; he was to publish these

bronzes in the Monuments Piot, with fine plates by E. Gilliéron fils; A.A., 1936, pp. 2718., figs. 2f. ; G. Richter, Kouroi, pp. 4if., fig. 1 1 .

18. Studniczka in Antike Plastik f . Amelung, pp. 245e., pl. 20; Jenkins, I.e., p. 38, pi. 4,6.

19. P. Perdrizet, B.C.H., 21, 1897, pis. ιοί. and F A.D., V, pp. 35®., pi. 3 ; Beazley, I.e., fig. 24; G. Richter, I.e., p. 42, figs. 12-14.

20. Pottery: Marinatos, B.C.H., 60, 1936, pp. 2578. An isolated fragment of a remarkable Orientalizing relief fithos on pi. 28. Bronzes, pp. 2695., pis. 29f.; the stone Gorgoneion, pp. 25 if., figs. 2of.

21 . Pernier, Ann. Atene, 1, 1914, pp. 48ff., and A.J.A., 38, 1934, pp. 1 7 1 ® . The sculptures have often been reproduced, e.g. G. Richter, Sculpture, fig. 347. A fine photograph of the horsemen frieze in Buschor's Plastik, p. 15.

22. The first Daedalid statue of this kind to be discovered came from Eleutherna in Western Crete: Maraghiannis, Ant. Crit., I, pi. 46 ; Jenkins, I.e., pi. 7 ; E. Pierce, A. J. Α., 28, 1924, p. 269, figs. i f . Similar seated figures were found at Hagiorgitika near Tegea in Arcadia (Brunn-Bruchmann, pi. 144), and Skimatari (Tanagra) in Boeotia: Pierce, I.e., pp. 267®.; Grace, Archaic Sculpture from Boeo-tia, p. 52, fig. 68.

23. K . Kourouniotis, Jahrb., 15, 1901, pp. i8ff.; J . Svoronos, Das Athener Nationalmuseum, pl. 178. Best publication of the goddess by Rodenwaldt, Corolla Curtius, pp. 638., pis. 7-10, with bibliogra-phy. Good profile view, Koch, Ath. Mitt, 29, 1914, p. 251, fig. 9. Our plate is from a photograph by Hege in Pantheon, 1926. On the original place of the reliefs, Wace, J.H.S., 59, 1939, p. 210. The text was already printed, when Gisela Richter published the finest of all Daedalid ivories, now in the Metropolitan Museum, A.J.A., 49, 1945, pp. 261 ff., figs. 1-9, and convincingly explained the two figures rep-resented as Aphrodite and Peitho. Carved in the third quarter of the seventh century, the relief may have adorned a chest similar to that of Kypselos. The excellent enlargements bring out the monumental character of this little masterpiece (H.13.7 cm). The nearly naked body of Aphrodite is practically unique in Daedalid art ; cf. a solitary Cretan clay relief of a nude woman, Marinatos, A.A., 1937, pp. 222<f., fig. 3. It is interesting to compare our plate I. Cf. also the head of a large bronze statuette, Praschniker, Oesterr. Jahresh., 32, 1940, pp. 60S., figs. 3off. (Klagenfurt museum).

24. By their close connection with Late Protocorinthian pottery, al-lowing for a possible lowering of Payne's date ("beginning of third

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IN ARCHAIC SCULPTURE, NOTES 303 quarter of the seventh century") ; see above, p. 56, n. 30, and Necro-cor., p. 233 ; also Koch, I.e.

25. The finest are the East frieze of the Parthenon and a somewhat earlier metope from Selinus, G. Richter, Sculpture, fig. 410.

26. T h e sanctuaries of Hera, from Perachora and Argos to Samos, those of Artemis, from Kalydon and Lousoi to Delos and Ephesus, enjoyed special veneration in the seventh century. For the position of Greek women at this time, see W . Jaeger, Paideia, I, (English ed. 1939). Ρ· 95·

2j. Payne, Protokor. Vasenmalerei, p. 14, notes the "elfin charm" of this Protocorinthian phase. Cf. Jenkins, I.e., p. 49.

28. The survey by Jenkins, I.e., pp. 89S. is not complete. A fuller account in Poulsen's Orient, pp. 142 ff., figs. I58ÍL, with references. Best illustrations: Marshall, Brit. Mus. Cai. Jewellery, pp. XXIff . 850., pis. ι if . The two most elaborate pendants, in the Louvre, are still reproduced from the old drawings in Rev. Archéol., 8, 1863, pi. 10. Three plaques with the bee-daimon Melissa come from a tomb at Thera with Subgeometric vases: E. Pfuhl, Ath. Mitt., 28, 1903, pp. 91. 225, pi. 5. Rude imitations of Rhodian pieces from Ephesus, Mar-shall, I.e., pi. 10, 963 ; Excav. at Ephesus, p. 102, pi. 3.8 ; Poulsen, I.e., p. 141, fig. 160. Melos: O. Walter, A.A., 1940, pp. i25f., figs. 2S. Samos: A very delicately worked early golden relief of an owl men-tioned by Buschor, A.A., 1933, p. 252.

29. Jenkins, I.e., p. 89, quoting E. Gjerstad, Swedish Exped. to Cyprus, pi. 44.51.

30. Excav. at Ephesus, pp. 94ff., pis. 3ff.; Marshall, I.e., pp. 65ff., pis. 9ÉE. Cretan gold plaque from the Idean Cave in Athens: D. Levi, A J.Α., 49, 1945, ΡΡ· 3I3ff·» figs· 23-29; cf. also B. Segali, Boston Bul-letin, 41, 1943, PP· 4«ff·

31. On the general character of seventh century sculpture, see the important remarks of F. Grace, A J.Α., 46, 1942, pp. 122.341s. ; also C. A. Robinson, Jr., ibid., 48, 1944, pp. 132® .

NOTES C H A P T E R V

ι . Alcaeus, fragm. 32f. Diehl. O. Crusius, R. E., I, 1894, p. i50of., s. v. Antimenidas. He must have looked like the Greek mercenaries on a Babylonian relief of Sennacherib's reign (ca. 680 B. C.) which has been unaccountably neglected ; W . Andrae in Handb. d. Archaeol. 1 . 1939 . pi· 170, 2.

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304 GREEK PERSONALITY 4. Th. Homolle, B.C.H., 24, 1900, pp. 4458., pis. i8ff., and F. d.

G. Richter, Kouroi, p. 3, with n. 3.

3. Unfinished colossal kouros in a Naxian quarry: St. Casson, B.S.A,. XXXVII , pp. 2iff. Of Gisela Richter's Sounion group, nos. 1-8 were found in Attica, 9.10 in Boeotia (poros), 12 in Thasos, 13-15 in Delos (Naxian work), 16 in Thera, 22 in Rhodes, 23-25 in Nau-cratis (limestone). Only 1 1 , made in Argos, is a Peloponnesian work (p. 106). For a small torso from Phigalia, see p. 172.

4. Th. Homolle, B.C.H., 24, 1900, pp. 445ft., pis. i8ff., and F. d. Delphes, IV, 1, pp. 5®., pis. i f . ; W. Deonna, Les Apollons archa-ïques, no. 66, figs. 676?. Only one of the plinths, a small, serviceable block, had been carried off and built into a Roman wall near the main gate of the sanctuary. Important later discussions of the statues: R. Heidenreich in Corolla Curtius, pp. 67ft., pi. 1 1 , and especially G. Richter, Kouroi, no. 1 1 , pis. 18.19.23.

5. The myth seems a strangely pessimistic and uneventful choice for a warlike city's only archaic offering at Delphi. An ancient Ar-give legend of greater vigor, concerning Kleobis and Biton, may have existed, but we know nothing about it. See S. Eitrem, Kleobis u. Biton, Proceed. Academy of Christiania, 1905, 1, and L. Deubner's review, Berlin. Phil. Woch., 1905, pp. 1402®.; Also C. Robert, Sitz.-Ber. München, 1916, 2 Abh. The problem remains unsolved.

6. The inscription has been repeatedly discussed. See M. N. Tod, I.e., pp. 4ÉF. and G. Richter, I.e. The Argive stadium appears to have been fixed at 192. 27 m. by King Pheidon, in 748 B. C. Juethner, R.E., I I I A, 1929, pp. i94of. i96if.

7. Too little is preserved of the Prinia goddesses (above, p. 97) to show whether they were quite alike ; they probably were, as symmetri-cal architectural members, like the Caryatids of Knidos and Siphnos (below, pp. 229ff.). One can of course compare archaic funeral monuments of a pair of brothers, like G. Richter, Archaic Attic Gravestones, p. 101, fig. 99, or the group of Dermys and Kitylos, Kouroi, no. 10, pp. 77f., pi. 18; also reliefs like the twin Athenas on Attic reliefs, Nat. Mus., nos. 82, 1971, Papaspyridi, I.e., p. 33. Schrä-der, Arch. Plastik, pl. 12, gives a double photograph of Kleobis which shows how the pair looked; cf. W. Technau, Antike, 15, 1939, p. 278, figs. i f .

8. A. Hildebrand, Problem of Form, pp. 988. ; C. Bluemel, Griech. Bildhauerarbeit, pp. 27.32 ; St. Casson, Technique of Greek Sculpture, pp. I04ÉF.; G. Richter, Sculpture, pp. 14öS.

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IN ARCHAIC SCULPTURE, NOTES 305 9. As restored, the better preserved of the two statues is 1.97 m.

high (2.16 m. or 7 feet ' η · with the plinth). Length of feet about 0.36 m.

10. G. Richter, Kouroi, p. 81, mentions only two other booted kouroi, bronze statuettes from the Samian Heraeum (nos. i7f., pp. 89f., pis. 2¡f.) ; add three statuettes from the Athenian Acropolis, Nat. Mus. nos. 6597.6598.6607; de Ridder, pl. 2, 1-3; Lamb, I.e., p. 100.

1 1 . The Argive Heraeum, II, pp. i6ff. 194s., pis. 42ff. 70®. ; B.S.A. X X X I I , pp. 23 £f. ; Frickenhaus, Tiryns, I, 1912, pp. soff., pis. iff. ; W. Vollgraff, B.C.H., 31, 1907, p. 156.

12. See Payne's excellent sketch of early Corinthian sculpture in Necrocorinthia, pp. 232S., also Perachora, I, pp. 104.fi. 123®· The few extant stone fragments: A J.Α., 30, 1926, p. 48, fig. 1 ; 40, 1936, pp. 477®., figs. i6ff. ; A.A., 1936, p. 133, fig. 1 1 ; also the marble basin in Oxford, J.H.S., 16, 1896, pp. 275ÉF., pi. 12, which is said to have been found in Corinth, but may be an imported work.

13. Thermon: A.D., II, pis. 50ÍL; H. Koch, Ath. Mitt., 39, 1914, pp. 237ff.; Payne, B.S.A., XXVII , pp. i i3ff . Kalydon: Poulsen-Rhomaios, Trans. R. Danish Acad., XIV, 3. Cf. Searls-Dinsmoor, A J.Α., 49, 1945, ΡΡ· 68ff., figs. 4f. ; A. van Buren, Greek Fictile Re-vetments, pp. 6of. Corfu: G. Rodenwaldt, Altdor. Bildwerke in Kor-fu, 1939 and especially Korkyra, II, 1941, pp. 167®. ; Beazley, I.e., pp. 15®., fig. 28. Important remarks by G. Richter, Kouroi, p. 52, n. 20.

14. P. Orsi, Mon. Piot, 22, 1918, pp. i3 i f f . ; B. Pace, Arte e civiltà d. Sicilia antica, II, 1938, pp. 38. A comprehensive study of later archaic sculpture in Sicily and N^agna Graecia by B. Ashmole, in Proceedings of the British Academy, 1922. The provincial character of archaic art in these regions and their startling discrepancies are shown most clearly by the numerous metopes from the Heraeum near Paestum: the few specimens published hitherto represent almost as many different styles. See the last report of the discoverer available to me, P. Zancani-Montuoro, Gnomon, 15, 1939, pp. 53fi., also J.H.S., 1936, pp. 228ff.

15. E. Gabrici, Dedalica Seliauntia, and Mon. Lincei, 32, 1927, pp. 5ft ; P. Orsi, ibid., 25, 1918, pp. 353ÉE,; Payne, Necrocor., pp. 798.

16. R. Hampe, Ath. Mitt., 60/61, 1935/36, pp. 2Ô9ff.

17. Rodenwaldt, I.e., p. 18, mentions that the Gorgon's dress was red, her hair black or dark blue, the feathers alternately red and blue or black.

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3o6 GREEK PERSONALITY 18. Pindar, Olymp. XIII, ai , attributes the invention of pedimental

sculpture to Corinth: "on the temples of the gods planted the twin kings of birds." In Greek the same word is used for eagle and pedi-ment.

19. See especially Payne, Necrocor., pp. 248ff., and Perachora, I, pp. 84.91.113®., pis. A.B. i27f.; van Buren, I.e., pp. 2iff.; H. Schleif, Korkyra, I, pp. S3ff. ; I . Th. Hill-L. S. King, Corinth, IV, 1, 1929: De-cor. Archit. Terracottas.

20. See above, note 13.

21. C. Carapanos, Dodtme et ses ruines, 1878, pl. 9; Praschniker, Oest. Jahr., 18, 1915, pp. 57ft.

22. Plutarch, Conv. Septem Sapientium, p. 164 A ; de Pythiae ora-culis 12, p. 399f.

23. Best discussion and reconstruction by W. v. Massow, A th. Mitt., 46, 1916 (pubi. 1925), pp. iff.; Lamb, I.e., pp. ii2ff., figs, iff. ; Payne, Perachora, I, pp. 1438., pis. 47®.; Olympia-Bericht, I, (Jahrb. 52, 1937), ΡΡ· 57 ff-i pis· 14®· (Hampe-Jantzen) ; I I (ibid. 53, 1938), pp. 78ff., pis. 27ff. (E. Kunze). A large open-work relief of an archer drawing his bow finds its place here: Olympia, IV, no. 717, pi. 40; Lamb. I.e., p. 124, pi. 43 a ; probably"around 530-520 B. C.

24. Now in Boston: L. Caskey, Boston Mus. Bull., 1922, p. 65 ; 1926, p. 50; C.A.H., Plates I, pp. 274Ì.; Payne, Necrocor., pp. 161.21 if . The authenticity of this masterpiece, which had been foolishly doubt-ed, was confirmed by the subsequent discovery of a similar, though fa r less excellent silver bowl in the Samian Heraeum. Cf. Massow, I.e., p. 64.

25. Bronzes found at or ascribed to Corinth ; Payne, Perachora, I, pp. 123®., pis. 37®.

26. Lamb, I.e., pp. 88f., pis. 26 b.28 c.d. ; A. de Ridder, I.e., pi. 2 ; Olympia, IV, pis. 740.55. The chapter on Corinth in Langlotz, I.e., pp. 8off., is one of the least convincing in the book.

27. Trebenishte: B. Filow, Die Neiropole von Tr., 1927; Prasch-niker-Vulii, Oest. Jahr., 27, 1932, pp. 19ÍL io6ff., pis. i f .

28. Payne, Perachora, I, pp. 140®., pi. 45, and J.H.S., 54, 1934, pp. i63ff.

29. Payne, ll.ee. ; Chr. Karouzos, Deltion, 13, 1930/31, pp. 56ÉE.

30. This was, in fact, the return to a type current in archaic sculp-ture and painting; e.g. G. Richter, Sculpture, figs. 99.382; Beazley,

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IN ARCHAIC SCULPTURE, NOTES 307 I.e., f igs. 41.46. C f . Furtwaengler in Roschers Mythologisches Lexi-kon, I , 2, 18 9 0 ,pp. 2I4lff.

31 . See notes 2$t· The bronzes from Arcadia, e.g. Lamb, I.e., p. 94, pi. 26 c, those from Olympia ibid., pp. 88f., pi. 28 c.d.

32. Iliad, X V I . 233ff . : Odyssey, XIV.3270 . XIX.296ÉE. Bronzes. Carapanos, I.e., pis. gft. 16 . 19 ; R . Kekule v . Stradonitz-Winnefeld, Bronzen v. Dodona, pp. 6ff., pis. i f f . ; Lamb, I.e., pp. 88.96ÍL, pis. 32® . 38 ; Zervos, L'Art en Grèce, figs. 197.199.

33. On Corcyraean art Rodenwalt, Korkyra, I I , pp. 167)!.

34. See p. 1 19 , note 2 1 , and for the warrior, Evangelidis, Praktika (Greek), 1930, pis. 2 f . ; A.A., 1932, p. 146. Apollo of Etymokleidas: Lamb, I.e., p. 88, pi. 32. T h e horseman, flute-player and running girls, Lamb, pis. 32.33, pp. 97f.

35. Carapanos, I.e., pi. 13 ; Neugebauer, Forsch, u. Fortschritte, 1931, pp. I92f. ; Vulic-Praschniker, I.e. They claim these horsemen for Corinth, Payne for Sparta, above p. 121.

36. Kekule, I.e., pis. i f . ; G . Richter, Sculpture, p. 65, figs. loofi.

37. Argive-Corinthian baldric from Noicattaro near Bar i : Mas-sow, Ath. Mitt., 52, 1927, pi. 4. Archaic Etruscan bronzes: Lamb, I.e., pis. 4off. 49ff. ; G . Richter, Etruscan Art, 1940, pp. 26ff., f igs. 7 1 8 .

38. The finest of these lions is now in Boston, the two others in Copenhagen. See L. Caskey, Boston Catalogue, no. 1 0 ; G . Richter, Sculpture, pp. i09f., f igs. 34of. ; and Animals in Greek Sculpture, f igs. 2 f . ; Br . Schroeder, Brunn-Bruckmann, pi. 641 ; Payne, Necrocor., pp. 67f f . 1706F. 243® .

39. O. Broneer, The Lion Monument at Amphipolis, 1 9 4 1 ; the Chaeronea lion pp. 4off., f igs. 34f.

40. A.J.A., 40, 1936, pp. 477®., figs, ι i f f .

4 1 . Olympia, I I I , pp. i f f . , pi. 1 ; G . Richter, Sculpture, f ig . 2 7 ; Hege-Rodenwaldt, Olympia, p. 23, f ig . 9. Latest discussion by Ro-denwalt, Korkyra, I I , pp. 196t., fig. 1716, and Searls-Dinsmoor, A.J.A., 49, I94S, PP· 74®· , figs. 6f.

42. Conclusive dating by Miss Searls and Dinsmoor, I.e., pp. 68ff., to about 590 B .C.

43. T h e earliest example of such consideration for the beholder's viewpoint.

44. Latest and most comprehensive discussion by Searls-Dinsmoor, I.e., pp. 62ff.

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3O8 GREEK PERSONALITY 45. Bes{ discussions by L. Caskey, A J.Α., 28, 1924, pp. 358S. ;

G . Richter, Kouroi, no. 58, pp. 1378., figs. 185!!.; Beazley, I.e., p. 16, fig. 29. Best reproduction: Sieveking-Weickert, Fuenfzig Meister-werke d. Glyptothek, 1928, pis. 4.Í.

46. Payne, Necrocor., pp. 233® . The kouroi from Actium: G. Richter, Kouroi, nos. I09f. 139, pp. 34.59, figs. i i8 f f . 1 9 1 ® .

47. Olympia, I I I , pp. i82f,, pi. 46ft. ; Fr. Studniczka, Die Sieges-goettin, pp. 6fï., pi. 2 ; G. Richter, Sculpture, pp. 24if., figs. 455f. 637B.

48. The clay limbs from the Asklepieion: A.A., 1933, p. 219; J . de Waele, A.J.A., 37, 1933, pp. 440ÎÏ. figs. 4Ì.

49. C. A. Skalet, Ancient Sicyon, Johns Hopkins Studies, 3, 1928; Lippold, R.E., I I A, 1923, pp. 2528ff., espec. 2545L; W. Deonna, Dédale, II , pp. I28ff. A wealth of valuable information is contained in P. de La Coste-Messelière, Au Musée de Delphes (1936), the first part of which, pp. 19-233, is devoted to the Sicyonian monuments at Delphi. We owe more to this excellent work than mere quotations can show.

50. P. da la Coste-M., I.e., p. 55.

51. This has been clearly established by the careful investigations of J . Replat and G. Daux, from 1921 to 1924; de La Coste-M., I.e., pp. 41 fit. 451 ff. The inadequate technique of the original excava-tions has produced numerous misunderstandings and unnecessaty dis-cussions.

52. The Delphic tholos, more than f i f ty years older than the next example of circular Greek buildings known to us (the tholos on the Athenian Agora, published by Homer Thompson, Hesperia, Suppl. IV, 1940) can have contained no more than some sacred object or symbol, hidden to the public when the door was closed: the circular room is only 3.54 m. in diameter. Former attempts at reconstruction and explanation of this remarkable building are superseded by the final French investigations: de la Coste-M., I.e., pp. 4i f f . Restored plans and elevations of both buildings, pp. 47, fig. 3, and 51, fig. 4. Date of the Sicyonian treasury: pp: 57ff. For the original contents of the monopteros pp. 48ff. 77ff., the author aptly recalls the chariot mentioned by Pindar, Pyth. V. 39-43, which stood under a roof of cypress wood at Delphi. Cf . R.E. XVI , 1935, pp. 199, s.v. Monop-teros; V I A, 1937, pp. 307®., s.v. Tholos; also Suppl. IV, p. 1426 on the racing chariot which Karrhotos of Cyrene dedicated in 462 B.C.

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IN ARCHAIC SCULPTURE, NOTES 309

53. Au Musée, pp. 96®. and F.d.D., IV , i , pp. i8ff. T h e best pre-ceding discussion by L. Caskey, AJ.A., 29, 1925, pp. i6ff. T h e un-certainty produced by former polemics has led Langlotz to ignore the metopes in his chapter on Sicyonian sculpture; i.e., p. 180, n. 33. T h a t the original place of almost every metope can be established is a unique stroke of luck, since not a stone of the building is in situ; but it required the most painstaking attention to realize it: de La Coste-M., I.e., pp. 4sff., fig. 2, u f f . 144. 45iff.

54. As far as I can see, only a Boeotian relief vase offers an earlier example: A . de Ridder, Melanges Perrot, p. 298, f ig. 1 ; C.V., Bibl. Nat., pi. 94; de L a Coste-M., I.e., pi. 10; late seventh century B. C. T h e well-known metope from Selinus, ibid., pl. 9, a rather inferior provincial work, need not be older than 550 B.C. M . de La Coste, p. 162 rightly rejects a Mycenean glass ornament claimed to represent Europa on the bull ( A . Persson, Royal Tombs of Dendra, p. 65, f ig . 43 ; The Religion of Greece in Prehistoric Times, 1942, p. 133, f ig. 24; R. Hampe, Fruehe Griechische Sagenbilder, 1936, p. 87f.).

55. L.C., pp. 120if., with a detailed discussion of boar hunts in archaic art, and 15iff .

56. Ibid. pp. i77ff. A reconstruction of the ship on two metopes, p. 187, f ig . 8. There was probably a group of Argonauts ashore, on a third metope to the right; both Dioskouroi looked in this direction. Cf . Payne-Young, Archaic Marble Sculpt, fr. the Acropolis, p. 7, n. 3, and Necrocor., p. 74, where the implication of free sculpture by these figures is rightly stressed.

57. Ibid, pp. 199s., with schematic drawings on p. 113, f ig . 6.

58. Necrocor., pp. 3sff. Payne and Johansen date the Protocorin-thian group with which w e are here concerned about 650 B. C., Lang-lotz around 600, Pottier and Rumpf as late as 580. T h e latest, un-convincing discussion by J. Audiat, Revue d. Etudes Anciennes, 40, 1938, pp. 1738. I tend to believe, for reasons independent of each other, that such vases were still made two or three decades after 650, and that the Sicyonian monopteros was built before 570, perhaps as early as 580 (p. 138). T h a t would still leave a gap of some forty years at least between the vases and the reliefs.

59. T h e monopteros is only 4.182 m. broad and 5.471 long, accord-ing to the almost exaggerated accuracy of the French measurements ; the columns were 2.78 m. high. T h e little building could easily be placed in a room of moderate size, though its height would exceed modern custom.

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3 io GREEK PERSONALITY 60. Pliny, N.H. 36.9, places Dipoinos and Skyllis in the first half

of the sixth century. There is no reason to doubt the essential parts of his account, which reflect both the clash between Delphi and Kleis-thenes, and the change of policy after his death. Important discus-sion by B. Schweitzer, Xenokrates, pp. 2off.

61. A single sculptor of genius seems to have conceived all the re-liefs, though two men may have worked on them.

62. Transactions of the American Philological Association, 7a, 1941, pp. a66£F. The Orthagorid Dynasty, to which Kleisthenes belonged, remained in power till about 540, other tyrants till 510 B.C.

63. Pausanias, II. 7.5. and 9, with Frazer*s notes; Ampelius, 8.

64. See note 23.

65. L. Caskey, Cat. of Sculpt, in Boston, no 5 ; Lawrence, Class. Sculpt., pi. 41 ; Langlotz, I.e., pl. aa a ; ibid. 22b, a poros head from Delphi in Athens, closely resembling the former in style, and of the same date, ca. 550 B. C.

66. Langlotz,I.e., pp. 3of., pis. 15-17. The man with a ram, now in Basle: Nuove Memorie d. Inst., II, pi. 6. The Boston kriophoros: Langlotz, pis. 2.29 a ; Bulle, I.e., pi. 38 ; Lamb, I.e., pi. 88 b. The dis-cobolus: Langlotz, pi. 20 c; Weege, Jahrb. 31, 1916, p. 129, fig. 11.

67. Langlotz, I.e., p. 180, n. 34, quoting Daremberg-Saglio, Diction, des Antigu., s. v. Sieyonia 5. See R. E., I l l A, 1929, p. 2531.

68. Our plate X V I reproduces the first photograph made after the statue had been taken apart and correctly put together again in 1938. H.i.18 m. Older illustrations: Ephem., 1899, pis., 5f. ; Bulle, I.e., pL 39; the head Buschor-Hamann, Olympia, p. 11, fig. 55.

69. Kanachos: Pliny, 34, 75; Lippold, R.E., X, 1919, p. 1846; Thieme-Becker, XIX, 1926, pp. j ia f . Apollo Payne Knight: Brit. Mus. Cat. Bronzes, pi. 1 ; Langlotz, I.e., pi. 18; Lamb I.e., p. 223, pi. 88, c. Reliefs from Miletus: Kekule, Sitz. Berlin, Akad. 1904, I, p. 797; A.A., 1911, p. 425, fig. 5; Langlotz, p. 180, pi. 22 e. Two-fragments of small Roman marble copies, showing the stag on the god's right hand, were in the Smyrna Museum before its destruction in 1922.

70. The Apollo from Piombino: Cat. d. Bronzes du Louvre, pi. 1 ; Deonna, Apollons archaïques, p. 274, no. ioa; Langlotz, I.e., pis. 1.19. H.i.15 m. The Dorian engraved votive inscription proves the statue to be Greek, not Etruscan. The torso from Miletus: Rayet-Thomas, Milet, pi. 20; Langlotz, p. 52f., pi. 3. Both statues are now in the-

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IN ARCHAIC SCULPTURE, NOTES 3 " Louvre. Coins: Langlotz, pp. 47.1S0, n. 31 ; Brit. Mus. Cat., Peloponn., pis. 3 i f f . ; Central Greece, pi. 3.

71. Excavations, begun by Tsuntas (Ephern. 1892, pp. i f f . ) , car-ried by Furtwaengler and Fiechter (Jahrb. 33, 1918, pp. io9ff.) and f inally concluded by Buschor and von Massow (Ath. Mitt. 52, 1927, pp. i f f . ) , have shown that the sanctuary was established in the eleventh or twelfth century, on the remains of a small prehistoric settlement. T h e important town of Amyclae lay in the valley to the south of the low hill occupied by the sanctuary. Though Apollo must have taken possession here soon after 1000 B.C. (somewhat earlier than Athena and Artemis Orthia occupied their sanctuaries), the memory of his predecessor, the ancient hero Hyakinthos, survived to the end of antiquity, in the names of the road which led from Sparta to the Amyclaeum and the Hyakinthia, the foremost games of Laconia.

72. On the problem of the Chiton, see Franz Willemsen, Fruehe griechische Kultbilder (Munich thesis, 1939), pp. 13t. 49; on the great statue, Casson, Technique, pp. 56ff. ; V . Muller, Metr. Mus. Stud., V , 1936, pp. i6off. Extant fragments: Hampe, I. Olympia-Bericht, pl. 36; Antike, 14, 1938, p. 246, f ig . 4.

73. T h e Passava image: Br. Schroeder, Ath. Mitt., 29, 1904, pp. 22f. f ig . ι , who believes it to represent Apollo Karneios rather than Zeus Ammon, whose cult was said to have reached Laconia, from Libya, earlier than any other part of Greece: Pausanias, III.18.3.

74. Laconian marble almost invariably comes from the steep sides of the Taygetos range ; a similar kind occurs in Arcadia, at Doliana. It is mostly blueish and of rather a finely grained white variety: Catalogue of the Sparta Museum, p. 102. C f . Washington, AJ.A., 1898, pp. iff.

75. Olympia, III , pp. 26ff., figs. 24s., pl. V, 4.5. Similar marble vessels above, p. 49, note 18 and p. 250, note 13. Clay specimens e.g. Payne, Necrocor., pp 233s. A marble statuette, rude and much weath-ered, closely akin to the fragments of Olympia, but a little later, was found in the Amyclaeum: Ath. Mitt., 52, 1927, pp. 17.34, Beilage 7. Cf . H. Kenner, Oest, Jahresh., 29, 1935, pp. i4of.

76. T h e two men are not considered to be nude, because no sex is indicated. But as there is not the slightest trace of drapery on their thighs, I do not believe in a painted chiton. A similar case, Hiller-Lattermann, Arkadische Forschungen, Abhandl. Berlin. Akad., 1911, p. 29, fig. 5, pi. 8.

77. Sparta, no. 364 Wace, with bibliography and discussion, pp. n 6 f f . Best reproductions: Ath. Mitt. 10, 1885, pi. 6; 29, 1904, pi. 6.

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312 GREEK PERSONALITY 78. Dawkins, Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia, pp. 2iff., fig. 11, pi. 5.

192, pi. 69. 79. Studniczka, Kyrene, pp. 28f., figs. 2of., and in Roschers Myth-

olog. Lexikon, II, 1894, pp. 17230.

80. W. v. Massow, Ath. Mitt., 52, 1927, p. 53, fig. 31, unfortunately without corroborative evidence of the place of its discovery. I am not aware of any early Laconian sherds found at Cyrene.

81. The Arkesilas cup, now in the Cabinet des Médailles at Paris, has often been reproduced, e.g. Beazley, I.e., fig. 44. It led to the at-tribution of the Laconian vases to Cyrene, before the British excava-tions at Sparta established their real origin.

82. Dawkins, I.e., pp. Ι63<Ϊ., pis. 47S. Good photographs in Zervos, L'Art en Grèce, figs. 9off.

83. Marble akroterion: Wace, no. 654, fig. 70. Bronze Gorgoneion: B.S.A., XIII, pp. 247S., pi. 21 ; an early bronze kore from this site, below, note 97.

84. Jahrb., 52, 1937, /. Olympiabericht, p. 78, pl. 22. The water-carrier p. 78, fig. 40; Langlotz, I.e., pi. 49f.

85. It is well to remember that Pausanias expressly mentions Olym-piads 59 ($44-541 B.C.) and 61 (536-533 B.C.) as the dates of the earliest victor statues in Olympia (VI. 18.7), and that the victories of Arrhychion, whose statue Pausanias saw at Phigalia, were attributed to the "Olympiads preceding the fifty-fourth" (564-561 B.C.). Thus the very early date of Eutelidas is open to doubt.

86. See above, note 44.

87. Gitiadas: Robert, RM., VII, 1912, pp. i37if · ; Amelung, Thie-me-Becker, XIV, 1921, pp. 2oif. Athena Chalkioikos: B.S.A., XIII, pp. i37ff.; XIV, pp. i4aff.; XXVI, pp. 2478.

88. François Vase: Furtwaengler-Reichold, Griech. Fasenmalerei, pis. iff.; Beazley, I.e., fig. 43. Terracottas and bronzes: Langlotz, Antike Plastik f. Amelung, p. 1138. ; Bethe, Antike, 14, 1938, pp. 92. fig. 5; 106, fig. 16; 108, fig. 18; Lamb, I.e., p. 63, fig. 4, pi. 35; G. Richter, Handbook Class. Coll., p. 80, fig. 49.

89. B.S.A., XIII, pp. i39f.; XIV, p. 145.

90. Perrot-Chipiez, I.e., VIII, p. 443, fig. 217; Neugebauer, Fuehrer d. d. Bronzensammlung, pl. 5 ; Langlotz, I.e., p. 94, pi. 45 a.

91. The kouros from Longa: Deltion, 2, 1916, p. 103, fig. 52; Lamb, I.e., p. 85, pi. 34 a. I cannot share Miss Lamb's doubts as to the La-conian origin of this figurine and others from Messenia; in spite of

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IN ARCHAIC SCULPTURE, NOTES 313 Payne's agreement, JJH.S., 54, 1934, p. 171, a separate Messenian school seems improbable to me ; at best it would only be an offshoot of Laconia.

92. The nude girls have been fully discussed by C. Praschniker, O est. Jahresh., XV, 1912, pp. 222ff. The most famous piece, found in Cyprus, now in New York: G. Richter, Cat. of Bronzei, no. 28 (an-other ibid, no. 25) ; Handbook of the Class, Coll., pp. yji., fig. 43. The complete mirror AJ.A., 46, 194z, pp. 3198. Cf. Langlotz, I.e., pp. 86ff., pis. 44S. ; Lamb, I.e., pp. i27f·, pi. 27 a ; an isolated speci-men, older and of a different style, pi. 27 b. ; Praschniker, p. 226.

93. B.S.A., XIV, pp. 53ff.; XV, pp. 116ft ; XXVIII , pp. 82®., pi. 8; Sanctuary of Artemis O., p. 152, pi. 36.

94. Bronze racing girl: Lamb, I.e., pi. 33 a ; G. Richter, Sculpt., fig. 86. Marble statue in the Vatican: e.g. Lawrence, I.e., p. 176, pi. 40; Brunn-Bruckmann, pi. 521.

95. See note 92.

96. Langlotz, I.e., pp. 9of.

97. B.S.A., XIII, p. 149 ; Lamb, I.e. pi. 27 c.

98. Lamb, I.e., p. 90, pi. 35 b ; Langlotz, I.e., p. 87, pis. 44 e.47 a ; Neugebauer, Ant. Èronzestat., figs. i8f.

99. N a t Mus. no. 7598, Papaspyridi, fig. 33 ; Lamb, I.e., pp. 86.91, pi. 28 a; Neugebauer, I.e., p. 38, fig. 21. The name was formerly read Karmos, the correct reading by Wilamowitz, see Kolbe, Inscr. Graecae, V, 1, p. 173, no. 927; Neugebauer, Gnomon, 6, 1930, p. 267.

100. Lamb, I.e., p. 91; Langlotz, I.e., pi. 49 e.

ιοί . Langlotz, I.e., p. 92, pi. 53 d.e.; Furtwaengler, Kl. Schriften, II, p. 429, pi. 44.

102. Above, pp. i j9f f . ; Lippold, R.E., III A, 1929, pp. 525®.

103. Olympia, III, pp. 29s., pi. 6. Recognized as hoplitodromoi by Treu, p. 33. Attributed to Laconian artists by Buschor, Olympia, p. 14; Langlotz, I.e., p. 66; Brunn-Bruckmann, pis. 779f., pp. i2ff. (Riemann).

104. A. Woodward, B.S.A., XXVI , p. 253, pis. i8ff.; G. Richter, Sculpt, p. 65, fig. 104. First good reproductions, Brunn-Bruckmann, pis. 776-778, with text by Riemann, pp. iff. (1939).

105. Langlotz, I.e., pp. 95®., pis. 47®.; G. Richter, Cat. of Brontes, nos. 17.79.

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314 GREEK PERSONALITY 106. Beazley, I.e., p. 36, fig. 72 ; G. Richter, Cat. of Bronzes, no. 78 ;

Sculpt., p. 55, figs· 3 i f · ; L. Curtius, Brunn-Bruckmann, pl. 601, p. 20; Langlotz, I.e., pp. 97t., pis. 9.50 a.52.

107. Wace, I.e., pp. io2ff., with bibliography. Good illustrations are scarce. See Ath. Mitt., 2, 1877, pis. 15ft.; Brunn-Bruckmann, pis. 22¿f. ; G. Richter, Sculpt., fig. 468 and Ancient F-urniture, pp. iof., figs. 14.16.

108. Plutarch, Inst. Lac. 18, quoted by Wace, p. 112.

109. Below, p. . . , n. 21. The fragment from Tegea: Ath. Mitt., 4. 1879, pi. 7; Wace, I.e., p. 110, fig. 12.

110. Found near Areopolis in Western Maina, now in Copenhagen. Wace, I.e., p. h i , fig. 13; Glyptothèque NyCarlsberg, pi. 4 a.

m . N. Pryce, Cat. of Sculpture in the Brit. Museum, I, 1, no. B. 287, pis. 2iff. ; the frieze of fowls, nos. Β 2998., fig. 183; Brunn-Bruckmann, pis. 103. i46f. ; G. Richter, Sculpt., fig. 473. Cf. Wace, I.e., p. 108, n. 4.

112. Dressel-Milchhoefer, Ath. Mitt., 2, 1877, p. 314, no. 15, pi. 25; Wace, I.e., p. 104, fig. 4 ; Langlotz, I.e., p. 91 (plate).

113. Br. Schroeder, Ath. Mitt., 29, 1904, pp. 44!!., fig. 6; he connects this important relief, found at Charuda in Western Maina, with the libation scene found nearby (now in Copenhagen, above, note n o ) , and attributes both to the end of the sixth century. The stele from Geraki: ibid. pp. 47®., pi. 3.

114. B.S.A., XIV, p. 144, fig. ι . The other maiden in Ath. Mitt., 2, 1877, pi. 25 a ; Wace, I.e., p. 179, fig. 57.

n j . Froehner, Coll. Tyszkicwicz, pi. 30; Langlotz, I.e., pp. 9of., pi. 44 d.

116. Pausanias, III , 13. 1, 16. 2f. The house stood near the Chiton (above, note 72) ; it contained statues of Castor and Pollux, and a table on which—significantly—a sprig of the Cyrenaic herb Silphion. lay (p. 148).

117. See Wace's lists, pp. i i3f . and 118. In the latter he places the principal relief (no. 575, p. 191, fig. 65) before the oldest hero reliefs; but this date seems excluded by the highly developed shape of the slender vases. The two fragments mentioned above are nos. 27, fig. 30 and 447, fig. 56.

118. Amelung, Thieme-Becker, III, 1909, pp. 3iff.; Frazer^s Com-mentary on Pausamas, III , 18. 7ff.

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IN ARCHAIC SCULPTURE, NOTES 315 119. See note 71. Fiechter, Jahrb., 33, 1918, pp. io7ff., figs. 1-90,

pis. +-20: elaborate description and illustration of every fragment dis-covered by 1907. Important additions: E. Buschor and W. v. Massow, I.e.; their discussion may be called final, though they disagree on some points of the reconstruction: Ath. Mitt., 52, 1927, pp. i f f . ; reconstruc-tions p. 19, Beilage 10, 12.

120. Buschor, I.e., with excellent photographs of both the finest pieces from the Amyclaeum and similar ones from Delphi and Ae-gina, pis. i6ff., Beilagen 2.3.10. Like the Siphnian Treasury, the "Throne" is built partly of native, partly of imported finer marble.

121. Buschor, I.e., p. 16. 122. Pausanias, III, 18. 7 ; W. v. Massow, Ath. Mitt., 51, 1926, pp.

4iff., cf. Buschor, ibid., 52, 1927, p. 22: "beginning of the fifth century . . . . by an Ionian artist perhaps of Bathycles's school."

123. Dawkins, Sanctuary of Artemis O., offers nothing comparable. Cf. J . Woodward, J.H.S., 52, 1932, pp. 25ff.; also R. Zahn, Ath. Mitt., 23, 1898, pp. 6iff.

124. Best summary of Arcadian art: Lamb, I.e., pp. 9iff. isiff . , pis. 29-31. 54.57. Cf. Ath. Mitt., 30, 1905, p. 65; B.S.A., 27, 133s. ; Furt-waengler, Kl. Schriften, I, p. 558 ; A.A., 1922, pp. 6$B.; Langlotz, I.e., pp. 59ÉF. 66, unaccountably denies the existence of an Arcadian school, but gives good illustrations on pis. 20. 24. 27f. 4of. On Tegea, Ch. Dugas, B.C.H., 45, 1921, pp. 335ff. : from the sanctuary of Athena Alea, sixth century bronzes pp. 358fr.; an interesting naked woman holding her breasts pp. 357ÎÏ., fig. 18, 56; a late sixth century Athena Promachos or rather Alea, pl. 13. The clay figurines found abun-dantly in Tegean sanctuaries are much less characteristic than the bronzes and evidently influenced by those of neighboring Argolis.

125. Miss Lamb claims for Arcadia a naked warrior found near Epidauros in Argolis (p. 95, pi. 32 a; signed by an artist called Hy-brisstas, around 550 B.C.) and a Hermes from Mount Ithome in Mes-senia (p. 92, pi. 29 a; 540-520 B.C.). The road from Laconia and Messenia to Argolis passed through Arcadia. The shepherds and Hermes are figured on pis. 29 and 31, the dead fox 31 d. Very sig-nificantly, all these bronzes whose provenance is known come from Arcadia.

126. Lamb, I.e., pp. 93ff. pis. 26 c.30; Langlotz, I.e., pis. 24.41. The Athena from Tegea, note 124. The New York Herakles: G. Richter, Sculpt, p. 65, fig. 99; the Zeus, probably imported from Corinth, is discussed by Cook, Zeus, I, p. 87. A small herm of Hermes the shep-herd, Langlotz, pi. 41, c. A horseman found "between Sparta and Megalopolis," Perrot-Chipiez, I.e., VIII , p. 451, fig. 224.

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3I6 GREEK PERSONALITY 127. The youth from Lousoi, now in the collection of the Comtesse

de Béarn in Pans: Froehner, Coll. Biarn, pi. 5; Langlotz, I.e., pi. 6; the Lykaion youth, ibid., pl. 31. A youthful Hermes, Lamb I.e., pi. 57 b·

128. Frazer, Pausamas, III, p. 4of. ; IV, pp. 39if.; W. Hyde, A J.Α., ι8, 1914, pp. 15ÍÍL; Olympic Victor Monuments, pp. 327. 332Í., fig. 79; G. Richter, Kouroi, pp. 4. (with bibliography concern-ing the spelling Arrhichion) ιζζί. iiof., no. 35, figs. io8ff. Lang-lotz, p. 179, n. 21, arbitrarily dates the torso to the early seventh cen-tury. The torso from Phoiniki ibid. pi. 20 b.

129. Excellent summary in F. Grace's Archaic Sculpture in Boeotia, pp. 42ff. 64®., with full bibliography; G. Richter, Kouroi, pp. i89f. 2i3f. On Boeotian history in later archaic times, Cary, C.A.H., III, pp. 6o8ff.; Ziehen, R.E., VA, 1934, pp. 14238.

130. Kouroi of the Melos group from the Ptoon: G. Richter, Kouroi, nos. yîS. 83, figs. 2388. 256®.; around 550 B.C.—"Ptoon 12" (Athens, N.M., no. 12) : Kouroi, no. 121, figs. 338ft. ; ca. 520 B.C.—"Ptoon 20" : Kouroi, no. 131, figs. 363s.; ca. 500 B.C. Cf. Grace, I.e., pp. 57®. Dedications by Alkmaeonids and Hipparchos of Athens: L. Bizard, B.C.H., 44, 1920, pp. 227ÌL, corrected for the dates by A. Raubitschek, ap. G. Richter, Kouroi, p. 190, n. 2, and B. Meritt, Hesperia, 8, 1939, pp. 64ft.

131. Torso from Eutresis, now in Thebes: G. Richter, Kouroi, no. 132, figs. 37iff. ; H. Goldman, Excavations ta Eutresis, pp. 27öS., figs. 329ft. Of the Ptoon bronzes, the earlier ones are Argivo-Corinthian reliefs, a few statuettes and small votive bulls, the best probably im-ported from Corinth, the rest Boeotian: Lamb, I.e., pp. io3f., pis. 34 b. 35 c. i i í f f . ; G. Richter, Kouroi, p. 227, no. 133, figs. 374ft.

132. Lamb, I.e., pp. 75. 84Í., pis. 21 a, 25. The helmet and mitrai from Axos pp. 63f. i2of., pi. 42 a. On the rediscovery of Minoan works in later times, Beazley, I.e., p. 5. Bosanquet saw Minoan pitchers actually in use in a mill near Praisos, where they had been unearthed a short time before. The most amazing survival of a Minoan fashion are the white boots with pointed tips still worn by Cretan peasants ; they appear on clay figurines from Petsof a, around 2000 B.C. (B.S.A., IX, pi. 9).

133. Sp. Marinatos, B.C.H., 60, 1936, pp. 27öS., pl. 29. The Pal-aikastro sima, B.S.Α., XI, pl. 15; Maraghiannis, Antiquités Cretoises, I, pl. 43; J . Sieveking, A.A., 1921, pp. 349ÉF., figs. if . (pieces in Mu-nich and Paris) ; the terracottas from Praisos, pis. 44f., B.S.A., IX, pis. 14Ì.

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IN ARCHAIC SCULPTURE, NOTES 317 134. E. L. Highbarger, Ancient Megara, 1927 ; K . Hanell, Megar-

iiche Studien, 1934; Ernst Meyer, R.E., XIV, 1930, pp. i%$i. Me-gara's outstanding importance in the seventh and the early sixth centuries is proved by her great colonies in the East and West: By-zantion and Chalkedon on the Sea of Marmara, Herakleia on the Black Sea, Selinus in Sicily. After she lost Salamis to Solon's onslaught, her power steadily decreased in repeated conflicts with her two great rivals, Athens and Corinth. But she was still capable of building one of the finest treasuries at Olympia, towards the end of the sixth century. Megara seems to have been leading in great engineering enterprises, since Eupalinos, who had constructed an aqueduct and a sumptuous fountain for the tyrant Theagenes, around 630 B.C., was called to Samos to provide that city with water, by driving a tunnel of ca. 1000 m. through the neighboring mountain, a feat unique in Greece for centuries. See E. Fabricius, R.E., VI, 1909, p. 1159 ; Wade-Gery, C.A.H., III , p. 554; Fr. Schachermeyr, R.E., V A, 1934, pp. i 3 4 3 f .

135. The torso, found at Megara in i860, has after more than half a century of almost complete neglect, at last been given its due: G. Richter, Kouroi, pp. 149, iâ3f., no. 77, pi. 66. The pediment: Treu, Olympia, III, pp. 158., pis. 2Ì. ; Furtwaengler, Aegina, p. 320, fig. 256; G. Richter, Sculpt., p. 122, fig. 383. Her dating about J20-J10 B.C. seems to be generally accepted.

136. See G. Welter, Aigina, 1938, a comprehensive monograph treating every side of the subject, with good illustrations and full bibliography. The archaic fragments: Welter, A.A., 1938, pp. 503f., figs. i6ff.

137. For Onatas and his school, see M. Bieber, Thieme-Becker, 26, 1932, i7f. On Theopropoe ibid., 33, 1939, p. 3.; Pausanias, X. 9. 3 (cf. V. 27. 9) ; Bulle, B.C.H., 22, 1898, pp. 3288.; A th. Mitt., 31, 1906, 457ÍF., figs. 5f.; Lippold, R.E., V A, p. 2226; M. Bieber, Thieme-Becker, XXXII I , 1939, p. 3.; the inscription: E. Bourguet, F.d.D., I l l , ι , pp. 2ff.

138. The Aeginetans are exhaustively published by Furtwaengler in his monumental work Aegina, Das Heiligtum der Aphaia, 1906, pp. 174-358, pis. 71-107. Short synopsis, Die Aegineten (Handbook of the Glyptothek). His reconstructions of the pediments supersede all earlier attempts. They are based on excavations made in 1901, when the dedicatory inscription naming Aphaia as patroness of the sanctuary was discovered, and have been generally, though often grudgingly, accepted. See e.g. G. Richter, Sculpt., p. i22f., figs. 388f. ; Lawrence, I.e., pp. 146s., pi. 21 ; Beazley, I.e., pp. 28f., pi. 21. Further

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3I8 GREEK PERSONALITY suggestions by D. Mackenzie, B.S.A., XV, pp. 274®.; H. Schräder, Oest. Jahresh., 21/22, 1922-24, pp. 83®., and especially P. Wolters, Sitz. Ber. Bayr. Akad., 1912, 5 ; 1918, 8.

139. Langlotz' ingenious attempt to retrieve an idea of an Aegine-tan school of sculptors, I.e., pp. 99ÉE. 185t., is admittedly fragmentary. ' Cf. Buschor, I.e., p. 50.

NOTES CHAPTER VI

ι . W. v. Massow, A.A., 1932, pp. 264fr., figs, i ff . ; Casson, B.S.A., X X X V I I , pp. 2iff. ; Technique, pp. 98ff. 172; Bluemel, Griech. Bild-hauerarbeit, 1927, pis. 3f. ; Griech. Bildhauer an der Arbeit, 1940, figs. 2ff., quoted by G. Richter, Kouroi, p. 19, note 3ôf. Cf. Deonna, Apollons, nos. i7f. n6.i2of., p. 22.

2. Naxian sculpture has been first studied by B. Sauer, A th. Mitt., 17, 1892, pp. 37ff., who gave it an exaggerated importance. Later scholars, beginning with Furtwaengler (Meisterwerke, pp. 715®.) have corrected this, but with undue severity towards this school. The chapter in Langlotz, I.e., pp. i26ff., is not convincing.

3. Found in the sanctuary of Apollo at Delos in 1885. Th. Homolle, B.C.H., 12, 1888, pp. 463ft., pi. 13 ; Durrbach, Choix d'inscriptions de Délos, I, p. 2, no. 1 ; O. Kern, Inscript. Graecae, 6 ; Bethe, Antike, 14, 1938, p. 104, fig. 15 ; G. Richter, Kouroi, no. 14, with references. For Rodin's Bourgeois de Calais see Studio, 13, 1898, p. 221, showing the absurd base erected contrary to the artisfs wishes. This was remedied later by lowering the group to the level of the square. Cf. R. M. Rilke, Rodin, English ed. 1945, pp. 6off., espec. 64ÉE. ; H. Buenemann, Die Buerger von Calais v. A. Rodin (Berlin 1946, Gebr. Mann), pp. 24ÉF., espec. 32f., quoting Judith Cladel, Rodin, sa vie glorieuse et in-connue, 1936. Cf. below, note 28, on the base of the Geneleos group in Samos (Schede, I.e., pp. i8ff., pis. i i f . ) ; it stood 83.5-86 cm. above ground.

4. Kouroi, pp. 42ff. figs. i5f. She calls these two approximately life-size statues forerunners of the kouroi proper and claims "East Greece and the Cyclades" as initiators of stone sculpture in Greece. I think we may limit the claim to the Cyclades, if not actually to Naxos, and to marble sculpture.

5. Only the torso, from the waist to below the right knee, is pre-served. H.0.85 m, which implies a total height of about 2.15-2.20 m. G. Richter, Kouroi, no. 15, figs. 8of.

6. Pluarch, Nietas 3. The palm tree was dedicated 417 B.C.; we do not know when it fell. The new base for the Apollo has been

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IN ARCHAIC SCULPTURE, NOTES 319 traced by Picard and Replat, B.C.H., 48, 1924, pp. 2i7ff. All perti-nent questions fully discussed, Kouroi, pp. 83S., no. 13, figs. 74ft. and 469.

7. DeWaele, A.A., 1931, pp. io2ff., fig. 2; G. Richter, Κοντοί, pp. 87f .

8. Not yet adequately published after half a century. Best views: Bethe, Antike, 14, 1938, pp. 81.93, figs. 1.6, pis. 5f. ; see also Holdt-Hofmannsthal, Griechenland, 2d ed. 1928, pl. 297; Chisholm-Hoyn-ingen-Huene, Hellas, 1943, pi. 51.

9. F A.D., IV, pis. sff. ; G. Richter, Kouroi, p. 99 ; Lawrence, pi. 5 ; Bethe, I.e., p. 94, fig. 7. The date is suggested on the one hand by the very early type of the Ionic capital, which is distinctly older than those of the Ephesian Artemisium, datable to about 550 B.C., on the other hand by a comparison of the sphinx's head with those of Naxian and Samian korai (see pp. 187.260), which are likewise less archaic. Scanty remnants of a similar column once crowned by a sphinx: Furt-waengler, Aegina, pp. i56f. 359t., pis. 20.82.

10. See Adcock, C.A.H., IV, pp. 64f. 70.74.79.ioof. ; R. Herbst, R.E., XVI, 1935, pp. 2079ÉF., espec. 2o93ff., and the acute remarks of G. Richter, Kouroi, pp. 13.19.42ff. 54Ì. and Archaic Attic Gravestones, p. 6, where she points to the importance of the trade in marble, during the age of wealthy noblemen in Greece.

11. G. Richter, Kouroi, p. 113, no. 38, figs. i27f. The statue from Thera pp. 99.114^, no. 40, figs. I32ff. 4Siff.

12. Kouroi, pp. I79f., no. 99, figs. 289ft. The statue from the Ptoon, Athens, N.M. 10: pp. i6$f., no. 79, figs. 241ft. 457ft. ; Grace, I.e., p. 65., figs. 76f. The kouros from Melos, Athens, N.M. no. 1558 ; Kouroi, pp. i55f., no. 72, figs. 217ft.

13. On Lygdamis see Herodotus, I.61.64. Aristotle, Constitution of Athens, i5-2f.; U. Kahrstedt, R.E., XIII, 1926, pp. 2217. He ruled Naxos, ca. 550-524 B.C.

14. Herodotus, V. 28, quoted by G. Richter, Kouroi, pp. i9of. The Deinagores bronze ibid. pp. 216.237, n o- H5> fig8· 4°5ft- ; Neugebauer, Cat. Bronx. Berlin, I, no. 192, pi. 3 1 ; Antike, 5, 1929, pp. 121 ff., pis. i7f. The temple at Naxos: G. Welter, Ath. Mitt., 49, 1924, pp. 17® . ; A.A., 1930, pp. I32ÍE.

15. Athens, N. M. no. 39, from Orchomenos. G. Richter, Sculpt. fig. 425. See also Brunn-Bruckmann, pi. 41 and the handbooks ; Lang-lotz, I.e., pp. 129L, pi. 75 a, with the stele in Naples 75 b (cf. Brunn-Bruckmann, pi. 416, shown to be Lydian by E. Pfuhl, A.A., 1936, p.

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320 GREEK PERSONALITY (5) ; Rodenwaldt, Jahrb. 28, 1913, p. 312. The stele from Syme, now in Constantinople, B.CJi., 18, 1894, pi. 8, the one from Sozopol, St. Welkow, A.A., 1932, p. 97 ; Buschor, Plastik, p. $3.

16. Adcock, C.AJI., IV, pp. loif . Unfortunately, the Parian quar-ries have never been properly investigated. Many sculptures from early to later archaism, to which the loose term "island marble" is applied, may actually consist of lesser varieties of Parian.

17. Latest discussion by G. Richter, Kouroi, pp. 1508. No kouroi later than the Melos Group have as yet been found on Paros. Lang-lotz, I.e., pp. 132®., pis. 7i f . 78ff. Cf. also Roesch, Altertueml. Mar-morwerke v. Paros, 1914; L. Curtius, Brmm-Bruckmann, pl. 601, pp. loff.

18. Adcock, C.AJJ., IV, pp. 74.io2f. 1 19 ; C. Fredrich, A th. Mitt., 33, 1908, pp. 2isff . ; F. Hiller v. Gaertringen, R.E., V A, 1934, pp. 1310É. Only preliminary or partial reports on the very important French excavations and the fine Museum which their finds filled, have as yet been published, mainly in B.C.H., 45, 1921®., espec. 47, 1923, pp. 315S· ; 50, 1932, 232ff. Later references and good illustra-tions: Ch. Picard, Mon. Piot, 38, pp. sjflE. On the dating of the poet Archilochos and his connections with Thasos: A. Blakeway, Greek Poetry and Life, pp. 34®. G. Richter, Kouroi, pp. 53f· 82.

19. Picard, B.C.H., 45, 1921, pp. 88.113®.; 47, 1923, p. 539, fig. 10; A.A., 1925, p. 332, fig. 8; Bluemel, I.e., p. 52, fig. 16; G. Richter, I.e., no. 12, figs. 7iff. 78. The head, formerly in Vienna, now in Copen-hagen, ibid., no. 93, figs. 267S. ; H. Sitte, O est. Jahresh., 1 1 , 1908, pp. 142®., pis. i f . ; Langlotz, I.e., p. 13 j , pi. 71 a. The two kouroi, B.C.H., 26, 1902, pp. 4«7ff., pi. 4; 45, 1921, p. 127, fig. 14; G. Richter, I.e., pp. i74f., no. 92, figs. 273S. The antefixes Fredrich, I.e., pi. 10 and espec. Picard, Mon. Piot, 38, pp. 5s£E., pi. 5.

20. The gate reliefs: Picard, Revue de l'Art Ancien et Moderne, 36, 1919, pp. 232ff. ; A. Bon, Mon. Piot, 30, 1930, pp. iff., pl. ι . Funeral and votive reliefs: Picard, ibid., 32, 1932, pp. 216E., pl. 2.

21. The Pegasus: B.C.H., 58, 1934, p. 262, pi. 5; M. Launay, Mom. Piot, 35, 1935/36, pp. 25ff., pi. 3. The funeral banquet: S. Reinach, Gazette Beaux-Arts, 1911, pp. 247®.; G. Mendel, Revue de l'Art Ancien et Moderne, 27, 1910, pp. 401® . ; Ch. Picard, La. Sculpture Antique, II, 1926, p. 3, fig. 2.

22. On Samos in the archaic period, see Ure, C.A.H. IV, pp. 89 ff. ; Buerchner, R.E., I A, 1920, pp. 2162®., espec. 2194®. The Heraeum: Buschor, Ath, Mitt., 55, 1930, pp. 22®. ; Buschor-Schleif, ibid., 58,

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IN ARCHAIC SCULPTURE, NOTES 321 1933, PP· i6$ff. Earlier excavations, 191öS., Wiegand and Schede, Abbondi. Berlin. Akad., 1911 , pp. 6ff. 1929, III.

»3. Ath. Mitt, jo, 1930, pp. 3<jf., pi. ι ; A.A. 1930, p. 151, fig. 28.

24. Buschor, A It ¡amis che Standbilder, 1935, pp. 34.fi., fig. 76 (sphy-relatan kore) ; 33, figs. n j f f . u6i. (early korai in Samos and Olympia) ; 34, figs. 33f. (triad) ; 9.11.13, figs. 5®., 29, 3if . 3sff. (kovroi). Cf. G. Richter, I.e., nos. 17t., 41. 107, figs. 83ff. 1398. 299t. See also A.A., 1937, pp. 203ff.; 1939, p. 262.

25. These two kouroi wear high leather boots like the Twins, above p. no , n. 10.

26. The only exception is the colossal head, Altsam. Standb., p. 14, figs. 42ff. (ca. 550 B.C.) whose face is provokingly destroyed.

27. First published by P. Girard, B.C.H., 5, 1880, pp. 483®·, pis· 13t. ; reproduced very often, e.g. Lawrence, I.e., pi. 1 ; Beazley, I.e., p. 17, fig, 30; Buschor, I.e., pp. 25E, figs. 86ff. 107 (the best illustra-tions).

28. Schede, I.e., pi. 12 ; Buschor, I.e., pp. 26ff., with a restored draw-ing on p. 27 and figs. 90-101. The reclining figure, G. Richter, Sculp-ture, fig. no. W. Technau, Antike, 15, 1939, p. 279, fig. 3.

29. Sappho, Fragm. 66.82.105 Edmonds; Miller-Robinson, The Songs of Sappho, pp. 162. 24.6S. 2988. ; Bowra, Greek Lyric Poetry, pp. i86ff.

30. First published by L. Curtius, Ath. Mitt. 31, 1906, pp. 15iff., pi. 14; the inscription: pp. 1528.; Tod, Historical Greek Inscription!, p. 10, no. 7; Buschor, I.e., pp. 40., figs. 141® .

31. Buschor, I.e., p. 48, figs. i74ff. The custom of placing such statues on isolated low hills or mounds seems pecuiar to Samos.

32. Wiegand and Schede, I.e.; Buschor, Ath. Mitt., 55, 1930, pp. 49ff.; 72ff.; 58, 1933, pp. i7ff. The bases: H. Johannes, ibid., 62, 1937, pp. 13S.

33. It is most significant that only one such huge temple was under-taken in the fifth century, the Olympieion at Akragas in Sicily, and rapidly completed by Punic prisoners taken at Himera in 480 B.C. The shape of the building is quite unusual, the workmanship very inferior. Cf. Puchstein-Koldewey, Griech. Tempel Unterital. u. Siz-iliens, pp. 1538 pis. 22f. Cf. Robertson, Greek Architecture, pp. 122if. ; Dinsmoor, Architecture of the Greeks, pp. 9off. It is not the expense that made such outsized temples unattainable, but the lack of craftsmen of sufficient excellence to meet the requirements of "Greek refinements" on sa large a scale. Sizes of a few seventh or early sixth

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322 GREEK PERSONALITY century temples: Tiryns 7 1 2 1 m . Neandria 8 χ 20 m. Thermon ca. » χ 35 m. Olympia Heraeum 19 χ 50 m.

34. Buschor, ibid. 58, 1933, pp. iff . , with illustrations of all im-portant fragments. Reconstructions of the altar, pp. I74ff., figs. i f f . The Rhodian ivories, p. 5 ; Annuario Atene, 617, 1926, p. 323.

35. Found in 1879 in the ruins of the temple, where it was buried when the "Polycratean" temple wae built; now in the Louvre. P. Girard, Mon. Grecs, I, 1880, pp. u f f . ; Buschor, I.e., p. 9, Beilage IV, ι . Such an artist* sketch is almost unique in Greek art. The friezes from the temple, pp. ioff., Beil. IV, 2-VII , ι .

36. Herodotus, I I I . 60; Pliny, 36.90 probably means the same build-ing when he attributes an otherwise totally unknown "Lemnian laby-rinth" to Rhoikos and Theodoros. The "Polycratean" Heraeum had 154 columns, which may well have produced a labyrinthine effect. See the texts concerning both artists in Overbeck's Schriftquellen, nos. 273ff. ; H. Stuart Jones, Select Passages Illustrating Gre°k Sculpture, pp. 22ff., nos. 32ff. ; Jex-Blake-Sellers, The Elder Pliny's Chapters on the History of Art, pp. 222f. ; Thieme-Becker, X X V I I I , 1934, pp. 224f.; X X X I I , 1938, pp. 597f.; Lippold, R.E., V A, 1934, pp. 19 17s .

37. (The number missing in the text, p. 208). Pausamas, VI I I . 14.8. X . 38.6. We know that the first hollow-cast bronzes in Greece go back to the late eighth century: above, pp. 63f. But Rhoikos and Theo-dores may well have been the first to make large statues by this pro-cess. Cf. Casson, Technique, pp. I54ff. ; Κ . Kluge, Jahrb. 44, 1929, p. 8 and Die antiken Grossbronzen, I, pp. 67ft. 212®. ; E. Homann-Wede-king, Ath. Mitt., 60/61, 1935/36, pp. 2i2ff. Casson aptly explains the account of Diodorus as a fanciful description of the sixth century tech-nique, by which statues were cast in two halves over a sand cast taken from wooden originals.

38. Buschor, I.e., p. 44, figs. 146®. and 53, figs. i9off. H. 42 and 19.9 cm. Cast solid. Fragments of a marble lyre-player, made around 550 B.C., pp. i6f., figs. 47ff. The small marble head, p. 35, fig. 131. It was found in the foundation fill of the great altar and is therefore safely dated.

39. J . Boehlau, Aus Ionischen Nekropolen, pl. 13 (excavations of graves near the ancient city of Samos) ; Buschor, I.e., pp. 34f. 49, figs. i 2 i f f . ; i3off. ; 179; Satyric masks, p. 53, figs. 195.20οί. Cf. G. Richter, Metr. Mus. Handbook, p. 79 ; Albizzati, in Antike Plastik f . Amelung, pp. i f f . (Sicilian examples). J . Charbonneaux, in Mélanges Gustave Glotz, 1932, pp. 203fr. Early Ionian figurate vases have recently been discussed by Knoblauch, I.e., pp. i3 i f f . , and V. H. Poulsen, From the

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IN ARCHAIC SCULPTURE, NOTES 323 Collections of the Ny Carlsberg Glyptothek, II, pp. icrçff. ; he claims that the finest specimens (e.g. Corpus Vasorum, Oxford, 2 II D, pi. 7) are inspired by a lost masterpiece, made on Samos or Rhodes, in the first quarter of the sixth century.

40. Buschor, I.e., pp. 43ft., figs. 150-182. 189. A foot with the cav-ity for inserting the wing is all that remains of a statue of Hermes striding forward, larger than life, which must have been a master-piece: p. 51, figs. i86ff. The palmette stelai: Buschor, Ath. Mitt., 58, 1933, PP· " f f . Cf. G. Richter, Archaic Attic Gravestones, pp. 84Ì., figs. 85ff.

41. The statue from Cape Phoneas (Tigani), Ath. Mitt., 31, 1906, pp. 87ft., pis. loff. (Wiegand) ; i6jff. (L. Curtius). G. Richter, A J.Α., ¡o, 1946, p. 19, fig. 7 (ca. 550).

42. The statues from the Sacred W a y : Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, pp. 272ÍL, figs. io9ff. ; Brunn-Bruckmann, pis. i4iff. ; Lawrence, I.e., pi. 4; G. Richter, Sculpt., figs. 62. 264. Full discussion of the whole ma-terial, including the works now in Paris and Constantinople, and ample references, in F. N. Pryce, Cat. of Sculpt, in the Brit. Mus., I, ι, 1928, pp. loiff., nos. Β 271É., pis. iff .

43. On Thaies see R. K. Hack, God in Greek philosophy, pp. 38ff.; his connection with Miletus: M. Mayer, R.E., XV, 1931, p. 1638.

44. The earliest Milesian statue known to us represented the seated Anaximandros (Wiegand, Milet, II, p. 112, fig. 103; Winter, K.i.B., 201, 1), perhaps the father of the "sons of Anaximandros," who dedi-cated a statue by the otherwise unknown sculptor Terpsikles at Didy-ma (base now in London, Pryce, I.e., p. 105 ; Loewy, Inschr. griech, Bildhauer, no. 2). After that there is a gap of at least half a century in the series of extant works from Miletus.

45. The beautiful architectural fragments from Miletus and the Didymeion as well as from the neighboring town of Myus which was completely abandoned and dismantled before A.D., are mostly unpub-lished. See K.Ì.B., 127, 6f.; M. Mayer, I.e., pp. 16498.; a letter from Wiegand, R.E., XVI, 1935, pp. 14368.

46. The Poseidion at Monodendri: A. v. Gerkan, Milet, I, 4, 1915. The Gorgon block, Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, pp. 283®., figs. n 6 f .

47. The lions from the port: G. Richter, Animals, pp. sff., pi. 4, 10; Pryce, I.e., no. Β 28I, pi. i6, and pp. io2ff.; M. Mayer, I.e., pp. I638F.; Milet, I, 6, p. 84.

48. Pryce, I.e., no. Β 285, pl. 17; G. Richter, Sculpt, fig. 466; Wie-

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3 2 4 G R E E K P E R S O N A L I T Y gand, Abh. Berlin. Ahad., 1911 , p. 39; he attributes the relief to the cornice of the old temple.

49. Berlin, no. 1631 ; Wiegand, AD., I l l , pp. 5if., fig. 8 ; Langlotz, I.e., p. 123, pi. 70 ("Samos")·

jo. Carian and Lycian sculptures: Pryce, I.e., pp. 1778., with full bibliography.

51. See ILE., s.v. Ephesus, Erythrai, Klaros, Klazomenai, Kolo-phon, Lebedus, Teos, and the ample bibliography in Deonna's Dédale, II. On Klaros, Macridy-Picard, B.C.H., 39, 1915, pp. 33®., also Pi-card, Ephìse et Claros, 1922 ; on the American excavations at Kolo-phon, unfortunately cut off by the Graeco-Turkish War, H. Goldman, A J.Α., 27, 1923, pp. 67t. ; H. Fowler, Art and Arch., 14, 1922, pp. 2¡6S. Smyrna: J . Keil, Oest. Jahresh., 27, 1932, Beibl. pp. 125ft. (discovery of the archaic town) ; J . Cadoux, Ancient Smyrna, 1938, ch. III. Phocaea: F. Sartiaux, De l'ancienne à la moderne Phocée, and Filles mortes d'Asie Mineure. An archaic marble lion, Comptes ren-dus de l'Acad. d. Inscr., 1914, pp. 9f.

52. Ephesus: J . Keil, Fuehrer d. Ephesus, zd ed. 1930; the Artemis-ium: D. Hogarth-C. Smith, Excav, at Ephesus, 1908; Pryce, I.e., pp. 33ff., nos. Β 1-268, with careful discussion and references. The ivory and bronze figurines: C. Smith, I.e., pp. 145Í?., pis. 14.2iff.; Fr. Poul-sen, D. Orient u. d. fruehgriech. Kunst, pp. iooff. ; Beazley, I.e., pp. Sf., figs. iof. (the priest and priestess). The current reproductions of the priestess in front view are libellous.

53. C. Smith, I.e., p. 145, pi. 14; Lamb, I.e., p. 76, pi. 22.

54. Hogarth, I.e., pi. iti; Pryce, I.e., nos. Β 4ff., espec. Β iti, figs. 3 if . Herodotus, I. 92 states that Croesus offered most of the columns. On the dating of his reign, see Pryce, pp. 3jf .

55. Pryce, I.e., p. 48, assigns only two pieces, nos. Β 9of., to the time of Croesus, the rest to a somewhat later date ; he compares Β 95®. to Siphnos (below pp. 2338.) and dates the reliefs of the parapet about 510-460 B.C. (pp. 658.); G. Richter, Sculpt, p. 93, n. 25; Payne-Young, Archaic Marble Sculpture from the Acropolis, p. 55, n. 3. My remarks in the text should be modified accordingly.

56. Pliny, N.H. 36.90. Full publication by H. Johannes, Ath. Mitt., 62, 1937, pp. i3ff., pis. 7ff.; also Schede, I.e., pis. i f . ; Buschor, Ath. Mitt., 50, 1930, pp. 848. ; R. Eilmann, ibid.

57. See above notes 34 and 55.

58. Callinua, Fragments 1.3 ; Bowra, Early Greek Elegists, pp. 13ft.

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IN ARCHAIC SCULPTURE, NOTES 325 59. Hogarth-Smith, I.e., pi. 16, 6; V. Mueller, A.A., 1921, p. 234;

Rodenwaldt, Kunst d. Antike, pp. i86f.; G. Richter, Sculpt., figs. 26¡f.; Pryce, I.e., no. Β 89, pl. 4; Langlotz, I.e., p. 107, pi. 61, whose attribution to Miletus does not appear convincing.

60. Buschor, Greek Vase-Pcàntmg, pp. 83s.; E. Pfuhl, Malerei u. Zeichnung, I, pp. 165ÎÏ., I l l , pis. 31®.; the kore in Paris: E. Michon, B.C.H., 32, 1908, pp. 259ft., pi. 3·

61. Herodotus, I. 25 ; cf. Pausanias, X. 16. 1 ; Athenaeus, V. 210 C; Overbeck, Schriftquellen, nos. 263ff.; H. Stuart Jones, I.e., pp. 2off.; Amelung, Thieme-Becker, I.e., 14, 1921, pp. 24Sf·; Karo, Archiv f . Religionswiss., 190s, Usner-Heft. Iron reliefs in Olympia: Kunze, Jahrb. 53, 1938, II. Olympia-Bericht, pp. 79f. 89, pis. 32f. The Delphic bronze: B.CM., 65, 1941, pl. 15.

62. The two torsos discovered by A. Conze in 1858 are still by far the earliest Ionian korai; they are more than life size: Conze, Ath. Mitt., 23, 1898, pp. 155ft.; Lechat, La sculpture attigue avant Phidias, pp. 172®., figs. 9<f. ; Loewy, O est. Jahresh., 12, 1909, pp." 243ft., figs· i2if. ; K.Í.B., 200, ι . Best reproductions by Langlotz, in Schradens Archaische Marmorskulpt. d. Akropolis, p. 36, figs. 4-7, with an in-structive discussion of korai outside Attica. On Chiot sculptors, Lip-pold, R.E., XV, 1932, pp. i556f., s. v. Mikkiades; Amelung, Thieme-Becker, I.e., II, 1908, 68; Pliny, NJt. 36.11 (Stuart Jones, pp. i6ft. ; Jex-Blake-Sellers, pp. i86ff.)· On the later archaic Chiot sculptors Bupalos and Athenis, A. Rumpf, A.A., 1936, pp. 52ft. ; Deonna, Revue d. Etudes Grecques, 40, 1926, pp. 224ft.

63. The Nike first published by Th. Homolle, B.C.H., 2, 1879, PP· 393ft·! pis. 6f.; G. Richter, Sculpt., figs. 76t. The inscription: Loewy, Inschr, griech. Bildhauer, no. 1 ; Stuart Jones, I.e., p. 19. The correct reconstruction by Studniczka, Die Siegesgoettin, pp. 7ft., pi. 2; E. Schmidt, Der Knielauf, p. 336, fig. 42. First recognized as an akro-terion by G. Loeschcke, Treu, Oest. Jahresh., 2, 1899, pp. 2oof.

64. G. Richter, I.e., figs. 80. 83, and the Gorgon 79. The Nike of Paionios, ibid., figs. 455f. 637ft.

65. Kourouniotis, Deltion, I, 1915, pp. 8iff., figs. 20ft.; A.A., 191$, pp. 2oif., fig. 8.

66. Larisa revetments: A. Akerstroem-L. Kjellberg, Larisa am Her-mes, II, 1940, quoted by Picard, Mon. Piot, 38, pp. 63ft., with figs. 6f. i5f. Cf. the Lydian parallels, Th. Shear, Sardis, X, 1926. Aeolic capitals: Koldewey, Neandria, pp. 46ft., figs. 66ft.; Robertson, I.e., pp. 58ft., fig. 22, pi. 2; K. Schefold, Oest. Jahresh., 31, 1939, pp. 42ft.

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326 GREEK PERSONALITY 67. On Lesbos, see Buerchner, R.E., XII, 1925, pp 2107!!. ; Kolde-

wey, Lesbos. On Samothrace, Fredrich, Ath. Mitt., 34, 1909, pp. 23 ff. ; R.E., I A, 1920, pp. 2224ft. The relief, now in the Louvre, Perrot-Chipiez, I.e., VIII, p. 349, fig. 152; Brunn-Bruckmann, pi. 231 a; K.Ì.B., 211, ι . On the recent American excavations, K. Lehmann-Hartleben, A J.Α., 43, 1939, pp. i33ff. An archaic marble hand, per-haps from the old cult statue, pp. i39f., fig. 7; F. Brommer, A.A., 1939» P· 258·

68. Clarke-Koldewey-Thatcher, Investigations at Assos, ed. by Fr. Bacon, 1902; Robertson, I.e., p. 84; the reliefs e.g. Perrot-Chipiez, I.e., VIII, pp. 259®., figs. loiff. Restored view of the temple: VII, pis. 34f.; G. Richter, Sculpt, fig. 403 ; Lawrence, I.e., pi. 9.

69. Radet-Ouvré, B.C.H., 18, 1894, pp. 129®., pi. 4; A. Koerte, Ath. Mitt., 20, 1895, pp. iff., pis. if . ; Perrot-Chipiez, I.e., VIII, pp. 343f., figs. i49f.

70. Adcock, C.A.H., IV, pp. 89.99^ 107®. ; Hiller v. Gaertringen, RE., Suppl. V, 1931, pp. 73iff., espec. 738ff. 827<f.; Blinkenberg, Lin-dos, I, pis. 63-95. On Naukratis see H. Kees, R.E., XVI, 1935, pp. 1954s., espec. içéif. ; E. Pryce, J.H.S., 44, 1924, pp. i8off. ; R. Cook, J.H.S., 57, 1937, pp. 2278.; G. Richter, Kouroi, pp. 57f. 100.125.

71. G. Richter, Kouroi, pp. s6f. ; 92, no. 22, figs. 92ff.; 1858., nos. io8ff., figs. 30iff. ; Pryce, I.e., no. Β 330, pl. 35; Jacopi, Clara Rhodos, 5. 1931» ΡΡ· 78ff-, fig. 50; 6/7, 1932/3, pp. 254ff., fig. 44; 265«., figs. 5off. ; 2748., figs. 62fi., pi. 10. Stele from Syme, now in Constantin-ople, Joubin, B.C.H., 18, 1894, pp. 201 ff. ; Perrot-Chipiez, I.e., VIII, p. 331, fig. 143. Terracottas: e.g. Brit. Mus. Cat. Terrae., pp. 948.; fine colored plate in Perrot-Chipiez, I.e., pi. 6.

72. P. Amandry, B.C.H., 63, 1939, pp. 86ff., pis. 19ÉF. ; further illus-trations, ibid., 64/65, 1940/41, pis. i8f. Careful description with good illustrations.

73. Remains of ivory sculpture: G. Richter, Sculpt, pp. i39f., fig. 432; Albizzati, J.H.S., 35, 1916, pp. 373ff., pis. 8f.; Lethaby, ibid., 37, 1917, pp. i7f.

74. Dedications by Croesus: E. Bourguet, B.C.H., 21, 1897, pp. 483fr. ; T.d.O., III, 5, p. 177. Silver lion in Delphi: Amandry, I.e., pp. io7ff., pi. 38.

75. P. de La Coste-Messelière, F A.D., IV, 2, 1928, pp. iff., pis. 26ff., and espec. Au Musée de Delphes, 1936, pp. 237-486, with full bibli-ography.

76. On Knidos Buerchner, R.E., XI, 1922, pp. 914s.; P. de La

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IN ARCHAIC SCULPTURE, NOTES 327 Coste-M., I.e., p. 276 (relations between Knidos and Delphi) ; the Knidian treasury, pp. 247®. 259ft. 276ft.; the Caryatid, p. 277 and F.d.D., IV, 2, pp. iff. figs, iff., pi. 26, hors-texte i f . A new piece added: A.A., 1939, pp. 249^, fig. 13. T h e head has often been pub-lished, e.g. G. Richter, Gravestones, p. 69, fig. 80. T h e two Caryatids can hardly, I feel, represent Demeter and Persephone, chief goddesses of Knidos. They must be simple korai.

77. F.d.D., IV, 2, pp. 26ff.; Au Musée, pp. 237®. 254®. 269®. 28of. The attribution to Massalia is based upon Fausanias, X, 8. 6. T h e "anonymous" treasury, F.dJ>., pp. i73ff . ; Au Musée, p. 476.

78. Au Musée, pp. 45sff. T h e reconstruction of the capitals on fig. 19 is f a r more convincing that that in F.d.D., I I , 1, pi. 27 (Rob-ertson, I.e., p. 102, fig. 46), where two chalices of leaves are placed above each other.

79. On Siphnos Buerchner, R.E., I I I A, 1929, pp. 26i&.; Ure, C.A.H., IV, pp. io i f . Our main source is Herodotus, I. 69. I I I . 57. T h e treasury is admirably discussed by P. de La Coste-M., F.d.D., IV, 2> ΡΡ· 57®·> P's. i8ff., and Au Musée, pp. 237ÉF., the sculptures pp. 256-440. The British excavations on the island (1936-1939) have so f a r been disappointing: short preliminary reports; J.H.S., 57, 1937, pp. i35f. ; 58, 1938, pp. 23iff . The herm: F. Crome, A th. Miti., 60/61, 1935/36, pis. ioiff . A curious lion's head: Chr. Karouzos, Ephem., 1937, pp. 599®.; Brommer, A.A., 1939, pp. 259^, fig. 17.

80. T h e Xanthos sculptures, now in London: Piyce, nos. Β 286ff., pp. i i7ff.

81. T h e problems of perspective in ancient art have been most rig-orously stated by H. Schaefer, Von aegyptischer Kunst, 3 ed., 1930; A. Scharff, Handbuch d. Archaeologie, I, 1938, pp. 49iff. ; A. Deila Seta, La genesi dello scorcio. T h e Greek locus classicus, Plato's So-phist, 236. Convincing discussion of the Gigantomachy group by V. F. Lenzen, The Figure of Dionysos on the Siphnian Frieze, Univ. of California Pubi, in Class. Archaeol., 3, 1946, pp.. i f .

82. Au Musée, pp. 16, η. ι . 415, η. 1 ; A. Wilhelm, Beitraege z . griech. Inschriftenkunde, 1909, pp. 156ft. ; cf. above, pp. i34f.

83. One should remember that while only comparatively small pieces of the North and East friezes are missing, hardly more than half of the southern and less than two thirds of the western side have-survived. It is therefore much easier to do justice to the Giganto-machy master than to what we may call the Judgement of Paris: master.

84. Ait Musée, pp. 336ff. 350ÎÏ. ; for Clazomenian works, pp. 4o6f. 4 i 9 f .

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NOTES C H A P T E R VII

ι . P. Kavvadias-G. Kawerau, The Excavations on the Acropolit (in Greek) 1907, ably condensed by G. Dicking, Catalogue of the Acropolis Museum, I, 1912, pp. iff. Kerameikos excavations: F. Noack, Ath. Mitt., 32, 1907, pp. 123s. 4748.; G. Karo, An Attic Cem-etery, 1943.

2. Th. Wiegand, Die archaische Porosarchitektur der Akropolis zu Athen, 1904; R. Heberdey, Altattische Porosskulptur, 1919; G. Dick-ins, I.e.; H. Schräder, Archaische Marmorskulpturen im Akropolis-Museum, 1909 (quoted as A.M.S.) ; Jahrb. 43, 1928, pp. 54.fi. ; Die archaischen Marmorbildiverke der Akropolis (with E. Langlotz and W. H. Schuchhardt, 1939, quoted as A.M.A.) ; E. Buschor, Ath. Mitt., 47, 1922, pp. 53ff. 8iff. io6ff.; H. Payne and G. M. Young, Archaic Marble Sculpture from the Acropolis, 1936 (quoted as Ρ-Ύ.) ; G. Richter, Metrop, Mus. Stud., V, 1934/36, pp. 2off. ; Kouroi, passim; Early Attic Gravestones, Martin Lectures 1943.

3. Bronzes: A. de Ridder, Cat. d. bronzes trouvés sur l'Acropole d'Athènes, 1896. Terracottas: Karo, I.e., pis. isf . F. Winter, A.A., 1893, pp. i4off. ; D. Brooke, Cat. Acropolis Mus., II, 1921, pp. 317ÉE. Clay reliefs: G. Richter, Metrop. Mus. Bull., I, 1942, pp. 8off., and Gravestones, p. 4.

4. F. E. Adcock, C.A.H., IV, 1926, pp. 26®.; R.E., XI, 1922, pp. 246of.

5. Adcock, I.e., pp. 39f. ; G. F. Hill, ibid., pp. I29f. ; C. T . Seltman, Athens, its History and Coinage. These coins have usually been at-tributed to Peisistratos. On Solon see Adcock, I.e., pp. 36ff. ; I. M. Linforth, Solon the Athenian, 1919, especially pp. 27ÉE. 287ft. ! W. Aly, R.E., III A, 1929, pp. 955f., espec. 976ÎÏ. ; W . Jaeger, Solons Eunomie, in Sitz. Ber. Beri. Akad., 1926, pp. 73®., and Paideia, I, 1939, pp. 14. 134®. See also C. M. Bowra, Early Greek Elegists (Martin Lectures VII, 1935) pp. 73®.

6. Wiegand and Heberdey, I.e., passim. Half a dozen small pedi-ments on the Acropolis and at least one large one. A slab of an early pediment, probably from the small temple of Dionysos on the south-ern slope of the Acropolis: satyrs and maenads.

7. Dickins, no. 1, with careful description, noting all traces of color. Wiegand, I.e., pp. i92ff., pi. 8, 4. Heberdey, I.e., pp. loff.

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IN ARCHAIC SCULPTURE, NOTES 329 8. Heberdey, I.e., pp. 29ft, pi. 1. Buschor, I.e., pp. 8iff.; Dicking,

pp. 6off. 9. W. Doerpfeld, Ath. Mitt., n , 1886, pp. 377®·; Wiegand, I.e., pp.

iff., Is. 1-5 (in color) ; Heberdey, I.e., pp. +6ff. 77ff., pis. 3£F.; Buschor, I.e., pp. 92®. ; Plastik der Griechen, pp. 32ff. 41 ; Schuchhardt, Ath. Mitt., 60/61, 1935/36, pp. 8iff. The pediments are also published in handbooks, e.g. G. Richter, Sculpt, figs. 376ÍL The temple under the Parthenon: Schräder, Jahrb., pp. 86f., fig. 33 ; Schuchhardt, I.e., pp. 97f.

10. Wiegand, I.e., pi. 2 ; Schräder, A.M.S., pp. ¡S., figs, iff. ; P-Y, pp. iof., pis. 13. i j ; Buschor, Ath. Mitt., 47, 1922, pp. 93f.; Schräder, Jahrb. pp. 55ff.; Schuchhardt, A.M.A., pp. 337ff., pis. i82f., and Ath. Mitt., I.e., pp. iff. ioiff. The Gorgon and Perseus: P-Y., pp. iof., pis. 1.13; Schuchhardt, AM.A. , pp. 319ft., figs. 368ff. Two lions from the roof of the temple: Schräder, Jahrb., pp. ssff. 88, fig. 34; Schuch-hardt, A.M.A., pp. 382ft., pis. i66f.

11. Dickins, nos. 3. 35. 36, pp. 748.; Wiegand, I.e., 72®., figs. 8iff., pis. 4f. (color), pp. 27!!., figs. 28ft., pis. 2f. (color) for the flowers and birds under the cornice; Heberdey, I.e., pp. 125®.; Buschor, Ath. Mitt., 47, 1922, pp. 53ft. io6ff. The head of Herakles: O. Broneer, Hesperia, 8, 1939, j>p. 9iff. ; A J.Α., 42, 1938, pp. 448f. The composi-tion: Schuchhardt, Ath. Mitt., I.e., pp. 72ft., figs. 8. 14.

12. Of other poros sculptures from Attica we may mention the stele of a bearded warrior and a lion from the Kerameikos Cemetery: G. Richter, Gravestones, pp. 19. 40, figs. 33. 55, Karo, I.e., pis. 17f. A sphinx in New York: G. Richter, I.e., p. 19, figs. 33t.

13. P-Y., pp. i2.67f., pis. 17.21; Schuchhardt, AM.A., pp. 32jff., figs 375ft. Beazley, J.H.S., 60/61, 1940/41, pp. 22S., pis. 5. The early kouroi: N. Rhomaios, A.D., IV, 1931, pp. 9iff., pis. 47ft.; G. Richter, text to Brunn-Bruckmann, pis. 75iff., and Kouroi, pp. 47ft., pis. 611., with references; Buschor, Plastik d. Griechen, pp. 19ft., Best photo-graphs of the Kerameikos head: Rodenwaldt, A.A., 1935, pp. 355ft., fig. 4, Beilagen 3-5.

14. Athenian relations with Delphi in the archaic period: Adcock, I.e., p. 81 ; Fr. v. Hiller, R.E. IV, 1901, pp. 2543ff.

15. Dickins, no. 624; P-Y., pp. iff., pis. 2-4; Buschor, Plastik, pp. 3of. ; St. Casson, A J.Α., 41, 1937, p. 107; Schuchhardt, AM.A., pp. 278®., pis. 153t. Of the numerous other illustrations, almost all are too inferior to give any idea of the beauty of this statue.

16. Lechat in Brunn-Bruckmann, pi. 522; P-Y., pp. 6ff., pis. 11.

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330 GREEK PERSONALITY

133, bibliography p. 67; Schuchhardt, A.M.A., pp. 213®., pis. 134.0?. The botanist consulted by Payne declared the wreath to be of oak, which would indicate a Delphic victory, while Schuchhardt's author-ity called the leaves parsley, recalling prize wreaths in Poseidon's Isthmian and Nemean sanctuaries. A few fragments of a similar horseman have first been identified by Schuchhardt. Both formed a group comparable, in its heraldic symmetry, to the Argive Twins. Such pairs of statues appear to have been favorite votive offerings to Athena: we have remains of sphinxes, lions, hounds and horses. See P-Y., pp. 5 if . 74. The pedimental lions may have furnished proto-types, above p. 273.

17. G. Richter, Kouroi, pp. i3off., pis. 43ff., and Brunn-Bruckmann, pi. 721.

18. A. Conze, Attische Grabreliefs, I, no. 5, pi. 4. Reproduced very often, best in Buschor, Plastik, p. 46, cf. 50; G. Richter, Grave-stones p. 41, fig. 57. The stele from the Themistoklean wall, ibid. p. 41 fig. 61 ; Noack, Ath. Mitt., 32, 1907, pp. 514®., pi. 21 ; Chr. Kar-ouzos, B.S.A., X X X I X , pp. 98ff.

19. The warrior stele above, note 12. The kouroi: G. Richter, Kouroi, pp. 1898., pis. 878. ; P. Wolters, Brunn-Bruckmann, pis. 66if. ; Buschor, Plastik, pp. 23ft ; A. Philadelpheus, B.S.A., XXXVI , pp. iff., pis. iff.

20. G. Richter, A.D., IV, 1929, pis. i9f., pp. 33®., and Gravestones, pp. 646t., figs. 73 ff.

21. G Richter, Gravestones, pp. 31. 103. 105, figs. 43. 94. loof. ; the new stele: pp. 53ÎÏ., figs. 66f. and Metrop. Mus. Bull., 1944, pp. 233®., pis. 2f. The sphinx in Boston, G. Chase, A J. Α., so, 1946, pp. iff., figs. iff.

22. Dickins, nos. s82ff. 593; P-Y., pp. 9, pis. 12. 14; Langlotz, A.M.A., pp. 17. 38, pis. 2. 12. The poros figures: Heberdey, I.e., pp. i8f., figs. 7f·

23. The "Samian" korai: Dickins, nos. 619. 677; P-Y., p. 12, pis. i8ff.; Langlotz, A.M.A., pp. 63ff., pis. 33f. Also Buschor, Altsa-mische Standbilder, pp. 24t., figs. 78ft. The Attic goddess in Berlin : Wiegand, A.D., IV, pis. I2ff.; often reproduced, e.g. G. Richter, Sculpture, figs. i39f. 267®.; P-Y., p. 1, fig. 1 ; Buschor, Plastik, pp. 34· 36ί·

24. P-Y., pp. 14ft. 68, pis. 22ff.; Langlotz, A.M.Α., pis. 36f.

25. Dickins, no. 682; P-Y., pp. 27f. 69, ph. 408.; Langlotz, A.M.A. pp. 86ff., pis. 53ff. H. 1. 825 m. It is significant that only very few

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IN ARCHAIC SCULPTURE, NOTES 331

korai anywhere in Greece are larger than life (on the Acropolis only iour, Dicking, nos. 671. 681. 682. 1360), and that none attain the colos-sal dimensions of many kouroi.

26. Dickins, nos. 675. 683 ; Schräder, A . M . A . , pp. 19. 28. 4.5^, figs, n f . 48ff. ; P-Y., pp. 31. 34, pis. 49f. 59; Langlotz, Α.Μ.Λ., pp. 52. 9 iff., pis. i7f . 6oi. Colored reproductions of the painted patterns on korai dresses: W . Lermann, Altgriech. Plastik, 1907, pis. 1-20; Schräder, Α.Μ.Α., pp. V I I f., pis. I ff. ; cf. G . Richter, Polychromy in Greek Sculpture, Melr. Mus. Bull., 1944, pp. 2330., pis. i f f . ; A J.Α., 48, 1944, pp. 32iff., pis. 7ff. ; Karouzos, I.e., pp. io2ff., plausibly claims the Kore 683, with the red shoes, ior Sicyon, or at least the Northern Peloponnese. Cf . above, p. 140, n. 67.

27. Dickins, no. 679 ; P-Y., pp. 19IÏ., pis. 29®. 38 ; Langiotz, A.M.A., pp. 18. 3of., pis. 3ff. ; Buschor, Plastik, pp. 4of. ; Casson, Technique, p. 107, figs. 4off. T h e numerous earlier illustrations give no concep-tion of this maiden's charm. A work of the same period, akin to the kore in its subtle beauty, is the head of a youth on the fragment of a stele in New York, reproduced on our plate X X V I , from G. Richter, Gravestones, fig. 71.

28. Dickins, no. 681; P-Y., pp. 3iff., pis. 5 i f f . ; Langlotz, A.M.A., pp. 83f., pis. soff. ; Buschor, Plastik, p. 39. H. 2. 55 m. Nearchos: Thieme-Becker, X X V , 1931, pp. 369^; H. R. W . Smith, Corpus Va-sorum, U. S. Α., fase. 10, San Francisco ι , 1943, pp. 29f. Amelung, Thieme-Becker, I, 1907, pp. 547f. ; Robert, R.E., I, 1894, pp. 2353t.

29. On the problem of Inoian importation: P-Y., pp. 55ft.; E. Ho-mann-Wedeking, Ath. Mitt., 60/61, 1935/36, pp. 204ff. ; Langlotz AM.A., pp. i4f. ; Buschor, Plastik, pp. 34ff. ; G . Rodenwaldt, Gno-mon, 16, 1940, p. 163.

30. Dickins, no. 625; Schräder, A.M.S., pp. 25. 43, figs. 18. 37; P-Y., pp. 46f., 72, pi. 116; Langlotz, A.M.A., pp. 139!!., pi. 85. On the artist Endoios: Amelung, Thieme-Becker, Χ , 1914, 52if. ; Robert, R.E., V, 1905, pp. 2553ff., also Χ, 1919, pp. 1613. New signature of En-doios: J.H.S., 42, 1922, p. 106.; 55, 1945, pp. 1676. cf. note 33 ;G. Richter, text to Brunn-Bruckmann, pis. 751-755 ; Raubitschek, Oesterr. Jahresh., 31, 1939, Beibl. 64t.

31. Dickins, nos. 498. 618. 620. 629; P-Y., pp. 47. 61, pis. i i 7 f . ; Langlotz, A . M . A . , pis. 84. 86f. On the statue of Athena Polias see M . Bieber, AJ.A., 48, 1944, pp. 125®.

32. Herms: H. Schräder in Archaische Plastik f. Amelung, pp. 227ff.; P-Y., pp. 46. 71, pi. 104; J. Fr. Crome, Ath. Mitt., 60/61, 1935/36, pp. 300ft., pis. l o i f f . ; 62. 1937, p. 149, pi. 67. Head of

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332 GREEK PERSONALITY

Dionysus: W . Wrede, ibid. 53, 1928, pp. 6St-, pi. 2 1 ; P-Y., p. 46, pi. 103 ; Schuchhardt, A.M.A., p. 249, figs. 274I ; Buschor, Plastik, pp. 33f. Statue of Dionysus: N. Kyparissis, Dellien, 13, 1930/31, pp. 119ft., pis. 6f. Cf. L. Caskey, A J.Α., 4θ, 1936, pp. 306ft.

33. T h e horseman: Dickins, nos. 623. 4119; P - Y . , p· 46, pis. 101. 136; Schuchhardt, A . M . A . pp. 237ft., P's· 143ft· T h e reliefs: Dickins, nos. 702. 1332; P-Y., pp. 48f., pis. 128ft.; Schuchhardt, A.M.A., pp. 30if. 3 i i f . , pis. 156. I78f. and V I (in color). On the inscription of the potter relief Raubitschek, A.J.A., 46, 1942, pp. 245ft., figs- H e

convincingly reads Endoios as the artist*s name.

34. T h e hoplitodrome : D. Philios, Ephem., 1903, p. 43, pi. 1 ; B u l k , D. Schoene Mensch, pl. 203 ; G . Richter, Gravestones, p. 123, η. io, inclines to consider this a votive relief. T h e Aristion stele, ibid., pp. 99f., fig. 93; Conze, Att. Grabrel., I, no. 2, pi. 2 ; reproduced very often. On Aristokles see Thieme-Becker, II, 1908, p. 104 ; R.E., II, p. 937; Schräder, A . M . A . , pp. 376ft. claims that he made the marble pediments of the Old Temple for the Peisistratids (convincingly re-futed by Rodenwaldt, Gnomon, 16, 1940, p. 163). On Aristion J. Kir -chner, R.E., 2, 1896, p. 899. If he obtained a bodyguard for Peisistratos in 560 (Aristotle, Constit. of Athens, 14; Plutarch, Solon, 30), he must heve lived to a great age to be buried under this stele.

35. F. Courby, B.C.H., 28, 1914, pp. 327ft., pis. 6f.; P. de La Coste-M., F A.D., IV, 3, 1931, pp. 15ft., pis. 3ft.; cf. pp. iff., pis. i f . (remaine of poros pediments of the temple of Athena Pronaia, datable around 500 B.C., evidently inspired by the Alkmaeonid figures) and A<n-nuaire de l'Ecole d. Hautes Etudes de Gand, II, 1938, pp. m f f . T h e A g o r a inscription: B. Meritt, Hesperia, 8, 1939, pp. 6iff.

36. T h e Peisistratid eastern pediment: Dickins, nos. 631. 3074. 4097-4100 ; Wiegand, I.e., p. 126, pis. i6f . ; P-Y., pp. 52ft. ; Schräder, A.M.A., pp. 343ft., pis. 190ft. Here the western pediment is published for the first time; a new note is introduced by the lions actually de-vouring the bull.

37. T h e Alkmaeonid pediments are convincingly dated by Payne, I.e., pp. 63ft., somewhat later than 530 B.C., since the Antenor Kore is "certainly earlier, how much earlier . . . it is impossible to say." Earlier theories: Homolle, B.C.H., 26, 1902, pp. 587ft. According to Payne, p. 54 "520 is probably the latest possible date for the Peisis-tratid pediment." T h e old technique was retained, for reasons of stability, in the poros pediments at Delphi and Olympia (above, p. 175). Cf also A . Plassart, Rev. Etudes Anciennes, 42, 1940, pp. 293ft.

38. Casson, Cat. Acrop. Mus., II, 1921, pp 286ft.; Wiegand, I.e., p.

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IN ARCHAIC SCULPTURE, NOTES 333 125; Schräder, A.M.S., p. 75, figs. 6if . ; P-Y., p. 54, pi. 132; Schuch-hardt, A.M.A., pp. 3i7ff., pis. i8of.

39. Dickins, no. 3832; Schräder, A.M.S., pp. 72t., figs. 6iff. ; Heb-erdey, I.e., p. 228; P-Y., pp. sof., pi. 133.; Schuchhardt, A.M.A., pis. 166Í.

40. P-Y., p. 50; G. Méautis, L'Aristocratie athénienne, 1927, pp. 40S.

41. Dickins, nos. 142. 57iff. 697. 700; Schräder, A.M.S., pp. 76ÎÏ., figs. 6yS.j P-Y., pp. sif. , pis. 131 . 134.ÎÏ. ; Schuchhardt. A.M.A., pp. 230. 24off. 262S., pis. i4of. 147®. i6gi.; S. D. Markman, The Horse in Greek Art, Johns Hopkins Stud, tn Gr. Arch., no. 35, 1943, pp. 50ft.

42. For this popular song see Bowra, Greek Lyric Poetry, pp. 4i6ff. ; The Oxford Book of Greek Verse, no. 230. For the end of the Peisis-tratid rule, Adcock, C.A.H., IV, pp. 75®.; the Kleisthenian reform, Ε. M. Walker, ibid., IV, pp. i4iff . ; Kahrstedt, R.E., XI, 1922, pp. 62of. ; F- Schachermeyr, R.E., XIX, 1937, pp. isoff. especially i86ff.

43. Dickins, nos. 674. 641 ; P-Y., pp. 34f. 7off., pis. 758. 81 ; Lang-lotz, ΆΜ.Α., pp. 93 ff., pis. 62ft. 99. The best reproduction of the tiny head in Schräder, A.M.S., p. 1. Bases with reliefs: B.C.H., 46, 1922, pp. iff., figs, iff., pis. i f f ; A.J.A., 26, 1922, pp. 354ft.

44. J . Audiat, F.d.D., II, 2, 1933, pp. 8sff. The much-debated chronological problem appears to be solved definitely in favor of the earlier date (507 B.C.) by Dinsmoor, A J.Α., ¡o, 1946, pp. 86ff.

45. Dickins, nos. 145. 370. The group first recognized by Schräder, A M.S., pp. 6zfi., figs. 52ff.; P-Y., pp. 43t., pis. 1058.; Schuchhardt, A.M.A., pp. 28iff., pis. i56f. The torso from Daphni, A.A., 1915, pp. 275ff. ; Buschor-Hamann, Olympia, p. 29, figs. 8f.

46. H. Koch, A.D., I l l , pi. 28; Beazley, I.e., fig. 52; Buschor, Plastik, p. 45. 49 ; G. Richter, Sculpt., figs. 281. 284. 442. The Amazon relief ir. Thebes, L. Curtius, A th. Mitt., 30, 1905, pp. 3 75 (f., pl. 13. A probably Chalcidian bronze female statuette in Baltimore, V. Mueller, Journal Walters Art Gallery, 1938, pp. 33®.

47. The bronze warrior's head, Papaspyridi, no. 6446; Bulle, I.e., pp. 226. 495, pi. 226; the youthful head, Papaspyridi, no. 6590, fig. 38; Perrot, I.e., VIII, p. 679, fig. 347; the statuette, Papaspyridi, no. £449, fig. 37; the flat Athena no. 6448 (remains of a companion figure, both probably adorned a vase) ; Lamb, I.e., p. 99, pi. 44 b; cf. Ν Svoronos, Deltion, 6, 1920/21, pp. 2iff. All these works also in Brunn-Bruckmann, pis. 2. 81. 461. The later Athena, Papaspyridi no. 6447, fig. 39 ; Lamb, I.e., p. 99.

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334 GREEK PERSONALITY 48. The Euthydikos kore, Dicking, no. 686; P-Y. , pp. 38ff., pi.

848.; Langlotz, A.M. Α., pp. 778., pis. 45® . ; Studniczka's restoration: Beazley, I.e., p. 27, fig. 48. The statue in Eleusis, Buschor, Antike, I I , 1926, pp. i75f., pl. 13 ; G . Richter, Sculpt., p. 63, fig. 87. The Sunion relief, R. Zahn, Antike, I , 1925, pp. 36if., pi. 39; G. Richter, Sculpt., p. 169, fig. 494. The blonde head, Dickins, no. 689; Buschor, Olympia, pp. 10. 14 ; P-Y., pp. 45f., pis. i i 3 f f . Part of the body identified by M. Bieber, Ath. Mitt., 37, 1912, pp. 15 i f f . ; E. Homann-Wedeking, Ath. Mitt., 60/61, 1935/36, pp. ¿098. ; Schuchhardt, A.M.A., pp. i97f., pis. i 2 j f f .

49. The Tyrannicides: G. Richter, Sculpt., figs. 57öS.; Beazley, I.e., fig. 64; P-Y., p. 44. Latest discussion by Buschor, Sitz. Ber. Bayr. Akad., 1940, 5, with the first convincing arrangement of the two sta-tues, p. 28, fig. 16. On the problem of the two artists working together, Homann-Wedeking, I.e., pp. 2i2ff . ; Raubitschek, O est. Jahresh., 31 , 1939, Beibl. 42ff.

50. Dickins, no. 696; Schräder, A.M.S., p. 58, fig. 48, pis. 109!!.; P-Y., pp. 44f., pis. 109e. ; Homann-Wedeking, I.e., p. 203f. 2 i i f f . ; R. Lullies, Gnomon, 14, 1938, p. 73 ; G . Richter, Kouroi, p. 4, n. 4 ; Rau-bitschek, Hesperia, 8, 1939, p. 156; Schuchhardt, AM.A., pp. 19 1® . , pis. i2off. ; he refutes Ashmole's doubts as to the connection between head and body. Hardly any earlier reproductions do justice to either head or body.

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