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Bradley RoweMichigan State UniversityDepartment of Horticulture
Green Roof Research atMichigan State University
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Design Intent
Intensive greening Extensive greening
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Cantonel University Hospital, Basel
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Rigi Kaltbad Edelweiss
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Why Green Roofs?
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Benefits
Aesthetics
Recovery of green space
Biodiversity
Water and air purification
Longevity of roof
Noise reduction
Stormwater management – Quantity and Quality
Moderation of urban heat island
Building insulation
Carbon sequestration
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Research at MSU
Plant selectionStormwaterThermal propertiesCarbon sequestration
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Stormwater
QualityRetention
SlopeSubstrate DepthVegetation Type
InstrumentationCurve Numbers
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Time After Initial Rainfall (h)
0 1 2 3
Rai
nfal
l or R
unof
f (m
m)
0
1
2
3
RainfallGravelMediaVegetated
Hydrograph10 mm rainfallOct 4, 2002
VegetationReduced peakDelayed total
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MSU Campus = 14.2 million sq ft of roof surface
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64,821,351 gallons =
8,665,354 cubic feet =
245,375 cubic meters
If all MSU campus roofs were green…
...would have been retained (2003)
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Niagara Falls - Canada
1 minute, 48 seconds
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Curve NumbersSlope Curve Number (CN)2% 847% 8715% 8925% 90
Traditional Roof CN=98
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Pho
to ©
Wal
brid
ge A
ldin
ger
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PSSB Roof
Top of Insulation
Date08/01/06 08/02/06 08/03/06 08/04/06
Tem
pera
ture
(C)
10
20
30
40
50
60
Ambient AirVegetationGravel
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Energy Efficiency
Source: National Research Council , Institute for Research in Construction
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Plant EvaluationsSubstrate depth and compositionNutrient requirementsRate of establishmentGrowthSurvival and persistenceCompetition/SuccessionEnvironmental tolerancesPlant stressEvapotranspirationCarbon sequestration
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Growth and Coverage
SurvivalGrowth indexVisual ratingBiomassImage analysisPoint frame
Relative abundanceAbsolute cover
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August 2001
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August 2001
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September 2002
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May 2004
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SedumCrassulacean acid metabolism
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Propagation 2 months
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Competition #2
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Quantifying drought tolerance
Watering regimen Measurements
Growth, survival, evapotranspiration, and chlorophyll fluorescence
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Carbon sequestrationSampled
Above ground biomassBelow ground (roots)Soil carbon content
Sample preparationDriedWeighedGround to a fine powder
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Carbon sequestration
Total carbon concentration determined Carlo Erba NA1500 Series 2 N/C/S analyzer
Carbon accumulationMultiply dry matter weight by total C concentration
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Carbon sequestration
Preliminary study (2006)12 roofs in Michigan and Maryland 1 to 6 years in age1.27 to 10.2 cm depthSedum basedAbove-ground only
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Results - Preliminary study Average: 162 g C/m2
Range: 73.2 - 276.5 g C/m2
y = 71.5 + (2.72 x Age in months)r2=0.32
Age of Green Roof (months)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Car
bon
(g.m-2
)
0
100
200
300
400
500
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Results - Preliminary study
Location
Mean Substrate
Depth (cm)Age
(months)Carbon (g•m-
2)MSU Communication Arts BuildingEast Lansing, MI
2.5 15 96.8
MSU HTRCEast Lansing, MI 2.5 39 143.5
Ford Motor Company Rouge PlantDearborn, MI
2.5 48 196.3
Mean above-ground carbon content of select extensive green roofs
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Results - Preliminary study
Location
Mean Substrate
Depth (cm)Age
(months)Carbon (g•m-
2)
MSU HTRCEast Lansing, MI 5.0 39 158.7
MSU HTRCEast Lansing, MI 6.0 52 224.2
Renaissance Center South River ColonyEdgewater, MD
6.4 48 276.5
Mean above-ground carbon content of select extensive green roofs
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Carbon sequestration
MSU PSSBDepth = 6 cmSpecies• Sedum acre • Sedum album • Sedum kamtshaticum• Sedum spurium• Substrate only
Time to equilibrium• Harvested three times during the growing season
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Results - PSSBMean carbon content at end of first growing season (October 2007)
g C•m-2
SpeciesAbove Ground Roots Soil Total
S. acre 258.4 A 11.9 A 265.9 A 536.2 A
S. album 291.6 A 15.9 A 381.9 A 689.4 A
S. kamtschaticum 214.3 A 143.8 C 343.5 A 701.6 A
S. spurium 228.8 A 83.5 B 296.2 A 608.5 A
Mean 248.3 63.8 321.9 633.9
Mean separation in columns by LSD (P≤0.05). Uppercase letters in columns denote differences among species (n=20).
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Results - PSSBMean carbon content at end of first growing season (October 2007)
g C•m-2
SpeciesAbove Ground Roots Soil Total
S. acre 258.4 A 11.9 A 265.9 A 536.2 A
S. album 291.6 A 15.9 A 381.9 A 689.4 A
S. kamtschaticum 214.3 A 143.8 B 343.5 A 701.6 A
S. spurium 228.8 A 83.5 C 296.2 A 608.5 A
Mean 248.3 63.8 321.9 633.9
5,600300Desert Scrub
19,2003,000Temperate Grassland
12,7001,400Cultivated Land11,8008,000Temperate forest
Mean Soil Organic Matter (g C/m2)
Plant biomass (g C/m2)Biome Type
Mean separation in columns by LSD (P≤0.05). Uppercase letters in columns denote differences among species (n=20).
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Carbon sequestration
Detroit Metropolitan areaLand area of rooftops
6,335 hectares - commercial8,399 hectares - industrial
20% green roofs~19,000 metric tons of carbon sequestered
~ 0.2% of the carbon emitted by Detroit’s major electric utility in 2005
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Results - PSSB
Month (2007)
Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov
Gra
ms
C p
er m
2
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Above Ground biomassRoot BiomassSubstrate
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Influence of design on functionAestheticsNative species/Plant diversityStormwaterEnergyIrrigationTranspiration ratesSoil fertilityMaintenanceDEPTH
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Stuttgart Office of Gardens, Cemeteries, and Forestry
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Current statusGermany
10-15% growth for past 10 years12% of all new flat roofed buildingsGovt. incentives
EuropeUnited States
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Barriers to acceptanceLack of awareness
Cost
Data regarding benefits
Technical informationStandardsFLL, ASTM, FM Global
Incentives
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Swiss Convention Center, Basel
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MSU Green Roof ResearchMSU Green Roof Research((www.hrt.msu.edu/greenroofwww.hrt.msu.edu/greenroof))
GreenRoofs.comGreenRoofs.com((www.greenroofs.comwww.greenroofs.com))
Green Roofs for Healthy CitiesGreen Roofs for Healthy Cities((www.greenroofs.orgwww.greenroofs.org))