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Honors Physics
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Electrical Potential EnergyPE associated with a charge due to its
position in an electric field.Analogous to PEg
PEg of an object results from its position in a gravitational field (mgh)
Is a component of mechanical energyME = KE + PEgrav + PEelastic + PEelectric
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Similarity of PEelectric and PEgPEg = mgh
m is massg is gravitational field (ag)h is distance above a reference point
PEelect = -qEdq is chargeE is electric field strengthd is component of displacement in the direction of
the electric field from reference pointUsing dimensional analysis, what is the unit of
PEelect?
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Electric WorkWhenever a force moves an object, work is
done on the object.When an electric force moves a charge, work
is done on that charge.It is the electric field, E, that exerts force on
a chargeTherefore, the electric field, E, does work on
a charge.This results in a change in PEelect.
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Electric PE in a Uniform Electric FieldA uniform field is one that has the same
magnitude and direction at all points, such as between two parallel plates
Remember: electric field lines are always directed from away from positive and toward negative
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Electric Potential EnergyRecall that ΔPE = -W When charge q is released at
point a, electric force will move the charge to b, i.e.
The electric field does work on the charge q
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Electric Potential EnergyW = FdSince F = qE (remember
E = F/q)W = qEdPEb-PEa= -qEdΔPE = -qEdSignificance of the (-) sign:
PEelect Increases if charge is (-)Decreases if charge is (+)
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PE as a charge moves in a uniform electric field
Movement of charge
+ charge - charge
Along E Loses PE Gains PE
Opposite E Gains PE Loses PE
ΔPE = -qEd
Negative sign indicates that PE will increase if the charge is negative and decrease if the charge is positive
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Potential DifferenceElectric potential (V) is the ratio of PEelect to
charge q
Represents the work needed to move a charge against electric forces from a reference point to some other point in an electric field, divided by the charge
The SI units of electric potential are what? Which is a …?
q
PEV elect
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Potential differenceThe change in electric potentialThe difference in electrical potential between
two points
Is the work that must be done against electric forces to move a charge from one point to another divided by the charge
Is the change in energy per unit charge
q
PEV elect
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Potential DifferenceUnit is the volt (V)
Remember: PEelect is a quantity of energyElectrical potential is a measure of energy per
unit chargePotential difference describes change in
energy per unit charge
q
PEV elect
?
? volt 1
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Potential Difference in a Uniform Electric FieldVaries in a uniform field with displacement
from a reference pointWhere d is displacement parallel to the fieldUse this equation to determine potential
difference between two points in a field
EdV
q
PEVqEdPE
So,
and
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Potential Difference at a Point Near a Charge
r
qkV C
One point is near the charge
The other point is at infinity
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Electric potential due to multiple charges
Electric potentials are scalar quantities (whew!)So….Total potential at some point in a field is the
simple sum of the potentials due to each chargeKeep track of signs!
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Sample ProblemAs a charge moves xa = 4.0 cm to xb = 6.0 cm
in a uniform field of 350 N/C, it loses 4.5 x 10-
16 J of potential energy.What is the magnitude of the charge?
6.4 x 10-17CWhat is the potential difference between the
two points a and b?
-7.0V
Ed
PEqqEdPE
EdVq
PEV
or
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17.2 CapacitanceCapacitors are devices that store electrical
PEOften constructed of parallel metal platesWhen connected to a battery, the plates
become chargedWhen fully charged, ∆Vcap = ∆Vbat
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Schematic Representation of a Capacitor and Battery
Intro to Capacitor
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Construction of a CapacitorParallel platesParallel plates
separated by an insulator (dielectric material) rolled into a cylinder saves space
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CapacitanceAbility of a conductor to store energy in the
form of separated charges
Unit of capacitance is the Farad, named for Michael Faraday1F = 1C/V1 Farad is a large amount of capacitance so…Often use pF, nF, or µF
Supplemental instruction on capacitanceView on your own, ~ 17 min.
V
QC
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Capacitance of a Parallel-Plate Capacitor in a VacuumWhen no material exists
between the platesε0 is the permittivity of the
medium between the platesA measure of ability to
develop an electrical field, permitting transfer of charges
ε0 in a vaccuum is 8.85 x 10-
12 C2/Nm2
d
AC 0
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Dielectric MaterialsMaterials placed
between the plates of a capacitor can increase capacitance.
Typically these are insulating materials
d
AC 0
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Dielectric Constants (K)Dielectric materials
have different values of “dielectric constant” (K).
Increase capacitance
d
AKC 0
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Performance of Dielectric MaterialsMolecules of the dielectric are
polarizableAs charge builds on the
capacitor plates, dielectric molecules orient to the electric field
This effectively reduces the charge on the plates….
allowing more charge to be carried by each plate
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Capacitor DischargeThe opposite of
charging, releasing stored charge
Electrical potential of the capacitor is used to do electrical work such as …
The flash of a cameraSignaling the stroke of a
computer keyboard
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Capacitance of a SphereR is radiusBecause the earth has a large
radius, it has a very large capacitance
i.e., the earth can accept or supply a very large amount of charge without changing its electrical potential
This is why the earth is “ground,” (reference point for measuring potential differences)
Csphere k
R
V
QC
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Energy and CapacitorsBecause work is
done to move charges to and from opposite plates…
A charged capacitor holds electrical potential energy
PE stored in a charged capacitor is equal to the (–) work done to charge it
2
2
1
Since
2
1
VCPE
VCQV
QC
VQPEW
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Breakdown voltageVoltage at which discharge begins, i.e.
charges move
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Energy and CapacitorsPE Stored in a Charged Capacitor
C
QPE
VCPE
VQPE
2
2
2
1
2
12
1
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Current and ResistanceCurrent is the rate of movement of chargeRate of movement of electrons through a
cross-sectional area
second
coulomb11ampere
t
QI
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Sample ProblemIf current flowing through a light bulb is
0.835 A, how long does it take for 1.67 C of charge to pass through the filament of the bulb?
2.00 seconds
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Conventional Direction of CurrentDepending upon the circumstances, either
positive, negative, or both can move.Particles that move are called charge carriersBy convention, direction of current is defined as
the direction a positive charge moves or would move if it could.
In metals, only electrons can move.Good conductors permit charge carriers to
move easilyElectrons in metalsIons in solution (electrolytes)
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Conventional Direction of Current
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Drift Velocity
Recall the structure of metalsValence electrons move about randomly due
to their thermal energyTheir net movement is zeroBut if an electric field is established in the
wire, there is a net movement of electrons against the electric field (toward +)
Drift velocity animation
http://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/4e6786539008e5012ff9c723c4255ae6fc6c1b9f.gif
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Drift Velocity
It is the electric field that exerts force and thereby sets charge carriers in motion
E propagates very rapidly (near speed of light)Charge carriers move more slowly, in an
erratic path,Called drift velocitySlow: e.g. in a copper wire carrying a 10.0 A
current, vdrift = 0.246 mm/s
Consider motion of an electron through a wire
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Resistance to CurrentOpposition to
electric currentUnit of electrical
resistance is the ohm (Ω)
More commonly known as Ohm’s law
amp
volt 1 ohm 1
I
VR
IRV
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Ohmic and Non-ohmic MaterialsMaterials which follow
ohm’s law are ohmic materials
Resistance is constant over a wide range of potential differences (linear)
Non-ohmic materials have variable resistance (non-linear)
Diodes are constructed of non-ohmic materials
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Other Factors Affecting Resistance
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Function of ResistanceFrom Ohm’s Law, changing resistance can change
current
So, if current needs to be reduced in a circuit, you can increase the resistance
In many cases, ∆V is constant, so changing resistance is the only option for reducing current.
IRV
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Electrical Resistance in the BodyElectrical resistance is reduced as the
body becomes wet or sweatsThis is due to the greater availability of
ions to conduct currentPractical applications:
Your body is more susceptible increased current when wet
Lie detectors EKGs, etc
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PotentiometersDevices that have variable resistance
“Pots”Applications
Control knobs on electronic devices
Stereos, dimmer switches, joy sticks, etc.
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17.4 Electric PowerA potential difference (∆V) is necessary to
cause current (I)Batteries supply chemical energy (PEchem)
which can be converted into electical PEGenerators convert mechanical energy into
electrical PEE.g. hydroelectric power plantsCoal or natural gas powr plantsNuclear power plants
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Direct and Alternating CurrentDC current flows in one direction onlyElectrons move toward the (+) terminalConventional current directed from (+) to (-)AC current
Terminals of source of ΔV constantly switchCausing constant reversal of current, e.g.
60 HzRapid switching causes e-s to vibrate rather
than have a net motion.
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DC and ACDC
constant uni-directional
AC not constant bi-directional
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Energy TransferIn a DC circuitElectrons leave the
battery with high PELose PE as flow
through the circuitRegain PE when
returned to battery(battery supplies PE
through electrochemical reactions)
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Electric PowerThe rate of
conversion of electrical energy
SI unit is the watt (W)
VIP
It
q
t
VqP
VqPEq
PEV
t
PE
t
WP
Since
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Other Formulas for Power
R
VP
RIP
VIP
2
2
Law... sOhm' Using
with Beginning
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Kilowatt-hoursHow utility companies measure energy
consumedIs the energy delivered in one hour a constant
rate of one kW1kWh=3.6 x 106 JWhat is the cost to light a 100 W light bulb for
1 full day if the electric utility rate is $0.0600 per kWh?
$0.144kWh
$0.0600kWh 2.4
kWh 2.4 Wh2400h 24 W100
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Transmission LinesTransit at high
voltage and low current to minimize energy lost during transmission
P=I2R