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Endocrine System
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Cerebralcortex
Hypothalamus
Anterior Pituitary
Adrenalgland Thyroid
Target tissue
Releasing Hormones
ACTH TSH
Cortisol T3/T4
Low Blood Pressure
Aldosterone
Pancreas
Glucose
Insulin
Parathyroid
Low Ca2+
PTH
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Pituitary Gland
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Anterior Pituitary Posterior Pituitary
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Stalk Hypothalamic Axons
Cluster of hormome-secreting cells
Axon termini release hormones
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• Growth Hormone (GH)• Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone
(ACTH)• Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)• Prolactin• Leutenizing Hormone (LH)• Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Anterior Pituitary• Oxytocin• Vasopressin
Posterior Pituitary
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Anterior Pituitary
Posterior Pituitary
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Stalk
Optic Chiasm
Pituitary
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Acidophil
Basophil
Chromophobe
Anterior Pituitary
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Reticulin Fibers
Capillary
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• Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) -> GH
• Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) -> ACTH
• Thryotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) -> TSH
• Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone -> FSH and LH
Hypothalamus hormones that regulate release of pituitary hormones
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Hypothalamus
Anterior Pituitary
Portal Vein
1. Neurons synthesize hormone-releasing hormones
3. Hormone-releasing hormones diffuse out of secondary plexus to stimulate acidophils and basophils.
4. Hormones from acidophils and basophils diffuse into secondary plexus and distribute throughout the body.
2. Neurons release hormone-releasing hormones into primary capillary plexus.
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Fenestrated Endothelium
Somatotroph
Secretory Granule
Anterior Pituitary
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Anterior Pituitary Posterior Pituitary
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Stalk Hypothalamic Axons
Cluster of hormome-secreting cells
Axon termini release hormones
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Herring Body
PituicyteBlood Vessel
Posterior Pituitary
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Capillary Lumen
Fenestrated Endothelium
Axon Terminus
Posterior Pituitary
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Adrenal Glands
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GlomerulosaFasciculataReticularis
CortexMedulla
Adrenal Gland
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Glomerulosa CapsuleFasciculata
Trabecula
Zona Glomerulosa
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Fasciculata
Glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculata
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CRH TRH
TSHACTH
AdrenalGlands
Cortisol T4/T3
ThyrotrophCorticotroph
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Cell
Target Cell
Hormone
Throphic Hormone Nega
tive
Feed
back
Nega
tive
Feed
back
Cortisol Pathway T4/T3 Pathway
Thyroid
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O
CH3
HOCH3
C O
CH2OH
O
CH3
HOC
C O
CH2OH
O
H
O
CH3
HOCH3
C O
CH2OH
OH
O
CH3
OCH3
C O
CH2OH
OH
AldosteroneCorticosterone
Cortisol
Cortisone
GlomerulosaCells
17 α-Hydroxylase
11 β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD)
Cholesterol
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Reticularis
Fasciculata
Zona Reticularis
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Medulla
Reticularis
Adrenal Medulla
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Thyroid
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C-cell
Colloid
Principle Cell
Thyroid
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Na+ I-
I-I0
CH2
OH
CH2
OH
CH2
OH
CH2
OH
CH2
OH
CH2
OH
CH2
OH
CH2
OHCH2
O
OH
CH2
O
OH
CH2
O
OH
CH2
O
OH
Thyroglobulin secretion
Iodination
EndocyticVesicle
Lysosome
Conjugation
Cl-
T3 T4
TPO
T4T3
Colloid
Principle Cell
Interstitium
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CRH TRH
TSHACTH
AdrenalGlands
Cortisol T4/T3
ThyrotrophCorticotroph
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Cell
Target Cell
Hormone
Throphic Hormone Nega
tive
Feed
back
Nega
tive
Feed
back
Cortisol Pathway T4/T3 Pathway
Thyroid
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Parathyroid
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Chief Cells
Oxyphil Cell
Parathyroid
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Endocrine Pancreas
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Exocrine Pancreas
Islet of Langerhans
Endocrine Pancreas
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Cytosol
Interstitium
PO3
Glycolysis TCA Cycle
ATP
CO2 H2O
K+
Ca+
ATP-binding closes channel
Membrane depolarization open channel
Calcium-binding triggers fusion Insulin
Glucose
Glucokinase