Download - History of OB 13
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ORGANISATION
BEHAVIOUR- HISTORY
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HISTORY OF OB
Greek philosopher Platoessence ofleadership
AristotlePersuasive communication
Chinese philosopher Confucius- advent ofethics n leadership.
16th
century Italian phi. Niccolo Machiavellifoundation for org Power n Politics.
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HISTORY OF OB
1776, Adam SmithDiv of labour (org str)
German Sociologist Max WeberRationalorg n Charismatic Leadership
Scientific Mgmt (1890):
rationalizing org with precise set of
instructions n Time Motion Studies leadsto inc Productivity.
- Different compensation sys carried out
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Frederick Winslow Taylor :
Systematic use of Goal setting
- Rewards to motivate emloyees.- Principles of Mgmt
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1920, Australian born Havard Proff EltonMayo n his colleagues:
conducted productivity studies at Western
Electric Hawthorne Plant in US. Discovered importance of formal n
informal group dynamics in the work
place. Led to the dramatic shift towards the
Human Relations School of thought.
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After 1st World War , Focus of studyshifted to :
Analysis of effect of human factor npsychology over the organisations
(As identified in the Hawthorne Effect)
Team, MotivationActualisation of Goals of Individuals with
in the organisation
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Scholars of this period:
Chester Barnard
Henri Fayol Frederick Herzberg
Abraham Maslow
David McClellandVictor Vroom
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2nd World War shifted the field :large scalelogistics n operations research gave birth torationalist app to the study of orgs
Scientific methods were employed n theorieswere propounded
Contributors:
Herbert Alexander SimonsJames G. March
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1960s n 1970s , influenced by SocialPsychology n quantitative research.
Explosion of theories (mainly at StanfordUniv n Carnegie Mellon):
Informal Organisation
Contingency Theory Resource Dependence
Institutional Th n Org Ecology Theories
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1980s :Emphasis on
Cultural Explanations of org
Change in the Org Qualitative methods of study based onAnthropology, Psychology n Sociology
Leading Scholar- Karl Weick
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Frederick Winslow Taylor(1856-1915):
first one to study human beh at workusing systematic app
Studied human characteristics
Social env, Task , phy env,capacity speed
durability cost n their interaction with eachother
Objective was to remove human variability
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Attempted to make work beh stable npredictable
Relied upon Monetary incentive sys
Believed humans r motivated by money
Criticized for treating men as machine
without mind But laid basis for present day principles of
mgmt
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Hawthorne Studies:
Hawthorne works of the Western ElectricCompany near Chicago (1924-1932) mark
the beginning of OB It studied effect of work setting on
employee fatigue n perfomance
Observed that Productivity increasedregardless of illumination being raised orlowered
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Started in 1924
Illumination Study:
Relationship of light intensity n employeeproductivity with test gp n control gp
Results same in both the gps
Relay Room Study: Effect of Length of Day , Rest Breaks n
Method of payment over productivity
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Results were basically the same
Each test period yielded higherproductivity than the earlier one evensubjecting back the original conditionsalso inc the productivity
Concluded- Ind variables not causingchange
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Bank Wiring Room Study :
Bank wirers placed in separate test room
No exp Changes
Observer n interviewer gathered data
Dept regular supervisors maintain order control
Findings:Out put Restricted Social Pressures
used to gain compliance with gp norms
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Incentive sysmore u produce , more uwould earnand the best producer last oneto be laid
Ridicule n name calling major tools forenforcing
Group pressures more effective than mgntincentives
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Summary:
Factors influencing Beh:
Attention for researchers Managers leadership app
Work gp Norms
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Marry Parker Follett:
Mgmt must consider Human Side
Employee be involved in Job ANALYSIS Knowlegeable person must control the
work process regardless of position
Cross functioning team used to accomplishprojects
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Douglas Mc Gregor :
Theory X
Theory Y
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Employee were
initially considered a cost
Then Human Resources Now recognised as Human Capital (what u
know- edu, exp skills)
Investing on them causes inc productivityn customer satisfaction
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Now they r called Social Capital(who uknow- networks m, connections friends)
Positive Psychological Capital (who u r -confidence, hope, optimism, resiliency nwhat can u become i.e, ones possibleauthentic self)
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Psychological Capital is positively relatedto their performance n desired attitudes
As Bill Gates says the inventory , thevalue of my company , walks out the doorevery evening.
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Because Mgmt is always about people ,its essesnce is dealing with human nature. Since human nature seems to have been
extremely stable over recorded history,the essence of mgmt has been n will beequally stable overtime
- Geert Hofstede- International MgmtScholar