Download - HM321 Lecture 2,3
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Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2005 1
The Sociological Perspective
Week 1: Lecture 2
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How Groups Influence People
How People are Influenced by Their Society
People Who Share a Culture
People Who Share a Territory
Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2005 2
Seeing the Broader Social Context
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Jobs
Income
Education
Gender
Age
RaceCopyright Allyn & Bacon 2005 3
Social LocationCorners in Life
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HistoryLocation in Broad Stream of Events
BiographyIndividuals Specific Experiences
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C. Wright MillsConnection Between History and Biography
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The Global Village
Instant Communication
Sociology Studies both the Global
Network and Our Unique Experiences
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The Growing Global Context
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The Natural SciencesExplain and Predict
Events in Natural Environment
The Social SciencesExamine Human
Relationships
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Sociology and the Other Sciences
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Explain Why Something Happens
Make Generalizations
Look for Patterns
Move Beyond Common SenseCopyright Allyn & Bacon 2005 7
The Goal of Science
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Tradition vs. Science
Emerged mid-1800s
Grew Out of Social Upheaval
The Scientific MethodCopyright Allyn & Bacon 2005 8
Origins of Sociology
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Auguste Comte ( 1798 1857)Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition
Copyright 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
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Applying the Scientific Method to Social
World
Coined the Term Sociology
Armchair PhilosophyCopyright Allyn & Bacon 2005 10
Auguste Comte and Positivism
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Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2005 11
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Second Founder of Sociology
Lower and Higher Forms of Society
Coined Phrase Survival of the Fittest
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Herbert SpencerSocial Darwinism
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Karl Marx ( 1818 1883)
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Engine of Human History is Class Conflict
The Bourgeoisie vs. The Proletariat
Marxism Not the Same as Communism
Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2005 14
Karl Marx and Class Conflict
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mile Durkheim ( 1858 1917)Essentials Of Sociology, 3rd Edition
Copyright 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
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Got Sociology Recognized as Separate Discipline
Studied How Social Forces Affect Behavior
Identified Social IntegrationDegree to Which People are
Tied to Social Group
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Durkheim and Social Integration
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Social Integration
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Durkheim believed that modern societies produce feelings of isolation, much of which comes
from the division of labor. In contrast, members of traditional societies, who work alongside
family and neighbors and participate in similar activities, experience a high degree of social
integration. The photo contrast a U.S. office with nomads in Mongolia who are shearing
cashmere off their goats.
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Critical Thinking!
What sort of social and cultural capital do you possess?
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Max Weber ( 1864 1920)
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Religion and the Origin of Capitalism
Religion is Central Force in Social Change
Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism
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Max Weber and the Protestant Ethic
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Weber
VerstehenTo Grasp by Insight
Importance of Subjective Meanings
Durkheim
Stressed Social Facts
Explain Social Facts with Other Social Facts
How Social Facts and Verstehen Fit Together
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Verstehen and Social Facts
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Neglected Founders
Harriet Martineau was a scholar and activist who introduced sociology to England. Among other things, she insisted on the significance of studying domestic life to better understand a society.
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Neglected Founders
W.E.B. Du Bois was the first significant African American sociologist. He made many contributions to the field, including the notion of the double consciousness experienced by all American blacks. Du Bois was also a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
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Attitudes of the Time
1800s Sex Roles Rigidly Defined
Few People Educated Beyond Basics
Harriet Martineau
Published Society in America Before Durkheim
and Weber Were Born
Her Work was Ignored
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Sexism in Early Sociology
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Early History: Tension Between Social Reform
and Sociological Analysis
Jane Addams and Social Reform
W. E. B. Du Bois and Race Relations
Talcott Parsons and C. Wright Mills: Theory vs.
Reform
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Sociology in North America
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Symbolic Interactionism
Functional Analysis
Marxism
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Theoretical Perspectives
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Symbolic Interactionism
Symbolic InteractionismHow People Use
Symbols
Applying Symbolic InteractionismChanging
the Meaning of Symbols Affects Expectations
Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2005 28
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Symbolic Interactionism
All social interaction involves an exchange of information via symbols.
This exchange may be through language, but may also be non-verbal or may be conveyed by setting.
We learn about ourselves and the world through this meaningful interaction.
Key figure: George Herbert Mead
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Society is a Whole Unit Made Up of Interrelated
Parts that Work Together
Functionalism, Structural Functionalism
Robert MertonFunctions and Dysfunctions
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Functional Analysis
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Functionalism This perspective is derived from Comte and Durkheim
and emphasizes large-scale social institutions and processes.
Functionalist approaches are focus on understanding the role or contribution of some event, activity, or institution to the workings of society as a whole.
Modern figures: Talcott Parsons, Robert K. Merton
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Marxism Those working under this approach derive their
approach from Marx, most significantly as regards concerns about power, conflict, and ideology.
This perspective is most commonly applied to capitalism and economic systems.
Marxist thinkers tend to take on an activist stance in addition to a scholarly one.
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Levels of Analysis
Microsociology is the study of everyday, face-to-face interaction. Symbolic interactionists study primarily at this level of analysis.
Macrosociology is the analysis of large social systems and institutions. Functionalists and Marxists fall largely under this heading.
In practice, these two levels of analysis work best when applied in concert.
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Sociology Full Circle: Reform vs. Research
Globalization
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Trends Shaping the Future
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Definition of Sociology
The science of society (Ward & Graham Sumner).
The science of social phenomena (F.H.Giddings)
The science of institutions (Durkheim)
The science of studying human relationship (Simmel)
The science of social action (Weber)
The science of collective behavior (Park)
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Research Methods: Questions
Sociology, as a social science, must take an empirical approach to answering questions about the world.
Sociologists ask four primary types of questions: factual, comparative, developmental, and theoretical.
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Table 1.2 A Sociologists Line of Questioning
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Research Methods: Seven Steps
1. Define the research problem.
2. Review the evidencedo a literature review.
3. Make the problem precisespecify your hypothesis.
4. Work out a research design.
5. Carry out the researchcollect your data.
6. Interpret the resultsanalyze your data.
7. Report the findingspublish or present them.
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Research Methods
Ethnography, or participant observation, is a method frequently used to study people in their own settings (ethnos = folks, people, nature; grapho = I write)
Surveys are a more structured research method where specific, carefully constructed questions are asked to specific, carefully selected individuals.
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Research Methods
Sociologists occasionally use experimentaldesigns when highly controlled conditions are necessary to answer research questions.
Comparative and historical research are approaches that allow researchers to understand variations in social phenomena across both time and space.
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Research Methods: Ethics
Because sociologists are dealing with real people in their everyday lives, we must be very cautious in our work.
All research that directly involves human subjects must first be approved by an institutional review board.
Study participants must give informed consent prior to agreeing to participate and must be debriefedafter.
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