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History of Manned Spaceflight
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Where Does Space Start?
The Federation Aeronautique Internationale has
established the Krmn line at an altitude of 100kilometers.
Theodore von Krmn calculated at100 km a vehicle wouldhave to travel faster than orbital velocity in order to derivesufficient aerodynamic lift from the atmosphere to supportitself.
The United States designates people who travel abovean altitude of 50 miles (80 km) as astronauts.
NASA's mission control uses 76 miles (122 km) astheir re-entry altitude, which roughly marks theboundary where atmospheric drag becomes
noticeable.
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Sputnik
First artificial satellite put intoEarth orbit.
Launched by Soviet Union onOctober 4, 1957
About twice the size of abasketball.
Measured density of upper
atmosphere. Broadcast simple radio signal.
The first recording was made byRCA engineers in Riverhead.
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US Reaction Space Race
Cold War: 1947 1991
Conflict between the USSR and the US
Political, Military, Economic, Technological!
Everything seen as a competition between communism
and capitalism.
Soviet victory in this leg of the Space Race
embarrassing to US.
Technological victory for USSR.
National Defense Education Act 1958
Provided funding for science and mathematics education.
Provided money to college students studying science and
mathematics.
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US Reaction National Defense
Sputnik launched by an R-7 rocket. First Intercontinental Ballistic
Missile (ICBM)
Originally designed to carrynuclear warheads up to 8000 km.
Roughly the distance between
Moscow and Washington, DC Fear of nuclear war intensified.
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Animals in Space
1949 Rhesus Monkey, Albert II,
first monkey in space. Parachutefailed, died on impact. (US)
1951 Dogs Tsygan and Deziksent into space, not orbit. Firstanimals recovered alive. (USSR)
1957 Dog Laika is the first livingcreature to orbit the earth. Diedduring flight due to stress andheat. (USSR)
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Animals in Space
1959 Monkeys Able andBaker become first monkeys to
survive spaceflight. (US)
Able died shortly after mission,
Baker lived until 1984 at the US
Space and Rocket Center.
1960 Dogs Belka and Strelkaorbit the earth and are
returned safely. (USSR)
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Yuri Gagarin
First human in space andfirst human to orbit theEarth.
Soviet Vostok 1 mission.
April 12, 1961
1 hour 48 minutes
Ejected from hisspacecraft, as planned, ataltitude of 7km.
Vostok 1 Launch
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfhulSjjGXAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfhulSjjGXAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfhulSjjGXAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfhulSjjGXA -
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US Response
Kennedy's Address to Congress, May 25, 1961
Kennedy Speech, Rice University, September12, 1962
Kennedy at meeting with NASA Administrator
James E. Webb
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US MANNED MISSIONS
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Cape Canaveral
Home of Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and
Kennedy Space Center.
NASAs primary launch location.
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Vehicle Assembly Building
Used to assemble and house mannedlaunch vehicles from 1968 to 2011.
One of the largest buildings in theworld.
Largest single story building in the world.
Largest doors in the world (139 meterstall)
As tall as the Great Pyramid at Giza
Flag
Each star 6 feet across Blue field is the size of a regulation
basketball court.
Each stripe is the width of a standardroad lane.
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Mercury 1959-1963
20 unmanned launches 6 manned launches
2 suborbital
4 orbital
Named for Roman god Mercury, associated withspeed.
Goals: To orbit a manned spacecraft around the earth
To investigate the pilots ability to function in space
To recover both the pilot and spacecraft safely
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Launch Vehicles
Mercury Redstone Launch Vehicle
SM-65 Atlas Launch System
Both originally designed for
the delivery of nuclear
warheads.
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Mercury Capsule
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Unmanned Missions
Test of launch escape system 4 times
Test of Heat shield
Test of Atlas/spacecraft interface Test of Aerodynamics
Test of Abort system
Test of Tracking Network
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Notable Mercury Missions
Mercury Redstone 2 January 31, 1961
Ham the Chimp
First time crew performed tasks in space. (not just
along for the ride)
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Mercury 7
Left to Right: Grissom, Shepard, Carpenter, Schirra, Slayton, Glenn, Cooper
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Notable Mercury Missions
Mercury Atlas 5 Enos the chimp makes 2 orbits
of the Earth
Freedom 7Mercury
Redstone 3
May 5, 1961
Alan Shepard
First American in space
15 min 22 sec
Max altitude: 116 miles.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKFQClij1cchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKFQClij1cchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKFQClij1cchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKFQClij1cc -
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Freedom 7 Trajectory
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Notable Mercury Missions Friendship 7Mercury Atlas 6
February 20, 1962
John Glenn
First American to orbit the Earth
3 orbits in 5 hours
Faith 7
May 15, 1963
Gordon Cooper First American to spend a full
day in space.
Last American to orbit the Earth solo.
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Gemini Program
1964-1966
2 unmanned launches 10 manned launches
Geminiin Latin means twins or side-by-side.
Gemini spacecraft carries two crewmen.
Goals: To send humans into space for the extended period (8-
14 days) required for a Moon landing. To rendezvous and dock with another vehicle.
To perform Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA).
To provide astronauts with experience required forApollo.
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Gemini Launch Vehicle and Spacecraft
Titan II Based on the Titan II Intercontinental
Ballistic Missile.
Gemini Spacecraft
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Notable Gemini Missions
Gemini IV
James McDivitt & Ed White
June 3-7, 1965
First extravehicular activity by an
American.
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Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA)
Space Walk
White floated, tethered, 15 feetaway from the capsule andperformed experiments with theHand-Held Maneuvering Unit.
White spent 20 minutes floatingfreely in space.
White had to be coaxed back into
the capsule by McDivitt. Upon reentry of the spacecraft
White remarked, This is the
saddest moment of my life.
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Notable Gemini Missions
Gemini V Gordon Cooper & Pete Conrad
August 21-29, 1965
First week long flight
Gemini VI & VII
Schirra/Stafford & Borman/Lovell
First successful space rendezvous Rendezvous: two spacecraft arrive at
same orbit and approach to a very
close distance.
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Notable Gemini Missions
Gemini VIII
Neil Armstrong & David Scott
March 16, 1966
First docking with another
space vehicle
Agena Target vehicle
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Apollo
1966-1972
6 unmanned launches
12 manned launches
6 moon landings
Named for Greek god of light and music byNASA manager Abe Silverstein.
Goals:
To land men on the moon and return them safelyto Earth
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Apollo Spacecraft
Launch Vehicle: Saturn V Rocket
Tallest, heaviest, most powerful rocket
ever.
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Rockets
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Command/Service Module (CSM)
Command Module: a cabin
which housed a crew of three
and equipment needed for re-
entry and splashdown.
Service Module: provided
propulsion, electrical power
and storage for consumables
required during a mission.
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Lunar Excursion Module (LEM)
Lander portion of Apollo spacecraft Carried crew of two to the lunar surface
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Apollo 1
First manned mission ofthe Apollo program.
Crew: Gus Grissom, Ed
White, Roger Chaffee Slated for launch:
February 21, 1967
During a launch pad test,
January 27, a cabin firekilled all three crewmembers.
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Fire
Ignition source never conclusively identified.
Investigators found a copper wire without its insulation.This wire ran near a junction in an ethylene glycol
cooling line which was prone to leaks. The combination
could cause an exothermic reaction.
Many types and classes of combustible material.
Pure oxygen atmosphere
Later flights 60% Oxygen 40% Nitrogen Hatch opened inward, and could not be operated
until the cabin had been vented.
Later capsules had hatches that opened outward.
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Apollo 8
A flight of many firsts. First flight to leave earth orbit.
First to be captured by and escape gravitational
field of another body. First to return safely to Earth from another
celestial body.
First to see the Earth as a whole planet.
First to see the dark side of the moon.
First manned launch of a Saturn V rocket.
First manned launch from Kennedy Space Center.
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Apollo 8
Crew:
Commander: Frank Borman
Command Module Pilot: Jim Lovell
Lunar Module Pilot: William
Anders Launch date: December 21, 1968
3 days to travel to the moon
10 lunar orbits
3 days back to Earth
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Earthrise
Taken on December 24, 1968 by the crew ofApollo 8.
One of LIFEs 100 Photographs that Changed the
World
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Crawler-Transporters
Two tracked vehicles used totransport spacecraft from the
VAB to the Launch Complex.
Weighs 3000 tons Burns 125.7 gallons of diesel
fuel per mile.
Maximum speed 1 mph.
Named Hans and Franz.
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Apollo 10
Dress Rehearsal for lunar landing.
Crew:
Commander: Thomas Stafford
Command Module Pilot: John Young
Lunar Module Pilot: Eugene Cernan
Launched May 18, 1969
Command Module: Charlie Brown
Lunar Module: Snoopy
Descent Toward Lunar Surface
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Descent Toward Lunar Surface Stafford and Cernan in LEM descended
toward the lunar surface and made
measurements of moons gravitational
field.
Allow for safe landing for Apollo 11 crew.
Descended to within 16 km of the lunarsurface.
Scouted the landing site of Apollo 11.
Ascent module, which returns crew
members to the CSM, was short fueled.
If they had landed they would not have had
enough fuel to make it back to the CSM and
ultimately the Earth.
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Apollo 11
First landing of humans on the moon.
Crew:
Commander: Neil Armstrong
Command Module Pilot: Michael Collins
Lunar Module Pilot: Buzz Aldrin
Launched July 16, 1969
Command Module: Columbia
Lunar Module: Eagle
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Moon Landing
July 20, 1969
Sea of Tranquility
Six and half hours after
landing Armstrong took thefirst steps on the moon.
Astronauts receive call from
President Nixon.
Astronauts collect sample of
moon rock and dust.
Return Home
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Return Home
After 21.5 hours on the surface of
the Moon, Armstrong and Aldrin lift
off the moon and return to Michael
Collins and the Columbia.
July 24, 1969 Columbia splashes
down in the Pacific.
Crew placed in mobile quarantine
aboard the USS Hornetfor 21 days.
A ll 13
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Apollo 13
NASAs successful failure
April 11, 1970
Crew:
Commander: Jim Lovell Command Module Pilot: Jack
Swigert
Lunar Module Pilot: Fred Haise
Command Module: Odyssey
Lunar Module:Aquarius
Incident
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Incident 200,000 miles from the Earth the number
2 oxygen tank exploded.
Command Module left with limitedduration battery power.
Crew forced to use the LEM as alifeboat.
Plenty of oxygen in LEM, limitedelectricity. LEM forced to power down as much as
possible.
Carbon dioxide filters not suited to handle3 people for 4 days. Engineers at mission control improvised a
way to connect the cube-shaped CSM filters
to the cylindrical LEM sockets.
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Apollo 13 Path
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Safe Return
April 17, 1970
South Pacific Ocean
USS Iwo Jima
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Apollo 15
First use of lunar rover.
A ll 17
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Apollo 17
Mission of lasts and longests.
Last manned mission beyond lowearth orbit.
Last humans to set foot on celestialbody.
Longest manned lunar landing
flight. Longest lunar EVAs
Longest time in lunar orbit
Eugene Cernan, last man on the moon.
Skylab
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Skylab
First space station of the US.
Launched May 14, 1973 Launch vehicle: Saturn V rocket (last
flight)
Goals: To provide a long term (1-3 months)
habitat in space
to prove that humans could live and
work in space for extended periods
To expand our knowledge of solar
astronomy
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Comfortable Space Habitation Earlier spacecraft were
very small and used forshort periods of time.
Astronauts would live on
Skylab for months at a time. Each astronaut had private sleeping area,
sleeping bag, and locker.
Station included a shower and a toilet. Food was improved for Skylab astronauts.
Skylab had a refrigerator and a freezer.
Skylab Missions
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Skylab Missions Crews of three were ferried to Skylab in
Apollo CSMs atop a Saturn IB rocket.
Skylab 2
Replaced damaged sun shield and
repaired damage Skylab sustained duringlaunch.
Spent 28 days in space.
Skylab 3
Performed experiments designed
by high school students.
Spent 59 days in space.
Skylab Missions
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Skylab Missions Skylab 4
All rookie crew. Inadvertently(?) photographed
Area 51.
Spent 84 days in space.
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Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
In the 70s the Americans
and Soviets were attempting
cooperate with each other
more.
The rendezvous and docking
of Apollo and Soyuzspacecraft would be a
symbolic gesture.
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Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
Docked July 17, 1975
3 American astronauts
2 Soviet cosmonauts
Upon separation, the Apollo craft created a
solar eclipse for the Soviets so they could
photograph the suns corona.
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Preparing for Spaceflight - Microgravity
There is gravity in space Fg = (Gm1m2/r
2)
r distance from the center of the earth.
r only increases about 5%
The force of gravity only decreases about 9%
If there was no gravity, spacecraft wouldnt orbit they would fly off into space.
Astronauts experience weightlessness becausethey are infreefall.
Constantly falling around the earth.
Like going over a hill on a rollercoaster.
Preparing for Spaceflight Microgravity
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Preparing for Spaceflight - Microgravity
In order to experience weightlessness, astronauts
train in airplanes flying parabolic paths.
NASAs plane unofficially dubbed Vomit Comet.
Two thirds of passengers become ill.
Zero G
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Space Shuttle
1972 President Nixon announced that NASA
would pursue the development of the space
shuttle.
Goals:
Create a reusable spacecraft.
Launch as many as 50 missions per year.
Drive down per-mission costs.
Concept Space Shuttles
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Concept Space Shuttles
Space Transportation System
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Space Transportation System
STS composed of three main parts
Orbiter
External Fuel
Tank
Solid Rocket
Boosters
Orbiter
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Orbiter Carries crew and payload into Low
Earth Orbit. Used to perform in-orbit
operations.
Re-enters the atmosphere,returning the crew to earth as a
glider.
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Orbiter
Crew: 6-8 (2 minimum) Commander
Pilot
Mission Specialists
Payload Specialists
Passengers to/from space station
Maximum payload: 55,250 pounds
3 main engines: provide lift and steer shuttle
1.2 million pounds (5 million newtons) of thrusttotal
External Fuel Tank
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External Fuel Tank
Carries liquid hydrogen fuel
and liquid oxygen oxidizerrequired by shuttle mainengines.
Jettisoned at altitude of 70
miles.
Breaks up in atmosphere,remaining pieces land in ocean.
Structural backbone of STS. Tank connects to orbiter.
Solid rocket boosters connect totank.
External Fuel Tank
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External Fuel Tank
Evolution of fuel tank: Standard Weight Tank, STS-1 to STS-5, 35000 kg
Lightweight Tank, STS-6 to STS-90, 30000kg
Super Lightweight Tank, STS-91 to STS-135, 26500kg Fuel tank of STS-1 and 2 painted white to protect
against UV light. Determined to be unnecessary.
Future tanks unpainted, saving 600 lbs.
Solid Rocket Boosters
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Solid Rocket Boosters
Pair of large solid rockets.
Provide 83% of thrust for
liftoff.
6.2 million pounds (27.6 million
newtons)
Jettisoned after 2 minutes
Parachutes deployed and
boosters recovered.
Refurbished and reused many
times.
Shuttle Mission Profile
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Shuttle Mission Profile
Shuttle LaunchSTS-129(skip to 9:00)
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Orbiters
Enterprise 1st Orbiter (1977)
Never intended for spaceflight.
Performed flight tests in the atmosphere. Lacked engines and heat shield.
Conducted approach and landing tests (ALTs) Carried to altitude by Boeing Shuttle Carrier.
Will be on display at Intrepid Sea, Air, & Space
Museum in NYC.
Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft
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Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft
Used to ferry orbiters from landing sites to
Kennedy Space Center.
Heavily modified to support 200,000 lb
orbiter.
Orbiters
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Orbiters
Columbia 1st spaceworthy orbiter.
First Launched on STS-1, April 12, 1982.
Completed 27 missions.
Orbiters
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Orbiters
Challenger 2nd orbiter
First launched on STS-6, April 4, 1983
Completed 9 missions.
Orbiters
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Orbiters
Discovery 3rd Orbiter
First launched on STS-41D, August 30, 1984
Completed 39 missions.
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Orbiters
Atlantis 4th
Orbiter First launched on STS-51J, October 3, 1985
Completed 33 missions
Challenger Disaster
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Challenger Disaster
STS 51-L
January 28, 1986
73 seconds after launch
O-ring in SRB failed
Leads to disintegration
All seven crew membersdied.
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Challenger Disaster
Teacher in Space Program (TISP) To inspire students, honor teachers,
and spur interest in mathematics,science, and space exploration.
STS-51-L is the first TISP mission.
First (only) participant ChristaMcAuliffe
Her backup, Barbara Morgan, leftteaching and became a full timeastronaut.
Flew on STS-118
Challenger Disaster
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Challenger Disaster
Unusually cold weather
18 degrees overnight
Temp. in the low 30 during launch
SRB has three sections Rubber O-rings at joints contain hot, high pressure
gas produced by burning rocket fuel.
Gas expelled from end of rocket to provide thrust
In cold temperature, rubber contracts,damaging seal.
Challenger Disaster
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Challenger Disaster
When the SRBs ignited, the O-rings didnt
form a good seal, and escaping gas damagedthe struts that attached the SRB to the fueltank.
Around T+73s the right SRB pulled away
from the strut and rotated, striking theexternal fuel tank.
The trajectory of the shuttle was altered, andit was subjected to fatal aerodynamic forces,
causing it to break apart. It is unknown how long the astronauts
remained alive and conscious after the breakup.
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Aftermath of Challenger
Shuttle fleet grounded foralmost three years Investigations
Hearings
Redesign of SRBs
September 29, 1988 Discoverylaunched on STS-26
Scheduled launches of shuttlescontinued uninterrupted until2003.
Orbiters
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Orbiters
Endeavour 5th orbiter; replacement for
Challenger First launched on STS-49, May 7, 1992
Completed 25 missions
Columbia Disaster
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STS-112
February 1, 2003 Columbia disintegrates upon re-
entry into the Earths
atmosphere.
All seven crew members died.
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Columbia Disaster
About 82 seconds after launch a suitcase-sizedpiece of insulating foam broke off the externalfuel tank.
This piece of foam struck the leading edge ofColumbias left wing, damaging the heatresistance panels.
During re-entry, hot gases passed through the
damaged panels and destroyed the internalstructure of the wing.
Vehicle quickly broke apart following this.
Aftermath of Columbia Disaster
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Shuttle missions delayed fortwo years.
Later missions would includein-orbit inspection of thermalprotection system.
A designated rescue missionwas at the ready for futureshuttle flights.
All future missions (with one
exception) would be flown toInternational Space Station,which would be a safe havenin need be.
Accomplishments of Space Shuttle Program
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Accomplishments of Space Shuttle Program
Launched many satellites Civilian & Military Hubble Space Telescope
Chandra X-ray Observatory
Compton Gamma Ray Observatory
Launched probes Magellan to Venus
Galileo to Jupiter
Five missions to repair/upgrade Hubble
Assembly of International Space Station Transferred crew to/from Mir and ISS
Resupplied space stations
Numerous experiments conducted
Spacelab
Spacelab
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p
Reusable laboratory carried on 22 Space Shuttlemissions.
Housed in shuttles cargo bay.
Constructed by the European Space Agency.
Habitable Module Gave astronauts more space in which to perform
experiments.
Pallets Platforms used to mount experiments requiring exposure
to the vacuum of space.
Could be assembled in different configurations fordifferent missions.
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Spacelab
Canadarm
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Shuttle Remote Manipulator
System Used to maneuver payload for
deployment.
Used to capture free-flyingpayload and return it to the
payload bay.
Developed by Canadian SpaceAgency
Used on shuttles and ISS
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International Space Station
Habitable artificial satellite.
Constructed from 1998-2012
Continuously inhabited since November 2000
Expected to be in operation until at least 2020.
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International Space Station
Combination of three space station projects:
Russian Mir-2
American Freedom
European Columbus
Astronauts from 15 countries have be aboard
the ISS
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International Space Station
Experiments conducted scientific fields of: Biology
Human physiology
Physics Astronomy
Meteorology
Conducts tests of spacecraft systems that willbe required for missions to the moon andMars.
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International Space Station
Assembly Sequence
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