History of Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensing
David R. WilliamsWilliam G. Allyn Professor of Medical Optics
Center for Visual ScienceUniversity of Rochester
Commercial Relationship:Bausch and Lomb
Funding:Bausch and Lomb
NSF Science and TechnologyCenter for Adaptive Optics
DOENEI
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Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)“Thus vision is brought about by a picture of the thing seen being formed on the concave surface of the retina. That which is to the right outside is depicted on the left on the retina, that to the left on the right, that above below, and that below above.” Ad Vitellionem paralipomena (1604)
Christoph Scheiner(1573-1650)
The First Wavefront Sensor
1619
Scheiner’s Disc (1619):“Make a number of perforations with a small needle in a piece of pasteboard, not more distant from one another than the diameter of the pupil of the eye... if it is held close to one eye, while the other is shut, as many images of a distant object will be seen as there are holes in the pasteboard... at a certain distance, objects do notappear multiplied when they are viewed in this manner.”
Principle of Scheiner’s Discfor a Myopic Eye
Double Image
Principle of Scheiner’s Discfor a Myopic Eye
Double Image
Principle of Scheiner’s DiscPrinciple of Scheiner’s Disc
for a Myopic EyeSingle Image
A Subjective Alignment Wavefront SensorBased on the Scheiner Principle
α
Scheiner’s Disc
Subjective Alignment Wavefront Sensors
Young (1801)Volkmann (1846)
Ivanoff (1946)Smirnov (1961)*
Van den Brink (1962)Campbell and Simonet (1990)
Spatially-Resolved RefractometerWebb, Penney and Thompson, 1992
Scheiner’s Disc
Subjective Alignment Wavefront Sensors
Young (1801)Volkmann (1846)
Ivanoff (1946)Smirnov (1961)*
Van den Brink (1962)Campbell and Simonet (1990)
Spatially-Resolved RefractometerWebb, Penney and Thompson, 1992
Objective Wavefront SensorsLaser Ray TracersNavarro & Losada, 1997
Molebny et al., 1997
Scheiner’s Disc
Serial Wavefront
Sensors
Subjective Alignment Wavefront Sensors
Laser Ray Tracers
Parallel Wavefront
Sensors
Tscherning Aberroscope (1894)
The Tscherning Aberroscope
Tscherning M (1894). Die monochromatischen Aberrationen des menschlichen Auges. Zur Physiologischen Psychologie der Sinnesorgane, 6:456-471
Scheiner’s Disc
Serial Wavefront
Sensors
Subjective Alignment Wavefront Sensors
Laser Ray Tracers
Crossed-Cylinder Aberroscope (Howland and Howland, 1977)
Parallel Wavefront
Sensors
Tscherning Aberroscope (1894)
Scheiner’s Disc
Serial Wavefront
Sensors
Subjective Alignment Wavefront Sensors
Laser Ray Tracers
Crossed-Cylinder Aberroscope (Howland and Howland, 1977)
Objective Crossed-Cylinder Aberroscope (Walsh, Charman, and Howland, 1984)
Parallel Wavefront
Sensors
Tscherning Aberroscope (1894)
Scheiner’s Disc
Serial Wavefront
Sensors
Subjective Alignment Wavefront Sensors
Laser Ray Tracers
Crossed-Cylinder Aberroscope (Howland and Howland, 1977)
Objective Crossed-Cylinder Aberroscope (Walsh, Charman, and Howland, 1984)
Objective Tscherning Aberroscope(Mierdel, Kaemmerer, Mrochen,
Krinke, and Seiler, 2000)
Parallel Wavefront
Sensors
Tscherning Aberroscope (1894)
Walsh G, Charman WN, and Howland HC (1984). Objective technique for the determination of monochromatic aberrations of the human eye. J Opt Soc Am A, 1: 987:992.
Shack-Hartmann Wavefront SensorLiang, Grimm, Goelz, and Bille (1994)Liang and Williams (1997)
Junzhong Liang
Modern Microlens Arrays Make More Efficient Use of Light than Hartmann’s Plates
Hartmann J (1904).Objektivuntersuchungen.Zeitschrift fuer Instrumentenkunde, 24, 1-32.
Shack & Platt (1971) Production and use of a lenticular Hartmannscreen. JOSA 61, 656.
Moreno-Barriuso E, Marcos S, Navarro R, and Burns SA (2001). Comparing Laser Ray Tracing, the Spatially Resolved Refractometer, and the Hartmann-Shack Sensor to Measure the Ocular Wave Aberration. Optometry and Vision Science, 78(3):152-156
Salmon TO, Thibos LN, and Bradley A (1998). Comparison of the eye’s wave-front aberration measured psychophysically and with the Shack-Hartmann wave-front sensor. J Opt Soc Am A, 15:2457-2465
Smirnov, M.S. (1961). "Measurement of the wave aberration of the human eye," Biophysics 6, 687-703.
“The method applied in the present work of determining the wave aberration is quite laborious; although the measurements can be taken in 1-2 hours, the calculations take 10-12 hours… Therefore, it is unlikely that such detailed measurements will ever be adopted by practitioner-ophthalmologists.”
Smirnov, M.S. (1961). "Measurement of the wave aberration of the human eye," Biophysics 6, 687-703.
“The method applied in the present work of determining the wave aberration is quite laborious; although the measurements can be taken in 1-2 hours, the calculations take 10-12 hours… Therefore, it is unlikely that such detailed measurements will ever be adopted by practitioner-ophthalmologists.”
Fully-Automated, Real-Time Wavefront Sensors:Hofer, Artal, Singer, Aragón, Williams, D.R. (2001) Dynamics of the eye’s wave aberration,J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 18, 497-506.
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Why the Exponential Growth in
Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensing?
1. Development of Rapid and Robust Wavefront Sensors
Wavefront Publications per Year
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Why the Exponential Growth in
Ophthalmic Wavefront Sensing?
1. Development of Rapid and Robust Wavefront Sensors
2. Development of Methods to Correct Higher Order Aberrations
The Inventor of Spectacles ? (~1300 AD?)
Discovery of Astigmatism (Young, 1801)
Smirnov, M.S. (1961). "Measurement of the wave aberration of the human eye," Biophysics 6, 687-703.
“In principle, it is possible to manufacture a lens compensating the wave aberration of the eye… The lenses must obviously be contact ones.
Methods to Correct the Wave Aberration
Adaptive Optics In Astronomy:
Horace Babcock (1953)
Methods to Correct the Wave Aberration
First Use of a Deformable Mirror In the Eye:
A. W. Dreher, J. F. Bille, R. N. Weinreb, (1989) "Active optical depth resolution improvement of the laser tomographic scanner," Appl. Opt. 24, 804-808.
Adaptive Optics In the Eye:
Liang, J., Williams, D.R., and Miller, D.T. (1997) Supernormal vision and high resolution retinal imaging through adaptive optics. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A., 14, 2884-2892.
First Use of WavefrontSensing to CorrectHigher Order Aberrations
First Demonstration ofVision ImprovementBy Correcting HigherOrder Aberrations
First Use of Wavefront Sensing in Refractive Surgery
Mrochen, M. Kaemmerer, M., and Seiler, T. (2000) Wavefront-Guided Laser in situ Keratomileusis: Early Results in Three Eyes. J. Refract. Surg. 16, 116-121.
What does the future hold in store? Increasingly Robust and Accurate Wavefront SensorsCustomized Refractive SurgeryCustomized Contact LensesCustomized Intraocular LensesHigh Resolution Retinal ImagingAO Surgical MicroscopesWavefront Sensing AutorefractorsAdaptive Optics Phoropters
How Can I Ride the Next Wave of Technology?
How Can I Ride the Next Wave of Technology?
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