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Guns, Germs, and Steel
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Chapter 18 “Hemispheres Colliding”
Guns, Germs, and Steel
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What is a “hemisphere”?
_________
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What is a “hemisphere”?
半球
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Why didn’t the New World (the Americas)
develop more sophisticated t_________ or societal
centralization before Columbus arrived in 1492 A.D.?
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Why didn’t the New World (the Americas)
develop more sophisticated technology or societal
centralization before Columbus arrived in 1492 A.D.?
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Reason 1
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Reason 1
No large do___________ mammals (except the Llama)
=
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Reason 1
No large domesticable mammals (except the Llama)
=
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Reason 1
Native American societies had no genetic defenses against germs
=
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Reason 1
European di_______ like smallpox (天然痘, 疱瘡) killed many Native Americans
=
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Reason 1
European diseases like smallpox (天然痘, 疱瘡) killed many Native Americans
=
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Reason 2
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Reason 2
Ag_________ wasn’t common in the New World
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Reason 2
Agriculture wasn’t common in the New World
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Reason 2
Agriculture wasn’t common in the New World
because of…
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Reason 2
few reliable sources of grain (穀物)
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Reason 2
infertile soil (肥沃でない土壌)
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Reason 2
Geographic barriers (mountains, deserts, tropical r_________)
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Reason 2
Geographic barriers (mountains, deserts, tropical rainforests)
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Reason 2
Agriculture remained local instead of diffusing (を広める, 普及させる)
because of those geographic b_______
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Reason 2
Agriculture remained local instead of diffusing (を広める, 普及させる)
because of those geographic barriers
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Result
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Result
Europe had a big advantage over the New World
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Europe
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Specialization of society
Europe
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Specialization of society
Centralization of g_________
Europe
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Specialization of society
Centralization of government
Europe
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Specialization of society
Centralization of government
Development of writing
Europe
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Specialization of society
Centralization of government
Development of writing
Discovery of new
t_________
Europe
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Specialization of society
Centralization of government
Development of writing
Discovery of new
technology
Europe
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Allowed European explorers to travel to the New World and conquer Native Americans
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Eurasia -
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Eurasia -
advantage over the New World in achieving many of the milestones of c__________
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Eurasia -
advantage over the New World in achieving many of the milestones of civilization
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Plant domestication
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______ domestication
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Animal domestication
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Metallurgy (冶金術)
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Foundation of centralized states
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_______
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Writing
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All happened in Eurasia before the Americas
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Mesoamerica and Andes civilization advances did not spread due to …
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Mesoamerica and Andes civilization advances did not spread due to …
ge_________ ba_________
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Mesoamerica and Andes civilization advances did not spread due to …
geographic ba_________
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Mesoamerica and Andes civilization advances did not spread due to …
geographic barriers
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and because…
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and because…
the Americas are longest from north to _____
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and because…
the Americas are longest from north to south
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Eurasia is longest from ____ to west
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Eurasia is longest from east to west
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Eurasia is longest from east to west
=
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more people in Eurasia who shared a similar climate
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more people in Eurasia who shared a similar climate
=
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once a technology was discovered somewhere in Eurasia, it d______ to other parts of the continent relatively quickly
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once a technology was discovered somewhere in Eurasia, it diffused to other parts of the continent relatively quickly
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Crops, domesticated animals and technology did not spread from Mesoamerica to Peru
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east —> west diffusion = e_____
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east —> west diffusion = easier
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east —> west diffusion = easier
north —> south diffusion = difficult
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Between 10th and 15th centuries
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Between 10th and 15th centuries
Europeans (V_____) came to the New World
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Between 10th and 15th centuries
Europeans (Vikings) came to the New World
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The areas they colonized were too geographically desolate to support a_________
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The areas they colonized were too geographically desolate to support agriculture
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The areas they colonized were too geographically desolate to support agriculture
too cold, poor soil…
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After 1492 A.D
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European societies explored the N__ W____ —>
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European societies explored the New World —>
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Used their advantages (guns and swords and germs) —>
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Defeated Native A________ —>
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Defeated Native Americans —>
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How?
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Geographic factors that led European societies to develop …
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Geographic factors that led European societies to develop …
agriculture
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Geographic factors that led European societies to develop …
agriculture superior weapons
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Geographic factors that led European societies to develop …
agriculture superior w______
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Geographic factors that led European societies to develop …
agriculture superior weapons
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Geographic factors that led European societies to develop …
agriculture superior weapons
centralized government
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Geographic factors that led European societies to develop …
agriculture superior weapons
centralized government w______
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Geographic factors that led European societies to develop …
agriculture superior weapons
centralized government writing
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Geographic factors that led European societies to develop …
before New World societies
agriculture superior weapons
centralized government writing
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Chapter 19 “How Africa Became Black”
Guns, Germs, and Steel
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Diamond classifies 5 “human groups,” or r____, in Africa
Before 1500
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Diamond classifies 5 “human groups,” or races, in Africa
Before 1500
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Diamond classifies 5 “human groups,” or races, in Africa
Before 1500
Blacks - Mostly in Sub-_______ Africa
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Diamond classifies 5 “human groups,” or races, in Africa
Before 1500
Blacks - Mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa
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Diamond classifies 5 “human groups,” or races, in Africa
Whites - Mostly in Northern Africa
Before 1500
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Diamond classifies 5 “human groups,” or races, in Africa
African Pygmies - Mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa - small size, dark skin
Before 1500
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Diamond classifies 5 “human groups,” or races, in Africa
Khoisan - Mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa - lighter (yellowish) skin and tightly coiled hair
Before 1500
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Diamond classifies 5 “human groups,” or races, in Africa
A_____ - Mostly in Madagascar - From Austronesia (The Philippines, Indonesia etc.)
Before 1500
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Diamond classifies 5 “human groups,” or races, in Africa
Asians - Mostly in Madagascar - From Austronesia (The Philippines, Indonesia etc.)
Before 1500
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Africa has (or had) a lot of cultural d________
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Africa has (or had) a lot of cultural diversity
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Western culture related to Middle Eastern culture (The Bible, Semitic languages セム語)
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Archaeological and l________ evidence
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Archaeological and linguistic evidence
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Semitic languages originated in North Africa
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Semitic language and culture ——> A______ origins
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Semitic language and culture ——> African origins
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African Bantu Languages
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Conquered their Khoisan and Pygmy neighbors
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Most black peoples in Africa descended from ancient B____ speakers from North Africa
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Most black peoples in Africa descended from ancient Bantu speakers from North Africa
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Why did the Bantu peoples engulf/conquer their neighbors, instead of the other way around?
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Every major crop grown in Africa before European colonization (bananas, millet, taro, yams) originated in N____ A_____
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Every major crop grown in Africa before European colonization (bananas, millet, taro, yams) originated in North Africa
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North Africans (Bantu languages/peoples) had a big advantage
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Shows the centrality of geography and c______ in determining the development of a society over time
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Shows the centrality of geography and climate in determining the development of a society over time
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Shows the centrality of geography and climate in determining the development of a society over time
and
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the importance of d_______ in human history
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the importance of diffusion in human history
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When African societies did develop agriculture, they often did so because of interactions with neighboring societies
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11,000 years ago
Bantu peoples
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Farming in the Sahara desert (not a desert at the time)
Bantu peoples
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Detour to Ma________
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Detour to Madagascar
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How could Austronesian’s travel all the way there?
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I_____ Ocean trading network allowed colonists from Austronesia to travel to Madagascar
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Indian Ocean trading network allowed colonists from Austronesia to travel to Madagascar
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Shows the importance of t____ and diffusion in human history
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Shows the importance of trade and diffusion in human history
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Asian societies were able to travel all the way to sub-Saharan Africa
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Why?
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Strong e_______ incentive for trade
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Strong economic incentive for trade
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Back to North Africans (Bantu people)
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These a__________ spoke languages that are ancestral to modern African languages
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These agriculturalists spoke languages that are ancestral to modern African languages
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North African - “Bantu” expansion
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Had a military industrial package
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Had a military industrial package
agriculture
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Had a military industrial package
social centralization
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Had a military industrial package
_________
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Had a military industrial package
weaponry
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Bantu societies had better access to agriculture than their neighbors further south because of their c______
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Bantu societies had better access to agriculture than their neighbors further south because of their climate
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Bantu expansion is another confirmation of the importance of g_________ in history
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Bantu expansion is another confirmation of the importance of geography in history
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The Bantu succeeded in driving out the Khoisan because of …
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The Bantu succeeded in driving out the Khoisan because of …
superior technology (including iron weapons)
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The Bantu succeeded in driving out the Khoisan because of …
possibly their immunities to certain deadly d_______ (malaria)
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The Bantu succeeded in driving out the Khoisan because of …
possibly their immunities to certain deadly diseases (malaria)
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All these advantages were mostly due to agriculture
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However, why did Europeans colonize sub-Saharan Africa, rather than the sub-Saharan Africans colonizing Europe?
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However, why did Europeans colonize sub-Saharan Africa, rather than the sub-Saharan Africans colonizing Europe?
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Europeans had major advantages over sub-Saharan Africans
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Europeans had major advantages over sub-Saharan Africans
Access to military t________
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Europeans had major advantages over sub-Saharan Africans
Access to military technology
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Europeans had major advantages over sub-Saharan Africans
Immunity to diseases
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Europeans had major advantages over sub-Saharan Africans
Widespread li______
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Europeans had major advantages over sub-Saharan Africans
Widespread literacy
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Europeans had major advantages over sub-Saharan Africans
Centralized government
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Why did Europe develop these advantages rather than sub-Saharan Africans?
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1) Europeans had access to domesticable _______,
whereas sub-Saharan Africans did not
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1) Europeans had access to domesticable animals,
whereas sub-Saharan Africans did not
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2) Europeans had access to a greater
variety of domesticable ______
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2) Europeans had access to a greater
variety of domesticable plants
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2) Europeans had access to a greater
variety of domesticable plants
they developed agriculture much sooner than sub-Saharan Africans
=
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=
they developed agriculture much sooner than sub-Saharan Africans
2) Europeans had access to a greater
variety of domesticable plants
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3) Europe shares latitude with many other centralized societies
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3) Europe shares latitude with many other centralized societies
=
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3) Europe shares latitude with many other centralized societies
=
able to acquire important technologies
and innovations from its n________
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3) Europe shares latitude with many other centralized societies
=
able to acquire important technologies
and innovations from its neighbors
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Sub-Saharan Africans had no neighbors to the east or west (just water)
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Sub-Saharan Africans had no neighbors to the east or west (just water)
No communication with North Africa due to Sahara Desert
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Europe’s colonization of Africa
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Europe’s colonization of Africa
Used by racists as proof that E_______ are superior to other races
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Europe’s colonization of Africa
Used by racists as proof that Europeans are superior to other races
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Actually had nothing to do with racial superiority
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Due to a series of geographic coin_________
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Due to a series of geographic coincidences
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Europeans became stronger due to “geographic ____” and went off on their own “historical trajectory”
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Europeans became stronger due to “geographic luck” and went off on their own “historical trajectory”
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No innate superiority that led Europeans to “engulf” other cultures
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Just a complex combination of external f______
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Just a complex combination of external factors