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Matt Grieshop PhD
Michigan State University
Department of Entomology
Historical Trends in U.S. Organic Agriculture
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Initial Development
Polarization
Transition: Recognition
Accommodation/Commodification
History in Four Phases:
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The Past
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Sir Albert Howard
Indian Composting PitMonday, September 14, 2009
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Sir Howard's Philosophy
Mycorrhizal Hyphae on Plant Roots
“The Law of Return”
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East vs. West
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Walter Northbourne's "Organic Farming"
R. Steiner Lord Northbourne
19241940
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Sir Howard’s Proteges
Lady Eve Balfour J.I. RodaleMonday, September 14, 2009
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Lady Eve Balfour
1898-1990
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Jerome Irving Rodale
1898-1971
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Founded in 1947 with proceeds from J.I. Rodales Publishing Business
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The war in the soil: Sir Howard
The organic front: J.I. Rodale
Figures like Sir Howard and Rodale went offensive
Facilitated marginilalization of organics
Howard and Rodale characterized as "Grim Prophets"
Warfare Speech in Organic
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Organic Reawakening
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International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements
Versailles France
1977 Keynote speech by E. Balfour: “Towards a Sustainable Agriculture”
Continued involvement in Standards development
1972 founding of IFOAM
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IFOAM.org Definition:
Organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people. It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects. Organic agriculture combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good quality of life for all involved.
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Organic Certification:
And Others Followed...
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1980: Report and Recommendation on Organic Farming
USDA scientist: Robert Papendick
Reagan takes office in 1981
Earl Butz statement: "Millions would starve if all farmers adopted Organic methods"
USDA: Organic Standards
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Organic NGO’s
Founded in 1987
Founded in 1985
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1990: Organic Foods Production Act
10 years of study/debate
Sewage/GMO's/Irradiation become issues....
Accommodation: Commodification
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2002 USDA standards
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NOSB: National Organic Standards Board: 15 member board
Farmers, processors, scientists, and NGOs
2002 National standards take effect
The National Organic Program
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Organic agriculture is an ecological production management system that promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity. It is based on minimal use of off-farm inputs and on management practices that restore, maintain and enhance ecological harmony.
Organic’ is a labeling term that denotes products produced under the authority of the Organic Foods Production Act. The principal guidelines for organic production are to use materials and practices that enhance the ecological balance of natural systems and that integrate the parts of the farming system into an ecological whole.
Organic agriculture practices cannot ensure that products are completely free of residues; however, methods are used to minimize pollution from air, soil and water.
Organic food handlers, processors and retailers adhere to standards that maintain the integrity of organic agricultural products. The primary goal of organic agriculture is to optimize the health and productivity of interdependent communities of soil life, plants, animals and people.
NOSB Definition of Organic
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The Present
And many more...
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Meanwhile: 20%/yr Growth in Organics
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2007 meta study conducted at UM
Reviewed 20 years of side by side comparisons of organic vs conventional agriculture
Model suggests that in the developed world OA produces ~90% what CA produces
In developing countries OA produces ~140% more than present practices
Net results indicate enhanced food production
Badgleya et al. 2007 Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 22: 86-108
Organic can Feed the World!
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Local Vs. Organic and Alternative Certification
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Processing Standards
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"Organic" Beer?
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Cornucopia Institute Report
Complaints filed in 2005
Horizon in MD, ID
Aurora in CO, TX
Thousands of head per ranch
Animals rarely pastured
Organic Dairy
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Organic Dairies: Aurora Fantasy:
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Organic Dairies: Aurora Reality:
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Organic Dairies: Aurora Reality:
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Organic Dairies: Aurora Reality:
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