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HinduismHinduism
Evolution (Origins, development)Gods of Hinduism
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•• Asato Maa SadgamayaAsato Maa SadgamayaTamaso Maa Jyotir GamayaTamaso Maa Jyotir GamayaAmrityor Maa Amratam GamayaAmrityor Maa Amratam Gamaya
BrhadaranyakaBrhadaranyaka Upanishad 1:3:28Upanishad 1:3:28
Lead me from the unreal to the realLead me from the unreal to the realFrom darkness to lightFrom darkness to light(i.e., ignorance to knowledge)(i.e., ignorance to knowledge)From death to immortalityFrom death to immortality
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About Hindu God (s): About Hindu God (s): Pick the right answerPick the right answer
Only one god who is impersonal (Brahman)Three gods (triad of Brahma, Visnu & Siva)10 gods33 gods330 million (33 crores) godsAll of the aboveNone of the above
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The Vedic period (Aryan) : Vedic gods: 2500 – 1000 BC
The Epic Period : Avatars of Vishnu 1000 – 300 BC ? 400 AD
The Puranic period : Shiva becomes pre-eminent
Medieval period / Bhakti : Krsna worship
Renaissance / Modern Hinduism : Brahmo Samaj, Aurobindo, Theosophy, Tagore, Vivekananda, ISKON, Gandhi, Yoga
Upanishads : Mystical and philosophical
Hindu triad of Brahman, Visnu, Siva 1500 – 500 BC
Indus valley civilization
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Early Vedic godsEarly Vedic gods
Indra (war & weather) slays demon Vrtra – creates the worldVaruna (ruler of cosmos: cosmic order= rta)
Agni (fire) Others:– Wind (Vayu), Surya, Vsnu, Rudra
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Gaayatri Gaayatri (to sun God)(to sun God)
Om Bhoor BhuvassuvahOm Tat SavituravarenayamBhargo Devasya DheemahiDhiyo Yo nah Prachodayaat– Rg Veda 3:62
May there be peace on mortal, immortal and divine planesI meditate upon the most brilliant splendor of the Sun GodMay he stimulate our intellect(so that we are inspired to take the right action at the right time)
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Hymn to Hymn to Mitra Mitra and and VarunaVaruna
Svasti mitravarunaSvasti pathye revatiSwasti na indrascagniscaSvasti no adite krdhi
Rg Veda V: 51, 14
Send us well-being, O Mitra and VarunaSend us well-being O divine path, laden with richesMay Indra and Agni bring us welfareSend us well-being O Aditi
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Visadevas Visadevas and and SaraswatiSaraswati
Sam no deva visvadeva bhavantuSam sarasvati saha shibhihrastuSamabhisacah samu satisacahSam no divyah parthivah sam no apyah
Rg Veda VII: 35,11
May the divine vasudevas (All Gods) be kind to usMay Sarasvati with the divine thoughts be good to usMay the Helpful and Bountiful Gods be good to usMay those who live in Heaven, on earth and celestial watersBe gracious to us
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Questions about originsQuestions about origins
Mythological – Indra – slays the the dragon Vrtra– Hiranyagarbha – golden embryo
Viswakarman (male) vac (sound) kala (time)
– Prajapati (Father of gods)Beginning of philosophical doubt and speculation
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Philosophical questPhilosophical quest
‘O Yagnavalka, that of which they say it is above the heaven, beneath the earth, embracing heaven and earth, past, present, and future, tell me what is woven, like warp and woof?’ (3.8.3)
.. He said: ‘O Gargi, the Brahmanas call this the Akshara (the imperishable). It is neither coarse nor fine, neither short nor long, neither red (like fire) nor fluid (like water); it is without shadow, without darkness, without air, without ether, without attachment, without taste, without smell, without eyes, without ears, without speech, without mind, without light (vigour), without breath, without measure, having no within, no without, it devours nothing, and no one devours it’. (3.8.8)…
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‘That Brahman’, O Gargi, ‘is unseen, but all seeing; unheard, but hearing; unperceived, but perceiving; unknown, but knowing. There is nothing that sees but it, nothing that hears but it, nothing that perceives but it, nothing that knows but it. In that Aksharathen, O Gargi, the ether is woven, like warp and woof’. (3.8.11)
Brahadranyaka Upanishad
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The sage, our father, who took his place as priest of the oblation and offered all these worlds as oblation. Seeking riches through prayer, he entered those who were to come later, concealing those who went before.
With eyes on all sides and mouth on all sides, with arms on all sides and feet on all sides, the One God created the sky and the earth, fanning them with his arms.
What was the wood and what was the tree from which they carved the sky and the earth? You deep thinkers, ask yourselves in your own hearts, what base did he stand on when he set up the worlds?
The All-Maker, the Lord of sacred speech, swift as thought – we call to him today to help us in the contest. Let him who is the maker of good things and is gentle with everyone rejoice in our invocations and help us.
Rg Veda 10. 81. 1 - 7
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The Father of the Eye, who is wise in his heart..
The All-Maker is vast in mind and vast in strength. He is the one who forms, who sets in order, and who is the highest image….
Our father, who created and set in order and knows all forms, all worlds, who all alone gave names to the gods, he is the one to whom all creatures come to ask questions.
….. the realm of light was still immersed in the realm without light.
You cannot find him who created these creatures; another has come between you. Those who recite the hymns are glutted with the pleasures of life; and they wander about wrapped up in the mist and stammering nonsense.
Rg Veda 10.82 : 1 – 7,
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Rtam ra satyam cabhidoharTapso dhyajayataTato ratryajayataTatoh samudro arnevah– Rg Veda X: 190, 1
From the blazing ascetic fervor were bornThe Rta (the somic order) and TruthFrom this the stillness of night was bornFrom this the ocean with its waves
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Philosophical doubtPhilosophical doubt
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Hymn of CreationHymn of Creation
Then even nothingness was not, nor existenceThere was no air then, nor the heavens beyond it.
What covered it? Where was it? In whose keeping?Was there then cosmic water, in the depths unfathomed?
Then there was neither death nor immortality,nor was there then the touch of night and day.
The one breathed windlessly and self-sustaining.There was that One then, and there was no other.
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At first there was only darkness wrapped in darkness.All this was only un-illuminated water.
That One which came to be, enclosed in nothing,Arose at last, borne of the power of heat.
In the beginning desire descended on it-That was the primal seed, born of the mind.
The sages who have searched their hearts with wisdomKnow that which is, is kin to that which is not
And they have stretched their cord across the void,And know what was above, and what below
Seminal power made fertile mighty forces.Below was strength, and over it was impulse.
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But, after all, who knows, and who can sayWhence it all came, and how creation happened?
The gods themselves are later than creation,So who knows truly whence it has arisen?
Whence all creation had its origin,He, whether he fashioned it or whether he did not,
He who surveys it all from highest heaven,He knows - or may be even he does not know.
Rg veda 10.129
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Man & His creator Man & His creator
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AgniAgni
O Agni, shared by all men bring us good luck For sacrifice from earth and heaven.
With us be thine intelligence. Wonder worker, Protect us, God, with thy far-reaching blessing
These hymns brought forth for thee, O Agni, Laud thee for bounteous gifts, with cattle and with horses.
Good Lord, when man from thee hath gained enjoyment, By hymns, O nobly born, hath he obtained it.
Agni, I deem my Kinsman and my Father, Count him my brother and my friend forever.
I honor, as the face of lofty Agni in heaven The bright and holy light of Surya.
Effectual Agni, are our prayers for profit. He whom , at home thou, Priest for ever,
Guardest its rich in food, drawn by red steeds, And holy: by day and night shall all be pleasant.
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Agni Agni ……
Men with their arms have generated Agni, Helpful as some kind friend, adorned with splendors,
And established as Invoker mid the people The ancient Priest the sacrifice’s lover.
Worship thyself, O God, the Gods in heaven: What, void of knowledge, shall the fool avail thee.
As Thou, O God, hast worshipped Gods by seasons, So nobly-born, to thine own pay worship.
Agni, be thou our Guardian and Protector Bestow upon us life and vital vigor.
Accept O mighty One the gifts we offer, And with unceasing care protect our bodies.
Rg Veda VII : 1 – 7
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UpanishadsUpanishads
Tat tvam asi “ That thou art”
Aham Brahman ‘I am Brahman’
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Hindu concept of godHindu concept of god
Nirguna Brahma (without attributes)– Sat chit-ananda : being – intelligence – bliss
Sat: pure (infinite) being Chit: pure (infinite) intelligenceAnanda: pure (infinite) bliss
Saguna Brahma : (with attributes – Knowable) – Male form:
Ishvara, Parameshvara, Paramãtma, Maheshvara,Viswakarmanand Purusha.
– Female form:– Divine Mother, Durgã and Kãlî
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Brahma (Brahma (BrahBrah--ma)ma)
Four headsFour hands:– A lotus, string of beads,
Water jug, VedasFirst of Hindu triadSupreme deity of Upanishads: creator1 day = 2,160,000,000 human years
Consort: Saraswati– Goddess of learning
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BrahmaBrahma
The Man has a thousand heads, a thousand eyes, a thousand feet.
He pervaded the earth on all sides and extended beyond it as far as ten fingers.
It is the man who is all this, whatever has been and whatever will is to be.
He is the ruler of immortality, when he grows beyond everything through food.
Such is his greatness, and the man is yet more than this. All creatures are a quarter of him; the three quarters are what is immortal in heaven.
Rg Veda 10.90.1
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Brah-man = the Supreme Self Brah-ma = the Creator godBrah-min = priest
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Vishnu : preserverVishnu : preserverFour arms: four directions: all pervadingLR : Conchshell (Panchajanya) : symbol of five elementsUR: (Sudarshana-chakra) Discus: cohesive tendency: mindUL: Lotus (Padma): causal power of illusion (the origin of universe) LL: Mace/club (Kaumodaki)): primeval knowledge
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Avatars / Incarnations of Avatars / Incarnations of VisnuVisnu
First AgeSatya YugaAge of truth
Second AgeTreta Yuga
Third AgeDvapara YugaAge of conflict
Fourth AgeKali YugaStrife
Matsya – Fish
Kurma – Tortoise
Varaha (Boar)
Nr-simha (Man-lion)
Vamana (Dwarf)
Parasu-Rama (Rama with the Ax)
Rama-chandra(Righteousness)
Krsna : Bala-rama Buddha
Kalki
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Matsya Matsya (fish)(fish)
Small fish seeks protection of ManuVishnu in the form of the giant fish, saves Manu and the risisfrom the deluge
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Kurma Kurma (tortoise)(tortoise)
Recovers that which was lost in the deluge:
– Amrita (nectar of immortality),– Dhanwantari (the healer and bearer of
amrita)– Lakshmi (goddess of fortune and
beauty)– Sura (goddess of wine) – Rambha (ideal woman)– Ucha (horse) – Kaustubha (jewel) – Airavata (elephant)– Shankah (eternal conch) – Dhanush (bow)– Visha (poison)
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Varaha Varaha (Boar)(Boar)
Recovers the earth from the bottom of the sea after battling a thousand years demon named Hiranyaksha
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NaraNara--simha simha (man(man--lion)lion)
Demon king HiranyakaspaDevotee child Prahlada
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Vamana Vamana (dwarf)(dwarf)
Demon named Bali reigns the triple worldVamana begs Bali to possess the land of 3 strides Spares Patala for the demons
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ParasuParasu--ram (Ram with the Axe)ram (Ram with the Axe)
Overthrows the tyranny of ksatriyasKing named Karata-virya steals the sacrificial calf of Jamad-agni
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RamaRama--chandrachandra
Ends the menace of the ten-headed demon king Ravana of LankaFaithful wife SitaLoyal brother LaxmanaWarrior monkeys - Hanuman
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Avatars / Incarnations of Avatars / Incarnations of VisnuVisnu
First AgeSatya YugaAge of truth
Second AgeTreta Yuga Second Age
Third AgeDvapara YugaAge of conflict
Fourth AgeKali YugaStrife
Matsya – Fish
Kurma – Tortoise
Varaha (Boar)
Nr-simha (Man-lion)
Vamana (Dwarf)
Parasu-Rama (Rama with the Ax)
Rama-chandra(Righteousness)
Krsna : Bala-rama Buddha
Kalki
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Images of Images of Krsna Krsna : his life: his life
Divine infant on all foursDivine childDivine youth playing the fluteChastiser of the serpent KaliyaChampion cowherd
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Krsna Krsna :the amorous lover:the amorous lover
Delights in playing with the cowherd girls gopisPlays the flute to attract the gopisMost popularFavorite consort : Radha
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Krsna Krsna : the warrior: the warriordiscourse to discourse to ArjunaArjuna
Bhagavad-gita (song of the lord) discourse on dharma and devotion to Krsna
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Krishna claim in Krishna claim in BhagavadBhagavad--gitagita
My true being is unborn and changeless. I am the Lord who dwells in every creature. Through the power of my own maya, I manifest myself in finite form. Whenever dharma declines and the purpose of life is forgotten, I manifest myself on earth. I am born in every age to protect the good, to destroy evil, and to re-establish dharma.”….All paths, Arjuna, lead to me.
Bhagavad Gita 4:6-9,11
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Buddha :Buddha :the great deluder of the godless / wickedthe great deluder of the godless / wicked
Rejected the ritual aspects of religious texts VedasEmpahsis on ethical life Deluder: leads ‘astray’ the wicked (demons and evil-doers) by their denial of the existence of godLogical
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KalkinKalkin ::the righteous invaderthe righteous invader
Appeared in early Christian era ?
With flaming sword will destroy all evil (foreign kings) I.e., destroys the invaders
Renders the remnant of mankind pure and “awakens” them
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Incarnations of Incarnations of Visnu Visnu MKVNVMKVNV--PRKBKPRKBK
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Siva : the destroyerSiva : the destroyer
Rudra : lord of wrath ; god of destruction
Lord of sleep: the remover (sin= sleep)
One in deep meditation : Yogi
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Hymn to Hymn to RudraRudra
We wish to gain your kindness, Rudra, Through sacrifice to the gods, for you are generous.
O Ruler over heroes, come to our families with kindness. Let us offer the oblation to you with our heroes free from injury.
We call down for help the dreaded Rudra Who completes the sacrifice, the sage who flies.
Let him repel far from us the anger of the gods; It is his kindness that we choose to have.
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Hymn to Hymn to RudraRudra
Tawny boar of the sky, dreaded form with braided hair, We call you down and we bow low.
Holding in his hand the healing medicines that we long for, Let him grant us protection, shelter, refuge.
These words are spoken for Rudra, the father of the Maruts, Words sweeter than sweet, to strengthen him.
And grant us O immortal, the food for mortals. Have mercy on use, and on our children and grandchildren…
Rg Veda 1.114.3 - 6
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Shiva : the asceticShiva : the ascetic
Non-aryan godPasupati : lord of the beastsUltimate YogiThird eye
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Om Triyambakam YajamaheSugandhim PushtivardhanamUrvaarukamiva BandanaatMrtyormuksheeya maamrtaat
– Rg Veda, Taitreeya Upanishad, Rudra mantra
We worship Lord Shiva, the three eyed oneThe one who is master of all senses and qualititesAnd the one who is the sustainer of all growthMay he release from the bondage of death As a ripened cucumber is released from its stalk and may be grant us immortality
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His contradictory nature : – Manifest and unmanifest – Yogi and Nataraja
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Shiva (Shiva (NatarajaNataraja))
Lord of the danceNata = danceRaja = lordHis attributes:
Creation, Preservation, Destruction, Yogic powers, Salvation
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Shiva: Shiva: LingaLinga worshipworshipimage of image of lingalinga--yoniyoni
Initially : fertility cultsLinga= phallic symbol Yoni = female
Later view: Wholenessincorporates two opposing forces: pravritti (energy: matter) andnivritti (quiescence: spirit)
Basis of later Tantric movement
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Names of ShivaNames of Shiva
Tri-loka: Three-eyed Neela-kanta (Blue-throated) Panca-anana (Five faced)Candra-sekara (Moon crested)Ganga-dhara (Bearer of the ganges)Girisa (Mountain Lord)Wearing-matted-hair (Jata-dhara)Visva-natha (Lord of the Universe)
Kapala-malin (Wearing Garland of skulls)Siva Ardha-narisvaraSiva Daksina-murthi
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TrimurtiTrimurti : Hindu triad: Hindu triad
Brahma Visnu ShivaCreator Preserver DestroyerSaraswati
Goddess of learning and wisdomBenevolent deityRosary, book, vena, open hand of blessingVehicle: swan or lotus
Lakshmi
Sprung up when the oceans were churnedGoddess of wealth and beautyOther forms: Sita, Rukmini
ParvatiDurga / Kali
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Consort of Shiva : Consort of Shiva : Durga Durga / Kali/ KaliDurgaDurga: : Kills Kills MahisasuraMahisasura, Buffalo demon, Buffalo demon
Kali: fearsome and delights Kali: fearsome and delights inkilling inkilling her foesher foes
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Hindu Hindu godessesgodesses
Consort of various godsSymbolize Nature: matter, Energy Devi = Shakti in 2 forms : – gentle (Parvati)– Fierce ( Kali / Durga)
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Other godsOther gods
Hanuman Ganesh
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Hindu pantheon : characteristicsHindu pantheon : characteristics
Gods operate in a closed system of universeGods maintain the cosmic order rtaMythological, not historicalHindu worldview denies the existence of absolute evil ; gods are in an eternal struggle with the ‘anti-gods’ / demonsDharma (sacred law, duty and tradition): order of values that links the individual to the social / ethical and cosmic order
A person may choose his own god : ist-ha devatha
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Idol worship in HinduismIdol worship in Hinduism
Spiritual / abstract : meditation Ritualistic = idol worship– Darsan: “see god”– puja by devotee : offering to god– Prasad: blessing of god
Tirtha (pilgrimages): Kumbh mela, Kasi
Festivals: Dassera, Diwali, Siva ratri
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Temple: shrines for godsTemple: shrines for gods
Initiation of statues: pratistaCare of idols by priestsGarbha-griha : main deityPradhk-shina (circumambulation)Smaller temple : minor deities, consortsMandapa: temple dances, recitations
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Sectarianism & Sectarianism & ““CultsCults””
Vishnu = vaishnav~ism– Dvaita (Dualism) – Ramanuja (vs. Advaita of
Shankaracharya) – Radha-krishna cult (ISKCON)
Shiva = Shaiv~ismTantr~ism : “dynamic principle” goddess worshipGod-men : Sai baba, Mahesh Yogi etc.
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Then Vidagdha Sakalya asked him: ‘How many gods are there, O Yagnavalka?’ He replied with this very nivid: ‘As many as there are mentioned in this Nivid of the hymn of praise addressed to the Visvadevas, viz., three and three hundred, three and three thousand (3306)’. ‘Yes’, he said, and asked again: How many gods are there really, O Yagnavalka? ‘Thirty three’ he said‘Yes’, he said and asked again: ‘How many gods are there really, O Yagnavalka?’‘Six’, he said.‘Yes’, he said, and asked again: ‘How many gods are there really, O Yagnavalka?’‘Three’ he said.
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‘Yes’, he said and asked again: ‘How many gods are there really, OYagnavalka?’‘Two’, he said.‘Yes’, he said, and asked again: ‘How many gods are there really, OYagnavalka?’‘One and a half’, he said‘Yes’ , he said and asked again: ‘How many gods are there really, OYagnavalka?’One he said…
Braadranyaka Upanishad 3.9.13 Adhyaya, 9 Brahmana, 1 verse
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About Hindu God (s): About Hindu God (s): Pick the right answerPick the right answer
Only one god who is impersonal (Brahman)Three gods (triad of Brahma, Visnu & Siva)10 gods33 gods330 million (33 crores) godsAll of the aboveNone of the above
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The Vedic period (Aryan) : Vedic gods: 2500 – 1000 BC
The Epic Period : Avatars of Vishnu 1000 – 300 BC ? 400 AD
The Puranic period : Shiva becomes pre-eminent
Medieval period / Bhakti : Krsna worship
Renaissance / Modern Hinduism : Brahmo Samaj, Aurobindo, Theosophy, Tagore, Vivekananda, ISKON, Gandhi, Yoga
Upanishads : Mystical and philosophical
Hindu triad of Brahman, Visnu, Siva 1500 – 500 BC
Indus valley civilization